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AUTOMATED AQUAPONICS FOR CATFISH GROWING IN

PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

________________________________________

A Capstone Project

Presented to the Faculty of the

Department of Computer Studies and Automation

College of Engineering and Computer Studies

Pampanga State Agricultural University

Magalang, Pampanga

________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

________________________________________

Arjay G. Villavicencio

Mark Angel S. Olpindo

Mark Ysrael S. Calano

June 2025

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 Republic of the Philippines
College of Engineering and Computer Studies
Pampanga State Agricultural University
Magalang, Pampanga

DATA TESTING CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MARK YSRAEL S. CALANO, MARK ANGEL S.

OLPINDO & ARJAY G. VILLAVICENCIO authors of the unpublished undergraduate
thesis entitled, "AUTOMATED AQUAPONICS FOR CATFISH GROWING IN
PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY", in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. Results of
the test on the author's data indicate that these are consistent with the research design as
proposed and that the computations made are correct. Furthermore, the data has passed
integrity sensitivity tests.

This certification is issued on the 29th day of November 2024, to Mr. Calano, Mr.
Olpindo and Mr. Villavicencio upon their request relative to the requirements of their
degree course.

Statistician
 Republic of the Philippines
College of Engineering and Computer Studies
Pampanga State Agricultural University
Magalang, Pampanga

CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL

This certifies that this capstone project entitled "AUTOMATED AQUAPONICS

FOR CATFISH GROWING IN PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY" prepared and submitted by MARK YSRAEL S.CALANO, MARK
ANGEL S. OLPINDO & ARJAY G. VILLAVICENCIO, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, is
hereby approved and accepted.

Local

Date Signed
CERTIFICATE FROM YOUR ENGLISH CRITIC

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PAGE
 ABSTRACT

CALANO, MARK YSRAEL S., OLPINDO, MARK ANGEL S.& VILLAVICENCIO,

ARJAY G. Department of Computer Studies and Automation - College of

Engineering and Computer Studies, Pampanga State Agricultural University,

Magalang, Pampanga. June 2025. "AUTOMATED AQUAPONICS FOR

CATFISH GROWING IN PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY"

Adviser: Ocirne Jun-Jun S. Liwanag DIT

The project titled "Automated Aquaponics for Catfish Growing in Pampanga State

Agricultural University" addresses the critical challenges faced by aquaculture in the

Philippines, particularly regarding labor intensity and resource inefficiency. As

traditional farming methods struggle with land scarcity, climate change, and high

input costs, this capstone project proposes an innovative automated system that

integrates aquaculture and hydroponics. The primary objective is to develop an

automated fish feeding mechanism and a data monitoring system to enhance

operational efficiency and sustainability in catfish farming.

By utilizing advanced technology, the proposed system aims to optimize feed

management and water quality monitoring, thereby improving fish health and growth

rates. The integration of automation not only minimizes manual labor but also

promotes better resource utilization, ultimately leading to increased productivity and

reduced operational costs for farmers. Furthermore, the project emphasizes

environmental sustainability by recycling nutrients through fish waste, decreasing

reliance on chemical fertilizers.

The research methodology includes the design, development, and testing of the

automated system, with a focus on real-time data collection and analysis. This study

is expected to serve as a valuable reference for future innovations in sustainable

farming practices, contributing significantly to both local agricultural development and

broader ecological goals. The anticipated outcomes highlight the potential for

aquaponics to revolutionize food production in the region while addressing pressing

agricultural challenges.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page.............................................................................................................. i

Approval Page.......................................................................................................ii

Certifications.........................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgment Page........................................................................................iv

Dedication (Optional)...........................................................................................v

Abstract................................................................................................................vi

Table of Contents.................................................................................................vii

List of Table.........................................................................................................viii

List of Figure........................................................................................................ix
Chapter Page

