2022

DENNIS FOCUS ON CHEMISTRY

SABOH
PRACTICAL

STRIVE TO THRIVE |
 1. DESCRIBE HOW A 500 Measure 167Ml of 3M sodium hydroxide
SOLUTION OF 0.2M POTASSIUM using measuring cylinder.
CHLORIDE COULD BE PREPARED
Transfer 167Ml solution into flask of 250
BY SOLUTE DISSOLUTION
Ml.
METHOD.
 Firstly calculate the mass of Add distilled water into flask up to the
potassium chloride to be mark and share it. label it 2M NaOH.
dissolved as followed:
i.
500
=0.2M X 1000 𝑑𝑚3x74.5 g/mol 3. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT TO
BE DONE TO IDENTIFY
=7.45g COVARENT AND IONIC
SUBSTANCE USING MELTING
Weigh out exactly 7.45g of potassium POINT
chloride on beam balance.
 Put a spatula of substance A into
Add distilled water and stir to dissolve it evaporating dish and heart it for a
.then transfer it into 500 volumetric minute and record the result if it
flask melts or not.
 Put a spatula of substance B into
Add more distilled water up to the mark evaporating dish and heart it for a
and close it with stopper minute. record if it melts or not
Label it as 0.2M OF KCl.  The substance that melts faster has
low melting point. substance with
2. EXPLAIN HOW ASTUDENT IN low melting point is covalent and
LABORATORY CAN PREPARE with high melting point is ionic
ASOLUTION FROM STANDARD substance. 4.
SOLUTION 250ML OF 2M
SODIUM HYDROXIDESOLUTION
SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl)
FROM 3M OF SODIUM
SOLUTION FROM NaCl CRYSTAL.
HYDROXIDE SOLUTION
Firstly calculate the mass of NaCl which
Firstly find the volume of standard solution
will be dissolved to form 500 of 0.2M
could be diluted
.

0.2𝑀 𝑥 500𝑑𝑚3 58.5𝑔

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Weigh exactly 5.85g of NaCl using beam flask. Stop adding NaOH when colour
balance. change is observed

Add distilled water and stir to dissolve NaCl Record the volume of NaOH used=
crystal.
Concentration of NaOH is calculated as
Transfer solution into volumetric flask of follows
500 ..add more distilled water up to the
mark. Label it 0.2M NaCl.
6. DESCRIBE HOW YOU CAN
5. WITH AID OF DIAGRAM ELECTROPLATE AN IRON NAIL
DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD USING COPPER METAL
DETERMINE CONCENTRATION INCLUDES HALF EQUATIONS
OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE USING
TITRATION GIVEN 0.2M HCl.

Set up apparatus as shown.

Set up the apparatus as shown Metal to be coated is at cathode and metal
to be used coating is copper at anode.
Fill the burette to the mark with NaOH and
Electrolyte used is copper chloride.
record the volume.
When switch is close current flows in
Measure 10ml of 0.2m HCl using measuring
circuit. Cathode becomes negative charge
cylinder and transfer into the conical flask.
there by attracting positive charge copper
Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to from the solution.
the HCl
This result into gaining of electrons and
Add NaOH gradually from burette into coating the nail according to equation;
conical flask and shake (swirl) conical 

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Chloride ions lose electrons to the anode

and chloride gas is released 

2𝐶𝑙𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝑒

7. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT TO
INVESTIGATE THE REACTION
BETWEEN HCl AND SODIUM
Invite the measuring cylinder over a
CARBONATE
candle while it is in breaker contains
Put sodium carbonate in one test-tube sodium hydroxide

and lime water in another test-tube Set Measure the level of sodium hydroxide in
up apparatus as shown. cylinder as (A) Before candle is lighting.

Add 5Ml of HCl and 5 drops of litmus Remove cylinder and light a candle and
solution to the test-tube that containing cover it with cylinder immediately
sodium carbonate through thistle funnel When candle get off measure level of
and carefully remove the funnel. Observe sodium hydroxide in cylinder as (B)
the results.

