18.

1SOMETRIC DRAWING
The general appearance of objects is best shown by
pictorial illustrations. The isometric, oblique and
perspective drawings are often used for this purpose.
However, the isometric is sometimes preferred
because it can be both picturesque and used as a
working drawing. An isometric drawing shows the full
dimension of the sides. Isometric drawing is a three-
dimensional view of an object showing the receding
sides drawn at 30° , while the other sides are drawn
vertically. Generally, an isometric should be drawn at
an angleof35° 16', but this is a very odd angle to work
with, so the more convenient angle of 30° is used. A
drawing done at 35° 16' is called an isometric 4. Draw one face of the block as shown in the figure.
projection and one drawn at 30° is called an isometric
drawing. 5. Draw parallel lines from each corner of the face top
complete the object's outline.

6.Complete by darken ing the figure

vertical

b
28

Drawing the isometrics of regular shaped objects

"L".

1.Begin by drawing a light horizontal line and, from

any point on it, a perpendicular and two receding
lines at 30°.

Drawing Isometrics given the plan and front elevation.

Corner 'A' is the lowest point.
1. Draw an isometric block equal to the overall dimensions
of the figure (L78xW20xH78). Measure 26mm from
each corner and draw the two ends of the block as
shown.
2. Measure vertical height such as ab to draw the center
of the figure.

2. Measure ac=10mm , ab=28mm and ad 40mm. 3. Join cd (30°).

4. Complete by darkening the figure.
3. Complete an isometric block which will have the
overall dimension of the figure 40x28x1Omm.
98
 craw parallet to ab

COMPLETED

Drawing the isometrics of objects with inclined

surfaces. (steps 1-4)
1. Draw an isometric block equal to the overall
dimension ofthe "V"which is 74x20x78mm .
Obtain the top of the V by measuring 20mm from
both top corners as shown .
2. Measure 22mm from both sides as shown and join
lines such as ab to obtain the inclined sides.
3. Join all the necessary parallel lines.
4 . Complete by darkening the figure.

99
 19. OBLIQUE DRAWING
Oblique projection is another commonly used method
of drawing objects. However, the longest face of the
object is drawn parallel to the vertical plane of
d-J]j
projection or in front and the receding sides are usually
drawn at 30° or 45° to the horizontal. Circles or arcs to
the front can be drawn by the compass or circle
template and those to the sides constructed similarly to
irregular curves in isometric drawings.The sides of an
oblique drawing, is shown at full size, this often
produces a distorted appearance of some of the
objects. To avoid this distorted appearance of some of EXAMPLE 2
the objects, sides are drawn at half full size. This
method is called cabinet drawing.

SOLUTION 2

Example 2 Inclined Surfaces

1. Draw a box to contain the object.
2. Draw the two plane views of the object as shown.

EXAMPLE 1

3. Join the respective corners of these views to complete

the basic shape of the object.
4. Darken the object's outline to complete the figure .
Example 1 Regular Shaped Objects
1. Draw a block to enclose the object
2 . Draw the face or front elevation of the object.

.- ~- : ~-+-~
I I I I

: ; : : 1 I

EXAMPLE 3

COMPLETED

3. Draw receding lines parallel to the outline of the box

to construct the basic shape of the object.
4. Darken the object's outline to complete the figure.

100
 STEP2 COMPLETED

SOLUTION 3 COMPLETED
Example 4 Irregular Shaped Objects
Example 3 · Circles
3. Complete the basic shape of the object.
1. Draw the box to enclose the object and , using the
compass or circle template, draw the two circles 4. Darken the object's outline to complete the projection .
as shown .
2. Complete the face of the object by drawing the
inclined lines. QUESTIONS 1-4
Make an oblique drawing of the block shown.

COMPLETED

3. Complete the basic shape of the object.

4 . Darken the object's outline by darkening the figure.

4.