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Project Context 2

Statement of the Objectives 5

Significance of the project 5

Scope and Limitations of the Project 6

Definition of terms 10

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE/SYSTEMS

Main heading 1 13

Main heading 2 14

Main heading 3 15

Summarize the key findings of previous research on the topic 16

Discuss the implications of the literature review for the current study 19

III. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Design Specification 22

Concepts and Technology Used 23

Software & Hardware 23

Network Design 26
System Architectural Design 27

Features & Functionality of the proposed system 28

Project Management 30

IV. METHODOLOGY, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Research Design 31

Requirements Analysis & Documentation 37

The Requirements Model 38

The Analysis Model 38

Implementation Plan 42

Design of Software, Systems, Product, and/or Processes 45

Data interpretation and discussion 49

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 56

Conclusions and Implications 56

Recommendations 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY 59

APPENDICES 61

CURRICULUM VITAE 78
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Pages

1. Legend for Mean (For Students / Admin) 36

2. Legend for Mean (For IT experts) 36

3. Evaluation of Students on the developed system 49

4. Evaluation of Admin on the developed system. 51

5. Evaluation of IT Experts on the developed system. 53

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Pages

1. Conceptual Framework 4

2. Network Design 27

3. System Architecture Design 28

4. Gantt Chart 30

5. Use Case Diagram 39

6. Entity Relationship Diagram 40

7. System Block Diagram 41

8. Data Flow Diagram 42

9. Methodological Diagram 43

10. Screenshot Layout No.1 (Main Screen) 46

11. Screenshot Layout No.2 (Monitoring Screen) 47

12. Screenshot Layout No.3 (Setting Screen) 48

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Based on Taylor, (2022) Philippines is a country that heavily relies on

agriculture as a source of livelihood. However, farming in the Philippines has

faced several challenges, including land scarcity, climate change, and high input

costs. Aquaponics offers an innovative solution to these challenges. It also

presents farmers with an opportunity to broaden their revenue sources by

marketing both fish and crops.

Automatic fish feeders, as discussed by Aziz et al. (2016), play a crucial

role in aquaculture by addressing challenges associated with manual feeding.

Time management controllers are central to these feeders, ensuring precise

feeding schedules despite unpredictable factors like weather. They combine

mechanical and electrical systems to dispense food accurately, benefiting fish

owners, especially when away for extended periods. Advanced models offer

remote monitoring and integration with environmental sensors for optimal

conditions in ponds or aquariums.

According to Go Green Aquaponics, (2022) Catfish in Aquaponics and

Reinforcement Learning Applications Catfish are a popular choice for aquaponics

due to their hardiness, growth rate, and market value. Research specific to

catfish in aquaponics systems often focuses on water quality parameters, growth

optimization, and feed management. For instance, studies on optimal

temperature and pH levels for catfish growth can inform RL model parameters.
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Additionally, research on catfish feeding behaviors and nutrient requirements can

help in designing RL-based feeding algorithms that adjust to the fish's growth

stage and health status. Recent innovations focus on enhancing system

efficiency, scalability, and the integration of smart technology for monitoring and

control.

The integration of dead fish into aquaponics systems is a practical

approach to enhancing plant growth. As fish decompose, they release essential

nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium into the water. This

nutrient-rich environment not only supports the health of aquatic life but also

provides a natural fertilizer for plants. By recycling organic matter, this method

maximizes resource efficiency, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and

promoting sustainability within aquaponics systems. Such practices highlight the

beneficial interdependence of aquaculture and hydroponics. (Brooke, N. 2015)

In additional, Aquaponics offers a sustainable and efficient method of

farming that can help address some of the challenges facing Aquaculture in the

Philippines. Given appropriate guidance and support, farmers have the potential

to establish their own aquaponics systems and capitalize on the multitude of

benefits it offers and to maximize the efficiency of aquaponic systems, it is

essential to address key operational aspects, one of which is the precise

management of fish feeding.

Project Context
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The Context of “Automated Aquaponics for Catfish at Pampanga State

Agricultural University” is rooted in addressing the significant agricultural

challenges faced in the Philippines, particularly in aquaculture and food

production.

The Philippines relies heavily on agriculture as a primary source of

livelihood, yet it encounters numerous obstacles such as land scarcity, climate

change, and high input costs. These factors limit traditional farming methods and

threaten food security. Aquaponics emerges as an innovative solution, combining

aquaculture (fish farming) and hydroponics (soil-less plant cultivation) to create a

sustainable food production system that maximizes resource efficiency and

minimizes environmental impact.