The mixture of HCl sodium carbonate and To find oxygen percentage =

indicator will turn from red to colorless and 9. DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF
lime water will turn milky.
RUSTING FORMATION
This shows that HCl reacted completely
Firstly, iron dissolve in water and ionizing
with sodium carbonate and one of its
according to the equation
product is carbon dioxide which turn lime
water milky. 

2HCl + 2NaCl + Water and air capture the electrons from

iron and are reduced according to the
8. WITH THE AID OF DIAGRAM equation:
DESCRIBE EXPERIMENT THAT
COULD BE DONE TO FIND 
PERCENTAGE OF OXYGEN IN
Hydroxyl ion (react with iron and more
AIR.
water to form rust

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
13. DESCRIBE HOW TO TEST FOR

CHLORIDE
10. DESCRIBE HOW TO TEST FOR
Add acidified silver nitrate solution to
NITRATE
chloride solution. a white precipitate is
I. BY Brown ring: add equal volume formed AgCl
of fresh iron II sulphate solution to 
nitrate solution. carefully add
concentrated sulphuric acid slowly 14. WITH THE AID OF WELL A
to the same test tube. brown ring LABELED DIAGRAM, DESCRIBE
HOW WATER HARDNESS IS
will be formed where the two
REMOVED BY ION EXCHANGE
solution meets . .
METHOD.
II. By adding sodium hydroxide to
nitrate solution. drop aluminum
foil into solution and warm gently.
dump red litmus paper to test for
ammonia gas. (nitrate ions are
reduced to ammonia which turn
litmus to blue.)
11. DESCRIBE HOW TO TEST FOR
SULPHITE

Add barium chloride solution to sulphite

Hard water is passed through a column
ion. The white precipitate which is soluble
containing resins.
in dilute HCl will be formed.
𝐵𝑎2+ + 𝑆𝑂32− 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂3 Resins contains sodium ions which are
displaced by magnesium ions and
12. DESCRIBE HOW TO TEST FOR calcium ions as water pass through
SULPHIDE column. sodium ions in water do not
cause hardness.
Add dilute HCl to sulphide ions. A colorless
hydrogen sulphide gas is produced which
has rotten egg smell.it turns filter paper
soaked in lead nitrate solution black. 15. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT
THAT WOULD BE DONE TO


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PREPARE ETHANOIC ACID BY

OXIDATION OF ETHANAL.
17. DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD
add 40ml of concentrated sulphuric acid ELECTROPLATING COPPER
to distilled water. Weigh exactly 75g of USING ZINC
potassium dichromate and put into a
flask. Add sulphuric acid into flask
containing potassium dichromate. Fix
delivery tube on flask and pass through
condenser to the delivery bottle.

Heat the flask as placed in water bath and

ethanol could be added slowly. Allow
mixture to refluxed for more than 10 arrange apparatus as shown. when current
minutes and distill. is applied, zinc at anode dissolved and
ionizing according to equations
green colour will be formed at bottom of
𝑍𝑛 + 2𝑒𝑍𝑛+
flask and collect the distillate as ethanoic
Two electrons are given off at the anode
acid.
pass into external circuit. Finally,
electrons pass on cathode

16. DESCRIBE WITH AID OF DIAGRAM Zinc ion move toward cathode and coated
HOW DOES GALVANISATION hence copper is plated.
PREVENT RUSTING

18. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT THAT

Zinc WOULD BE DONE TO
INVESTIGATE ELECTROLYSIS OF
Iron
MOLTEN LEAD BROMIDE

when Zinc is punctured water and oxygen

occupies a hole. This forces iron to ionize
and become ready to form rust.
Immediately zinc will donate an electron to
iron ion to avoid uniform rusting. hence
iron will remain solid and no rusting will
occur. Zinc is sacrificed to protect the iron.
set up the apparatus as shown.

