SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY

VOCABULARY
integumentary - покривний
cardiovascular - серцевосудинний
respiratory - дихальний
digestive - травний
urinary - сечовий
sweat - потовий
posture - постава
heat - теплота
participate - брати участь
nutrient - поживна речовина
hormone - гормон
combat - боротися
oxygen - кисень
carbon dioxide - вуглекислий газ
elimination - видалення, виведення
wastes products - продукти відходів
ion - іон
nervous - нервовий
receptor - рецептор
major - головний
intellectual - розумовий
endocrine - ендокринний
balance - рівновага
gonad - статева залоза
genitals - статеві органи
accessory - додатковий, допоміжний
passage - прохід, протока

Body systems
Our bodies consist of a number of biological systems that carry out specific
functions necessary for everyday living.
The job of the circulatory system (cardiovascular) is to move blood,
nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones, around the body. It consists of
the heart, blood, blood vessels, arteries and veins.
The digestive system consists of a series of connected organs that together,
allow the body to break down and absorb food, and remove waste. It includes the

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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The
liver and pancreas also play a role in the digestive system because they produce
digestive juices.
The endocrine system consists of eight major glands that secrete hormones
into the blood. These hormones, in turn, travel to different tissues and regulate
various bodily functions, such as metabolism, growth and sexual function.
The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria, viruses and other
pathogens that may be harmful. It includes lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow,
lymphocytes (including B-cells and T-cells), the thymus and leukocytes, which are
white blood cells.
The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph ducts and lymph
vessels, and also plays a role in the body's defenses. Its main job is to make and
move lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, which help the body
fight infection. The lymphatic system also removes excess lymph fluid from bodily
tissues, and returns it to the blood.
The nervous system controls both voluntary action (like conscious
movement) and involuntary actions (like breathing), and sends signals to different
parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect every other part of
the body to the central nervous system.
The body's muscular system consists of about 650 muscles that aid in
movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat. There are three types of
muscle: skeletal muscle which is connected to bone and helps with voluntary
movement, smooth muscle which is found inside organs and helps to move
substances through organs, and cardiac muscle which is found in the heart and
helps pump blood.
The reproductive system consists of gonads, accessory structures, and
genitals of males and females. This system performs the processes of reproduction
and controls sexual functions.
Our bodies are supported by the skeletal system, which consists of 206
bones that are connected by tendons, ligaments and cartilage. It protects internal
organs, supports, and allows body movement, produces blood cells, and stores
minerals. The teeth are also part of the skeletal system, but they aren't considered
bones.
The respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and expel carbon
dioxide in a process we call breathing. It consists mainly of the trachea, the
diaphragm and the lungs.
The urinary system helps eliminate a waste product called urea from the
body, which is produced when certain foods are broken down. The whole system
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includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, two sphincter muscles and the
urethra. Urine produced by the kidneys travels down the ureters to the bladder, and
exits the body through the urethra.
The skin, or integumentary system, is the body's largest organ. It protects us
from the outside world, and is our first defense against bacteria, viruses and other
pathogens. Our skin also helps regulate body temperature and eliminate waste
through perspiration. In addition to skin, the integumentary system includes hair
and nails.
Vital organs
Humans have five vital organs that are essential for survival. These are the
brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs.
The human brain is the body's control center, receiving and sending signals
to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. It is
responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage and general perception of
the world.
The human heart is a responsible for pumping blood throughout our body.
The job of the kidneys is to remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. The
kidneys take urea out of the blood and combine it with water and other substances
to make urine.
The liver has many functions, including detoxifying of harmful chemicals,
breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood, secretion of bile and production of blood-
clotting proteins.
The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and
transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to our cells. The lungs also remove
carbon dioxide, which we exhale.

Ex. 1. Translate the following words and word-combinations into

English:
Додатковий, допоміжний; покривний; нервовий; серцево-судинний;
дихальний; травний; м’язовий; скелетний; сечовий; потовий; шкіра;
запобігати втраті води; головний; кістка; суглоб; хрящ; зв’язка; розумовий;
ендокринний; підтримувати поставу; мозок; чутливий рецептор; спинний
мозок; брати участь; поживна речовина; серце; кров’яні судини; нагнітати;
гормон; боротися; стороння речовина; нирки; сечовий міхур; протока;
кисень; вуглекислий газ; видалення.

Ex. 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What systems does the human body consist of? 2. What are the major
components of the integumentary system? 3. What are the major components of
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the skeletal system? 4. What does the muscular system consist of? 5. What are the
major components of the nervous system? 6. What does the endocrine system
consist of? 7. What are the major components of the cardiovascular system? 8.
What does the lymphatic system consist of? 9. What are the major components of
the respiratory system? 10. What are the major components of the digestive
system? 11. What are the major components of the urinary system? 12. What does
the reproductive system consist of? 13. What is the function of the integumentary
system? 14. What is the function of the skeletal-muscular system? 15. What is the
function of the cardiovascular system? 16. What is the function of the reproductive
system? 17. What is the function of the digestive system? 18. What is the function
of the endocrine system? 19. What is the function of the urinary system? 20. What
is the function of the reproductive system?

Ex. 3. Insert the missing words:

1. The body is divided into major organ systems: integumentary, _,
muscular, nervous, endocrine, _, lymphatic, respiratory, _, urinary, and
reproductive systems. 2. The skeletal system includes bones, associated _, and
joints. 3. It protects, _, and allows body movement. 4. The muscular system
consists of _. 5. This system allows body _. 6. The cardiovascular system includes
heart, blood _, and blood. 7. It transports _.

Ex. 4. Make up the sentences using the following words and word-
combinations:
1. The nervous system / brain / and / includes / spinal cord /nerves. 2. It /
physiological / intellectual functions / controls / and. 3. Includes / respiratory
passages / the respiratory system / lungs / and. 4. Between / it / exchanges / the
blood / gases / and / the air. 5. Intestines / the digestive / mouth / system / consists
of / esophagus / and / stomach. 6. Chemical / this / system / digestion / the
mechanical / and / performs / processes / of.

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Покровна система складається зі шкіри, волосся, нігтів та потових
залоз. 2. Ця система регулює температуру тіла та запобігає зневоднюванню.
3. Скелетна система складається з кісток, хрящів та суглобів. 4. М’язова
система складається із м’язів, дозволяючи людині пересуватися. 5. Серцево-
судинна система складається з серця, кров’яних судин та крові, що
переносить поживні речовини до всіх частин організму. 6. Дихальна система
сформована легенями. 7. Травна система виконує хімічні та механічні
процеси травлення.
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