Significance of Aquaponics systems recycle nutrients by using fish waste

to fertilize plants, thus reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and conserving

water. The integration of automated systems can enhance operational efficiency

by minimizing manual labor associated with feeding and waste management.

This is particularly relevant for catfish farming, which is gaining popularity due to

catfish market value.

Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1 in the other page visually depicts the input data utilized by the

developers, showcasing the information incorporated into the study. It further

illustrates the process or methodology employed by the researchers, providing

insight into the steps taken to analyze and manipulate the input data. Finally, it
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also presents the output of the study, showcasing the results, findings, or

outcomes derived from the implemented process or methodology.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

Due to the lack of automated procedures, aquaponic systems, specifically

in catfish growing at Pampanga State Agricultural University Fisheries, confront

considerable obstacles. Tasks like feeding and waste disposal that need manual

intervention result in labor-intensiveness, inefficient use of resources, and

degraded environmental sustainability. This manual method not only reduces

operational efficiency but also causes water quality variations that endanger fish

health and system stability. Furthermore, the absence of a waste management

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cycle makes nutrient imbalances worse, which further reduces the aquaponics

system's overall sustainability and productivity.

These are the following problem of this study:

 Does manual feeding harm fish health in aquaponics?

 Is the absence of a feed monitoring system causing waste and

inefficiency?

 Without checking efficiency, are automation improvements in doubt?

Statement of the Objectives

The main objective of this research is to design and develop an

Automated Aquaponics System with Waste Management Cycle specifically

optimized for catfish farming at Pampanga State Agricultural University Fisheries.

By addressing the existing gaps in automation and waste handling, this study

aims to enhance system efficiency, reduce labor dependency, optimize resource

utilization, and improve the overall sustainability and productivity of aquaponic

catfish farming.

These are the following objectives of this study:

 To Develop an Automatic Fish Feeder for Aquaponics ensuring precise

and timely delivery of feed to optimize fish growth and health.

 To Develop a Data Monitoring System for Feed Consumption.

 To Evaluate the Operational Efficiency of the Developed Automated

Aquaponics System.
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Significance of the project

The primary goal of this study is to design an automated aquaponics

system for catfish farming. This system is expected to provide the following

benefits:

To the farmers. The system will enhance the efficiency of catfish farming

by automating key processes like feeding and water management. This will

reduce the manual labor required, improve farm productivity, and ensure better

resource utilization. As a result, farmers will experience a decrease in operational

costs and an increase in yield quality.

To the students. The study will contribute to advancements in

aquaculture technology by integrating IoT and automation. It will serve as a

reference for future projects that seek to innovate in sustainable farming

practices.

To the environment. By incorporating a sustainable water cycle, the

system aims to reduce water wastage and promote an eco-friendly method of

fish farming. This helps conserve natural resources and promotes a balance

between agricultural productivity and environmental preservation.

Scope and Limitations of the Project

This project aims to develop an Automated Aquaponics System for catfish

farming at Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU), focusing on

automating key processes such as fish feeding and water quality monitoring to

enhance efficiency and sustainability. The scope encompasses specific

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objectives and expected outcomes centered on improving resource management

while reducing manual labor. However, the project is subject to limitations,

including constraints related to technology compatibility and platform

accessibility, as well as a specific focus on catfish farming that may restrict

broader applicability. Recognizing these limitations is essential for setting realistic

expectations and guiding future research in automated aquaponics.

Scope of the Project

The primary scope of this project is to design, develop, and implement an

Automated Aquaponics System specifically optimized for catfish farming at

Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU). The system aims to automate

key processes within the aquaponics setup, including:

1. Automated Fish Feeding: The development of an automatic fish feeder

that will ensure precise and consistent delivery of feed at scheduled

intervals, reducing manual labor and ensuring optimal fish growth.

2. Real-Time Monitoring of Water Quality: The integration of sensors to

monitor critical water temperature. This data will be fed into a monitoring

system to provide real-time insights into the health of the aquaponics

system.