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A solid lead bromide is heated and it is in 20. WITH AN AID OF A WELL LABELED
molten form. Lead ion are discharged to DIAGRAM, DESCRIBE AN
anode and bromide ion discharged to EXPERIMENT WHICH CAN BE
cathode. Lead bromide has been USED TO MAKE PURE COPPER
FROM IMPURE COPPER BY
electrolyte since it has been broken into
ELECTROLYSIS. YOUR
lead ions and bromide ions as half ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE THE
equation PROCEDURE, EXPECTED RESULTS
AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Pb +2e→ Pb
(HALF REACTIONS).
Br +2ē →Br2

19. WITH THE HELP OF CHEMICAL

EQUATIONS, EXPLAIN HOW
SULPHURIC ACID IS PRODUCED
USING CONTACT PROCESS as methods set up the apparatus as
firstly Sulphur is oxidized to form Sulphur shown above.
dioxide
Impure copper be at anode and pure
copper be at cathode
S+ ➡S
Cause the switch to allow flow of current
Sulphur dioxide undergoes further in circuits.
oxidation to form sulphur trioxide
Observe what happens.
As result, when current is applied copper
ions move from impure copper to pure
Sulphur trioxide dissolved in already made
copper. Impurities fall down the beaker as
sulphuric acid to form oleum.
solid mad. Electrons are released at anode
𝑆𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐻2 𝑆2 𝑂7 around the circuit are passed onto copper
ion from copper sulphate solution and
Oleum is hydrated to form a concentrated copper is plated on the cathode as pure
copper metal.
sulphuric acid.
At anode Cu -2ē →
𝐻2 𝑆2 𝑂7 + 𝐻2 𝑂 2𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
At cathode +2e→Cu

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21. DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD

PREPARE 250ML OF 0.2M
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NAOH)
USING DISSOLUTION METHOD.
(RAM: NA =23, O = 16 AND H =1)

firstly, calculate the mass of sodium

hydroxide which will be dissolved to form .
250ml of 0.2M.
arrange the conductivity apparatus as
Mass of NaOH =morality x volume x RFM shown

=0.2M x 0.25 x40g/mol Put 50ml of potassium nitrate solution into

beaker
=2g
Dip the rods into the solution then close the
weigh exactly 2g of sodium hydroxide
switch and observe brightness of the bulb
using beam balance.
Repeat the experiment with solutions of
Add distilled water and stir to dissolve
silver nitrate solution
sodium hydroxide crystal.
Then compere the brightness of bulb. The
Transfer the solution into conical flask of
one with brighter bulb is highly
250ml
conductivity than other.
Add more distilled water up to the mark
23. DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF
and label it as 0.2M NaOH
SEPARATING ETHANOL FROM A
MIXITURE OF ETHANOL AND
WATER
22. IF POTASSIUM NITRATE
CRYSTALS AND SILVER NITRATE
WERE PROVIDED, DESCRIED
WITH A WELL LABELLED
DIAGRAM, AN EXPERIMENT
THAT COULD BE CARRIED OUT
TO DETERMINE THE
COMPOUND WHICH HAS
HIGHER ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY IN AQUEOUS The apparatus is set up as shown. The
SOLUTION mixture is heated and a mixture of

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ethanol vapour and water vapour rises High boiling point condense at bottom and
up the column. The vapour condenses low boiling point condense at top . So crude
on the glass beads in the column oil is released at different height as pure oil.
making them hot.
25. DESCRIBE THE METALLIC
When the temperature of the beads BONDING
reaches about 78 , ethanol vapour
moves up the column into the
condenser, while the water drips back
into the flask. Eventually, the
thermometer reading rises above 78 .
This indicates that all the ethanol has
been separated hence heating can be
stopped.
The uttermost energy level electrons in
24. DESCRIBE HOW PROCESS OF metals are relatively few. When the atoms
SEPARATING COMPONENTS OF of the metals are closely packed, each metal
PETROLEUM loses its outer electron (s) to form a “sea” of
free electrons (delocalized mobile
electrons). The resulting positive metal ions
are embedded in the “sea” of electrons.
There is an attraction between the ions and
electrons. This kind of electrostatic
attraction between two positive metal ions
and the delocalized electrons forms the
metallic

26. DESCRIBE HOWTO PREPARE AN

INDICATOR FROM PLANT
EXTRACT

Crush some hibiscus flowers in a mortar

when a crude oil is heated enters a using a pestle. Add a little amount of
fractionating column which is hot at bottom propanone or ethanol. Grind the petals
and get cooler at top. until you get enough extract of the
flower used . Filter the liquid into a clean
Vapour from oil rise through the column.
beaker. Note the colour change of your
Vapour condense when they become cool
filtrate. It is faint, concentrate by
enough at different height due to different
evaporating a little of the solvent.
in boiling point.