15 45
/ IRE

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~r \.:
"'
EXAMPLE 4 I / //
-~'
I

I I
I. .I -r
II
I
75

70

SOLUTION 4 I
I
I
Example 4 Irregular Shaped Objects
1. Using the compass or circle template, draw the
curved face of the object.
2. Draw the receding lines from this face as shown.

101
20. The Isometric Circle
STEP 1
d d 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
~ ..... ...... ~
I ~
a h a h
\ 1..1"
~ri.1
""'
f c f Circles in isometric projection
The ordinate method

1. This circle is drawn by enclosing the given circle with

a square. The square and the circle are then divided
d d into a number of equal parts as shown in the above
diagram

2 . Another box is then drawn in isometric projection

and also divided similarly to the square.

Corresponding measurements are now transferred on

to the isometric box to obtain points on the isometric.

THE FOLLOWING REQUIRES THE KNOWLEDGE

OF DRAWING ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS.

b Drawing the isometric of figures with

Circles in isometric projection curves (irregular shaped obj ects).
The approximate method
R8
e
1. Draw an isometric box (block) using the diameter of
R3
the circle.

2 . Draw the centre lines eg , fh and the diagonal bd .

_,_....,.__......
3 . Join ag to cut diagonal bd at m and ec to cut bd at n.
You can if you wish join diagonal ac.

4 . With mas center and radius mg, draw an arc fg. With n
as center radius nh draw an arc toe and h.

Using a-and cas centers, with radius ag orcfdraw arcs

gh and ef to complete the isometric circle.

A A~~~2~3~·4~5-6~~
7 ~B
STEP 1
EXAMPLE
The above is a plan and elevation of a block. Make
an isometric drawing of the object shown with 'A'
as the !lowest point.

102
1. Divide the view showing the irregular curved elevation
into a nu~ber of (8) equal parts .

2. Draw an isometric block to contain the object and divide

AB into 8 equal parts.

Transfer distances such as Aa, 1b, 2c etc. from the

elevation to the corresponding lines in the isometric
block.

Use the french curve to draw (irregular curves) to join

these points for the curve on one face ofthe object.

a'

STEP2

A
Now for each point such as a, b, c, d, e, etc. Draw 30°
receding lines equal to (20mm) the width of the object.

COMPLETED

Complete the figure by joining the points a', b', c', etc.
To obtain the curve on the other side of the object.

103
21. FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
V.P. S.V.P.

CJ B
V.P.

1st Angle

0 HP. FRONT ELEVATION B END ELEVATION C

H .P.

ISOMETRIC VIEW

Orthographic views projected in the first quadrant are

referred to as being drawn in the first angle projection.
rn PLAN A

Quadrants are formed by the intersection of the

horizontal and vertical planes. When drawing orthographic views in first angle projection ,
the planes are laid out as if on a flat surface. The plan is
always positioned below the front elevation, and the end
elevation placed next to the front elevation in the direction
of the lines of projection. The illustration above is an
example of the laying out of the planes and orthographic
views in first angle projection .

~A

c..,.
EXAMPLE
In understanding first angle projection , you need to The example shows an isometric view of a step block.
view an object in the same manner as light would Draw, in first angle projection the following views:
cast a shadow on a wall. However, the side of the a. A plan looking in the direction ofthe arrow A.
object facing the light source will be clearly visible. b. A front elevation looking in the direction of arrow 8.
c. An end elevation looking in the direction of arrow C.

104
a>ii-------1- - --+- -- -- - 1------1 a,c

FRONT ELEVATION END ELEVATION

ad
PLAN

SOLUTION

Plan or Top View. The plan is the top view of an object.

It is often drawn before the other orthographic
views. In the plan , the line ad is seen as a point a, d.
Front (view) Elevation: A line such as a,b in the plan is
seen in the front elevation as a point a, b.
End (view) Elevation: A line such as ac in front
elevation is seen in the end elevation as the point a , c.

105