3. Data Collection and Analysis: The system will collect data from the

sensors and automated feeder, which will be logged for real-time and

historical analysis. This will help optimize the system’s performance,

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allowing adjustments to be made for better fish growth and water

management.

4. Improvement of System Efficiency: The project will focus on improving

the operational efficiency of the aquaponics system by reducing human

intervention, optimizing resource utilization, and maintaining consistent

conditions for both fish and plants.

5. Usability Testing and Feedback: The project includes a testing phase

where feedback from fisheries staff, aquaculture experts, and students will

be gathered to assess the system's effectiveness, usability, and areas for

future improvement.

Limitations of the Project

While the project aims to significantly improve the aquaponics system’s

efficiency through automation, there are several limitations that must be

acknowledged:

1. Specific Focus on Catfish Farming: The system is designed specifically

for catfish farming, and its components and algorithms are tailored to the

unique requirements of catfish in aquaponics. The system may require

significant modifications to be applied to other species of fish or broader

aquaponics applications.

2. Limited Environmental Monitoring: Although the project incorporates

sensors for monitoring water quality, it does not include comprehensive

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environmental sensors for factors such as light intensity, air humidity, or

nutrient levels in plants.

3. Dependency on Internet Connectivity: The real-time monitoring system

relies on internet connectivity for data transmission and remote access. In

areas with poor or unstable internet service, the system’s ability to provide

real-time insights and remote monitoring may be hindered.

4. Initial Cost of System Setup: The automated system involves advanced

sensors, controllers, and software, which may lead to higher initial setup

costs. While the project aims to optimize long-term efficiency, smaller

farms or institutions may find the upfront investment challenging without

financial support.

5. Maintenance and Technical Expertise: The automated system will

require regular maintenance and occasional technical troubleshooting.

Staff members will need basic training in system maintenance and data

interpretation. Any significant malfunctions may require intervention from

specialists, which could add to the operational cost.

6. Power Source Limitations: The system's reliance on continuous power

for sensors, feeders, and data monitoring may pose a limitation in areas

where electricity supply is inconsistent. An alternative power backup

system may be required to ensure uninterrupted operation.

7. Limited Platform Accessibility: The mobile application developed for

system monitoring and control is only compatible with Android devices.

This limits the accessibility of the system to Android users only, excluding
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iOS and other non-Android users from utilizing the mobile app. This could

limit usability for some stakeholders and may require future development

to extend compatibility to other platforms.

8. Limited Time for Full-Scale Implementation: The project timeline may

restrict the long-term observation of results. While the project will collect

data over several months, a longer period would be needed to fully assess

the system’s impact on catfish growth rates and overall system

sustainability.

Definition of terms

1. Aquaponics: A sustainable farming system that combines aquaculture

(the raising of fish) and hydroponics (the growing of plants without soil) in

a symbiotic environment. In this system, fish waste provides organic

nutrients for the plants, and in return, the plants help filter and purify the

water for the fish.

2. Automated Fish Feeder: A device designed to automatically dispense a

predetermined amount of fish feed at scheduled intervals. This reduces

the need for manual feeding, ensuring that fish receive consistent nutrition.

3. Sensors: Instruments used to measure physical parameters in the

aquaponics system, such as water temperature, pH levels, and dissolved

oxygen. Sensors collect data to help maintain optimal growing conditions

for both fish and plants.

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4. Real-Time Monitoring: The continuous observation of system parameters

using automated tools and sensors that provide instant feedback. This

allows for immediate adjustments to be made in response to changing

conditions within the aquaponics system.

5. Data Logging: The process of collecting and storing data over time for

analysis and monitoring purposes. In the context of this study, it refers to

the recording of water quality parameters, feed consumption, and fish

growth metrics.

6. Internet of Things (IoT): A network of interconnected devices that

communicate and exchange data over the internet. In aquaponics, IoT

technology allows for remote monitoring and control of system

components.

7. Dissolved Oxygen: The amount of oxygen present in water, which is

essential for the survival and health of aquatic organisms. Maintaining

adequate levels of dissolved oxygen is critical in aquaponics for fish

respiration and overall system health.