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Half fill one test tube with dilute very cold and some return into liquid.
hydrochloric acid and another one with Compression and expansion are repeated.
sodium hydroxide solution. Add a few When the temperature reaches -200 , the
drops of the indicator to each of the two gases, nitrogen, oxygen and argon become
test tubes and shake Note and record the liquid, neon and helium gases remain and
colour changes are removed. Since nitrogen and oxygen
have different boiling points, they are
If different colours are observed that separated by fractional distillation. When
means indicator has formed liquid air is warmed slowly, liquid nitrogen
which has a lower boiling point of -19
distills first and can be stored under
pressure in steel cylinders. The remaining
liquid is very rich in oxygen. On further
27. DESCRIBE THE SEPARATION OF heating, argon whose boiling point is -186
COMPONENTS OF AIR BY distills leaving oxygen which has higher
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF boiling point of -183 .
LIQUID AIR

28. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT

THAT WOULD BE DONE TO
PREPARE SOAP.

Pour about 4Ml of animal fats in a beaker.

Add about 15Ml of 4M sodium hydroxide
solution.

Boil the mixture while stirring and

adding small amounts of water. let water
to evaporate then add spatulufull of
sodium chloride and stir well.

Allow the mixture to cool then filter off

the solid residue. put the residue in
. The substances to be removed first are clean beaker.
water vapour, dust particles and carbon The animal fats react with
dioxide. Next, the air is compressed at sodium hydroxide solution to
about 200 atmospheres pressure. This produce soap. Sodium chloride
makes the air hot. It is then allowed to added to help in precipitating of
expand through a jet which make sit get soap.

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31. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT

THAT WOULD BE CARRIED OUT
29. WITH AID OF DIAGRAM, TO SHOW FERMENTATION OF
DESCRIBE THE SUGAR BY YEAST.
ELECTROLYSIS OF DILUTE
SULPHURIC ACID Dissolve sugar into little distilled water in a
flask. add spoon of yeast to the solution in
when current applied to the circuit. OH- flask. put some lime water in test tube and
and H+ are discharged. the solution insert delivery tube lay from flask to test
becomes more concentrated as water is tube.
continually decomposed.
Leave the set up to stand for some time at
H ions are present at cathode .4H + 37 temperature. observe what happens.
4e➡2 (since H is diatomic atom
tow atoms are combined to form In flask fermentation take place ethanol and
. carbon dioxide is produced. carbon dioxide
escape into test tube through delivery tube.
OH ions is lower in electrochemical series the lime water in test tube will turn milky.
and is discharged in preference to S This milky colour shows that fermentation
take place.

32. DESCRIBE THE HERBER

30. WITH THE AID OF DIAGRAM
PROCESS FOR FORMATION OF
EXPLAIN HOW LOCALLY ETHANOL
AMMONIA
IS MADE
A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen in
maize is dried then pounded and
ratio of 1:3 by volume is purified and
winnowing to remove waste. mix sugar and
introduced into the reaction chamber
pounded maize then immersed in cold
where they reacted.
water and left for some days for
fermentation to take place The mixture is compressed at high
temperature and 500Atm pressure.
The water is drained from the mixture . The
Then it enters heat exchanger and iron
drained water is heated to boiling point.
catalyst is added to increase rate of
This allows alcohol vapour to escape from
reaction.
drum to passes through pipe attached to it.
Alcohol is condensing and collected in a tin 10% of ammonia is pumped into
as ethanol (kachaso) condenser where ammonia liquefied

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then is collected as liquid ammonia. Weigh an empty beaker on beam balance

while unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen and record its weight as M1. Then add
are recycled to produce another crystals of hydrous copper sulphate into the
ammonia. beaker and reweigh record as M2. To find
the mass of crystal = M2-M1
33. WITH THE AID OF DIAGRAM
DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD Heat the beaker with content gently until its
EXTRACT SULPHUR BY FRASCH mass remains constant record as M3. find
PROCESS. mass of crystal after heating by M3M1
To find percentage of water composition
=[M3-M1] /[M2-M1] X 100%.

35. WITH AID OF DIAGRAM

DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD
ELECTROPLATING IRON SPOON
WITH SILVER NITRATE.

Supper heated water at 170 is pumped

down the outer most pipe it melt the
sulphur at 113 .

Hit air forces up froth of molten sulphur

rise through the annular space between
inner most pipe and second pipe.

Sulphur is collected and stores in tanks then

it cools and solidified into solid blocks. Iron spoon is at cathode and silver metal
at anode and silver nitrate used as
34. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT THAT electrolytes.
WOULD BE DONE TO FIND
OUT PERCENTAGES OF When current flows at cathode becomes
COMPOSITION OF WATER OF negative charge and anode positive
CRYSTALLISATION FROM COPPER charge. silver metal dissolved and silver
PENTAHYDROUS. ions are released into solution silver

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ions are attracted toward cathode and POTASSIUM NITRATE AND

is plated out to iron spoon. +ē ➡Ag CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC
ACID.

36. DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD BE

IDENTIFY MOLARITY OF
SUBSTANCE BY EVAPORATION

Firstly, measure the volume of substance

given. Then measure the mass of the
substance before heating using beam
balance.

Heat the substance in crucible gently

until mass is constant.

Find moles of substance by = mass after

heating/ molar mass of substance.

Molarity = moles of substance/volume of Set up the apparatus as shown. put

substance. concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium
nitrate in retort flask. Heat the Mixture in
process potassium nitrate dissolves
37. EXPLAIN WHY RHOMBIC gradually. nitric acid is forms as gas and
SULPHUR IS MORE STABLE THAN distils its vapour condense by cold water
MONOCLINIC SULPHUR. from the tap to form yellow liquid.

Rhombic sulphur has interlocking Pure nitric acid is colorless but this
arrangements of Sulphur ring. this is nitric acid is yellow because it
because rings are closely packed together composes of nitrogen oxides.
and therefore compose stronger
intermolecular forces than monoclinic
sulphur whose rings are loosely packed. 39. DESCRIBE HOW YOU CAN
SEPARATE PARAFFIN FROM
38. WITH THE AID OF DIAGRAM
WATER
DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT THAT
WOULD BE CARRIED OUT TO By using separating funnel. mixture is
PREPARE NITRIC ACID USING putted into separating funnel. Let the

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mixture to settle. they will form two 41. EXPLAIN HOW

layers. POLYMERISATION OF ETHENE
OCCURS
Put beaker under separating funnel
allow bottom liquid to run into a beaker During polymerization of ethene ,ethene
slowly by slowly. upon reaching the undergoes relatively high temperature and
point where two liquids separate stop pressure in presence of catalyst.
and insert another beaker.
The double bond between carbon atoms
Allow small amount of mixture to run break enabling many molecules of ethene to
into the beaker and remove a beaker. put join to each other to form Poly ethene.
another beaker and collect the remaining
liquid which is paraffin. 42. WITH THE AID OF WELL
LABELLED DIAGRAM
DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT THAT EXPERIMENT AN EXPERIMENT
WOULD BE USED TO PREPARE ZINC THAT WOULD BE DONE TO
SULPHATE CRYSTAL BY A REACTION SHOW THAT OXYGEN AND
BETWEEN AN ACID AND METAL WATER ARE NECESSARY
CONDITIONS FOR RUSTING TO
Place 100Ml of sulphuric acid into a beaker.
add zinc metal little by little into acid while OCCUR
stirring until no more effervescence occurs.
Use filter paper to filter out the un
dissolved zinc metals.

Heat the filtrate to allow water to evaporate

and remaining with dry zinc sulphate.