8. Hydroponics: A method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich

water instead. Hydroponics is a key component of aquaponics, as it allows

plants to thrive using the nutrients derived from fish waste.

9. Sustainability: The ability to maintain ecological balance by using

resources efficiently and responsibly. In aquaponics, sustainability is

achieved through the recycling of water and nutrients, minimizing waste

and environmental impact.

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10. Scalability: The capability of a system to expand or adapt to increased

demand or size without compromising performance or efficiency. In the

context of this study, it refers to the ability of the automated aquaponics

system to grow with the needs of the farm or educational institution.

11. User Interface (UI): The means by which a user interacts with a software

application or hardware system. In this project, the user interface refers to

the mobile application used to monitor and control the automated

aquaponics system.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE/SYSTEMS

Every statement that a researcher makes must be credible and supported by

enough evidence to validate its findings. A capstone project, such as this one,

aims to solve a problem through the integration of technology—in this case,

automating catfish farming within an aquaponics system. It must be thoroughly

documented, detailing each process involved in system design and development

in an informative and systematic manner. Additionally, a functional prototype or

system must be developed to meet the objectives, features, and functionalities

outlined in the research. This capstone project will present a chapter dedicated to

a review of related literature and studies to justify and support the development

of an Automated Aquaponics System Cycle for catfish farming. By reviewing

existing work on aquaponics, automated feeding systems, and sustainable waste

management in aquaculture, this research seeks to provide a solid foundation

and credible support for the technological solutions proposed in the study.

The Existing Systems

According to Domingo, E. (2018) this study shall only take into

consideration the examination of the growth of Nile Tilapia fish and Romaine
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Lettuce vegetable using aquaponics with deep water culture (DWC) method or

raft method or floating on a small-scale system. This study only uses Romaine

Lettuce Seedling with initial height of 4 to 5cm and Nile Tilapia Fingerlings with

initial length 5.5 to 5.7 cm for the experimentation. Moreover, testing has been

done only in a span of four weeks. This study is only focused on maintaining

certain parameter of the system that includes pH level and temperature of the

system and using supported technology such as Internet of Things (IoT) to do so.

This study also does not observe the matter on nitrification and supervision of the

other parameters aside from pH level and temperature.

The Automated Aquaponics System and Water Quality Monitoring with

SMS Notification for Tilapia Industry provide real-time monitoring of the condition

of the water parameters necessary for both plants and fish. The water parameter

such as water temperature, pH level, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids,

water flow, and room temperature and humidity were monitored and controlled.

The system can be controlled automatically. (Autos, M., 2020)

The Present Problem

In recent years, aquaponics systems have gained popularity for their ability to

integrate aquaculture and hydroponics, providing a sustainable way to grow fish

and plants simultaneously. However, despite its potential, aquaponics systems,

particularly at Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU), face significant

operational challenges. The current aquaponics setup for catfish farming heavily
 15

relies on manual processes for key tasks such as fish feeding, system

monitoring, and maintaining water quality.

These manual interventions are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to

human error, leading to inconsistent feeding schedules and difficulties in

maintaining optimal conditions for both fish and plants. The lack of automated

systems makes it challenging to ensure consistent fish growth, efficient resource

usage, and real-time monitoring of critical parameters like water and temperature

levels.

As a result, these inefficiencies not only hinder the productivity and scalability of

the system but also place an unnecessary burden on staff, limiting the potential

for expansion and innovation. Addressing these challenges through automation

could greatly enhance system performance, reduce labor dependency, and

optimize resource utilization, ultimately improving the overall sustainability and

productivity of the aquaponics setup at PSAU.

Essential Effect of Market System

The market system plays a crucial role in the development and scalability

of aquaponics by influencing both demand and supply dynamics. Efficient value

chains, from production to consumer distribution, are essential for profitability and

market sustainability. Inadequate market systems can lead to inefficiencies, such

as inflated costs or supply shortages, which hinder the adoption of aquaponics. A

well-functioning market system, however, can drive innovation, ensure

competitive pricing, and foster investment in energy-efficient technologies,

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research, and education. It can also facilitate better policy and regulatory

frameworks, ensuring that aquaponics can contribute significantly to sustainable

food production while meeting global goals like reducing hunger and poverty.