40. EXPLAIN HOW DOES

FRACTIONATING COLUMN
WORKS IN SEPARATING ETHANOL
FROM WATER. Set up the apparatus as shown. Test tube
Its works by cooling water at100c and are left un disturbed for one week.
ethanol at 78 .fractional distillation have a Results nail in test tube A rust occurs but
fractionating column conjoining glass beads in test tube B and C rust does not occur.
these glass beads. When heated at 78
condense water and allow ethanol to go In test tube A rusting occur because of
through condense. presence of both oxygen and water in tap

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water. all necessary conditions for rusting LABELLED DIAGRAM DESCRIBE

are present. HOW YOU CAN SEPARATE
PIGMENT OF INK.
In test tube B rusting does not occur
because of boiling water does not
contain air and oil on top prevents
entrance of air.

In test tube C contains a hydrous calcium

chloride used to remove water hence no
rusting to occur.

43. DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF

OSTWARD FOR FORMATION OF
NITRIC ACID Firstly, a sport of ink is made on paper and
First oxidation of ammonia to produce allowed to dry.
nitrogen II oxide and water Dip the paper into solvent such as alcohol.
Solvent begins to move up the paper by
capillary action.
Nitrogen II oxide and steam are cooled by
air from compressor. Solvent move up the paper taking different
pigments along at different rate.
Further oxidation of nitrogen II oxide to
produce nitrogen IV oxide. The separation of pigments is complete.
Different pigments string out along the
paper with different colors and height.
Nitrogen IV oxide passed through water 45. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT
and dissolved to form nitric acid and THAT WOULD BE DONE TO
nitrous acid.
COMPARE ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF STRONG
AND WEAK ACID/BASE
Excess air pass through to oxidize nitrous
acid to form nitric acid.

44. WITH THE AID OF WELL

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As current is allowed to flow bubble are

observed at electrodes. green-yellow
poisonous gas is collected at anode the gas
is chlorine. Hydrogen gas is collected at
cathode

At anode OH- and Cl- will move to anode

and Cl- will preferentially discharged to
OH- because Cl- is in high concentration.
Arrange the conductivity apparatus as
shown. put 50ml of ethanoic acid solution At cathode both Na+ and H+ will be present
into a beaker. .H+ is preferentially discharged to Na+
because H+ is lower in electrochemical
Close the switch and record the series than Na+
brightness of the bulb.
47. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT THAT
Raise the beaker and carbon rods with WOULD BE DONE TO
distilled water. SHOW THAT IONIC COMPOUND
CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY AND
Repeat the experiment with hydrochloric
COVALENT DOES NOT CONDUCT.
acid, sodium oxide and ammonia.

Acid and base whose have dim light is

weak acids/bases. with the brighter light
are strong acids/bases.

46. WITH THE AID OF

DIAGRAM,DESCRIBE
ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE
(concentrated sodium chloride) Arrange the apparatus as shown. Pour
50Ml of sugar solution into the beaker.

Dip the rods into the solution then close

the switch and observe if bulb gives off
light.

Repeat the experiment with salt solution

and record observations.

arrange conductivity apparatus and put

electrolytes as sodium chloride solution.

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In sugar solution bulb will not give off 1M X O.25 X 160g/mol

light because it is a covalent compound
which has no free electrons. Weigh exactly 40g of copper sulphate
crystal and add distilled water to dissolve it.
In salt solution the bulb will give off the
light since it has ions which conducts Transfer solution into the volumetric flask
electric current. while sugar has no ions of 250ml. Add more distilled water up to
the mark of 250Ml.
48. DESCRIBE AN
Label the flask as 1M copper sulphate
EXPERIMENT
solution.
THAT WOULD BE CONDUCTED
TO IDENTIFY POLAR AND NON
POLAR LIQUID.
50. DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS
Polar and non-polar liquid can be DURING ELECTROLYSIS OF
identified by bringing rubbed pen cover DILUTE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
close to the stream of liquid from jet. SOLUTION.
When stream is deflected toward the When current is applied at anode OH- and
rubbed pen cover then liquid is polar Cl- are presents. OH- will preferentially
because polar compound has partially discharged to Cl- because it is high in
charges. when stream is not deflected concentration in electrochemical series.
then liquid is non polar liquid because
non polar compound has no partial At cathode both K+ and H+ are present. H+
charges. will discharge to K+

+ē ➡ H.

49. DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD

H combined to form
PREPARE A 250Ml of 1M
COPPER SULPHATE FROM
2H + 2e ➡
HYDRATED COPPER SULPHATE
CRYSTAL
Firstly, heat hydrated copper sulphate to
remove water. then calculate the mass of 51. WITH THE AID OF FLOW
copper sulphate crystal to be dissolved. DIAGRAM, DESCRIBE HOW
AMMONIUM NITRATE
Mass of copper sulphate
FERTILIZER IS MANUFACTURED.
=molarity X Volume X RFM

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Place three conical flask on a bench. add

100Ml of distilled water into each of conical
flask. Label them A B and C

Put 0.5g ,1.0g and 1.5g of sodium

thiosulphate in the flask A B and C. In such
order. Stir using stirring rod to dissolve it.

Mark a black cross on filter paper. Place the

flask A on filter paper with cross. Add 5ml
of 2M hydrochloric acid into the flask and
swirl the content of the flask and record
time taken for cross to disappear.

Repeat the experiment with flask B and C.

Record results in table.
Ammonium nitrate is manufactured by
reacting nitric acid with ammonia. Plot the graph of concentration against time
water, natural gas and air are mixed in taken to find the relationship.
reaction chamber to form ammonia.
ammonia is added to nitric acid to form 53. DESCRIBE HOW TO TEST FOR
ammonium nitrate as CHLORINE
fertilizer
Hold the moist blue litmus paper at mouth
of test tube contains chlorine gas .it will
turn red then get bleached
52. DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT THAT
WOULD BE DONE TO 54. DESCRIBE HOW TO TEST FOR
SHOW THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN GAS
CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE
Introducing a glowing splint into gas jar
OF REACTIONS
containing oxygen gas. the glowing splint
bust into flame.

55. DESCRIBE HOW TO TEST FOR

HYDROGEN GAS

Introducing burning splint at mouth of gas

jar contains hydrogen gas. Gas burn with
pop sound.

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56. DESCRIBE HOW TO TEST FOR

SULPHUR DIOXIDE
IDENTIFYING ORGANIC COMPOUND
Bubble gas through acidified potassium compound Solubility Bromine Tollens Acid
dichromate solution. color change from test test test test
purple to colorless.

57. DESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD

DETERMINE THE PH OF NEWLY

colourless
insoluble
BRANDED SOAP POWDER USING

alkane

brown
INIVERSAL INDICATORS

blue
Put a spatula of soap powder into test
tube. Add distilled water and shake to

colourless

colourless
insoluble
dissolve the powder.
Alkene

blue
Add few drops of iniversal indicators
solution to test tube..observe the colour

colourless
change.
alkanol

soluble

brown
Compare the colour change to pH scale

blue
and state the pH of soap powder.

TESTING FOR CATIONS

colourless
Alkanoic

soluble

brown
CATION Few drop Excess
acid

NaOH NaOH

red
COPPER BLUE PP INSOLUBLE
ALUMINIUM WHITE PP SOLUBLE
alkanal

soluble

IRON II MUD GREEN INSOLUBLE

brown

silver

blue
IRON III BRICKRED INSOLUBLE
ZINC WHITE PP INSOLUBLE

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SOLUBILITY TEST add drops of distilled

water to compound
H
INSOLUBLE SOLUBLE
ALKANE
ALKENE
ALKANAL
ALKANOL
H C H

ALKANOIC ACID
ACID TEST BLUE LITMUS
H
RED BLUE
ALKANOIC ACID ALKANAL
ALKANOL
TOLLENS TEST

SILVER PP NO SILVER PP
ALKANAL ALKANOL
BROMINE TEST

COLOURLESS BROWN
ALKENE ALKANE

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