(Burnell, G. M, et al., 2022)

Summary of the key findings of previous research

According to Aiyetoro et.al.,(2021) as the global population grows,

challenges like climate change, soil degradation, and water scarcity increasingly

impact agricultural productivity. These issues limit access to water for activities

like watering vegetables in conjunction with fish cultivation, negatively affecting

food security. Aquaponics farming presents a solution to this problem. This paper

proposes an aquaponics system that conserves water by utilizing fish waste to

produce nutrients for plants in an aquarium tank. Sensors, actuators, and

microcontrollers are employed to monitor and regulate water quality. Data

collected by sensors are transmitted via a Wi-Fi module to an IoT cloud platform

called Thing speak, with actuators used to address any abnormalities detected.

Experimental findings demonstrate effective water circulation and quality

preservation. Linear regression analysis and R-squared plots in the paper

illustrate a strong correlation between days, plant height, and fish weights.

Overall, the system reduces water usage and enhances aquaponics yield.

Aquaponics and aquaculture have gained significant attention as

innovative solutions for food security, utilizing eco-friendly systems to cultivate

 17

fish and plants without soil. However, manual monitoring of system parameters

poses challenges in maintaining optimal conditions. To address this, a smart

health monitoring system has been proposed to automate data collection on key

metrics such as pH, temperature, water level, and dissolved oxygen, enabling

real-time monitoring remotely. Existing monitoring systems vary in technological

sophistication, cost-effectiveness, and applicability to industrial settings. This

study aims to develop a cost-effective monitoring solution tailored for practical

use in aquaponics systems. (Alselek, et al., 2022)

Catfish aquaculture in Indonesia faces challenges related to water quality

and waste management, hindering its development due to water availability

issues. To address this, innovative solutions like Aquaponics-Recirculation

Aquaculture Systems (A-RAS) have been developed. A-RAS integrates

aquaponics and recirculation aquaculture to maintain water quality and reduce

waste discharge. This study evaluates A-RAS technology in catfish aquaculture,

focusing on water quality indicators and production metrics. Results show that A-

RAS enhances effectiveness and efficiency, maintaining water quality and

improving production indicators. Additionally, it provides an additional income

source through water spinach cultivation. The A-RAS operates as a biofilter to

reduce waste and employs swirl and bio ball filters to maintain water quality.

(Amin, et al.,2021)

Aquaponics, integrating aquaculture and hydroponics, has garnered

significant interest as an innovative agricultural method. Modern advancements,

including IoT technology, have paved the way for smart aquaponics systems,
 18

enhancing efficiency and reducing manual labor. However, existing systems

primarily focus on water quality monitoring, with limited attention to plant growth

monitoring. To address this gap, this paper proposes a miniaturized intelligent

aquaponics monitoring system that integrates edge computing for real-time

monitoring of key indicators, including plant growth conditions. This approach

aims to overcome challenges such as limited mobility and high-power

consumption, presenting a promising solution for urban agriculture scenarios. (Li,

J., et. al., 2022)

Aquaponics (AP) is an eco-friendly agricultural method combining aquatic

organisms and plants to recycle nutrients and conserve water. Fish waste

nitrogen and phosphorus are utilized by microbes to support plant growth,

promoting sustainability. Common fish like catfish and leafy vegetables are

typically grown in AP, meeting the needs of both plants and fish. However, the

microbial community's function in AP and its response to environmental

conditions remain unclear. Specific bacteria are thought to be crucial for nutrient

transformation and system health. A preliminary study found comparable lettuce

growth in AP and hydroponic (HP) setups, hinting at additional benefits from fish

presence. This study aims to compare lettuce growth in AP, HP, and aquaculture

(AC) systems, investigating microbial roles via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (Iigo

et al., 2021)

Aquaponics, a closed-loop system combining aquatic life and plants,

offers sustainable food production by recycling nutrients. Early attempts in the

1980s faced challenges, but advancements in bio-filtration and system design

 19

led to water-efficient closed systems. Despite its potential, aquaponics faces

challenges like high startup costs and resource demands. To address these,

automation using IoT is proposed. This involves sensor-based monitoring, data

management, and renewable energy integration. IoT enables real-time

monitoring and remote management, enhancing efficiency and sustainability.

Leveraging IoT technologies such as smart sensors and cloud-based analytics

can further optimize aquaponics operations, making them more eco-friendly and

efficient. (Agnihotri et. al., 2022)

Aquaponics offers a viable solution for urban farming where space is

limited. Maintaining optimal pH levels for fish health and managing factors like

air, temperature, humidity, and light for plant growth can be tedious manually.

IoT-based automated systems streamline these processes using sensors and

corrective devices. This comparative study focuses on various automated

functions such as automatic feeding, water quality control, lighting, and

environmental regulation. An object detection algorithm like YOLO detects

excess fish feed, ensuring precise feeding intervals to maintain water quality.

This method optimizes fish nutrition without waste, enhancing aquaponics

efficiency. (John, J. & R, M.P.,2021)

Discussion of the literature review's implications for the current study

The literature on automated aquaponics systems reveals several key

trends and insights that are highly relevant to the development of this study. Prior

research has extensively explored the integration of automation, Internet of

 20

Things (IoT) technologies, and data monitoring in aquaponics systems, with a

focus on improving resource efficiency, fish health, and crop yields. The following

are the implications of these findings for the current study:

1. Need for Automation to Address Manual Inefficiencies: The review of

previous studies highlights the challenges posed by manual intervention in

aquaponics, particularly in tasks such as feeding, water quality monitoring, and

system control. Aziz et al. (2016) and John et al. (2021) discuss the limitations of

manual feeding and monitoring, which can lead to inconsistencies in fish growth

and suboptimal water conditions. This reinforces the need for an automated

solution, as proposed in this study, to reduce human error, improve operational

efficiency, and optimize system performance.

2. Importance of Real-Time Data Monitoring: The integration of IoT

technologies for real-time data monitoring, as explored in the works of Aiyetoro et

al. (2021) and Li, J., et al. (2022), shows that automated systems significantly

enhance the ability to maintain optimal conditions in aquaponics environments.

This has direct implications for the current study, where a key objective is the

development of a data monitoring system to track feed consumption and system

health. The ability to remotely monitor parameters such as pH, temperature, and

dissolved oxygen will allow for timely adjustments, ensuring both fish and plant

well-being.

3. Potential for Sustainable Agriculture: Studies such as those by Pantanella

(2018) and Agnihotri et al. (2022) emphasize the sustainability benefits of

aquaponics, particularly in resource-limited settings. These systems not only

 21

conserve water but also recycle nutrients, creating a closed-loop system that

minimizes environmental impact. For the current study, this literature underscores

the potential for aquaponics to serve as a sustainable farming solution in the

Philippines, addressing local challenges like water scarcity and climate change.

4. Enhancement of System Scalability and Efficiency: Existing research

highlights the scalability challenges faced by traditional aquaponics systems,

particularly in relation to labor intensity and manual processes. By incorporating

automation and advanced technologies such as sensor-based monitoring, the

current study can help overcome these barriers. The development of an

automated fish feeder and real-time data tracking system will provide a

foundation for more scalable and efficient aquaponics operations, as indicated by

the findings of Amin et al. (2021).

5. Alignment with Market Demands for Sustainable Food Production: The

literature also points to an increasing market demand for sustainable and locally

produced food. Studies by Go Green Aquaponics (2022) and Taylor (2022) note

the growing consumer interest in sustainable practices, which positions

aquaponics as a promising solution. This trend is highly relevant to the current

study, as it suggests that the adoption of automated aquaponics systems at

Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU) could not only improve

operational efficiency but also align with broader market trends, enhancing the

economic viability of the system.

6. Gaps in Current Knowledge: While much of the literature has explored

various aspects of aquaponics, there is still limited research focused specifically

 22

on automation tailored to catfish farming. This gap presents an opportunity for the

current study to contribute new insights by developing an Automated Aquaponics

System optimized for catfish farming, as noted in the literature by Iigo et al.

(2021) and Amin et al. (2021). The current study will address these gaps by

providing a more specialized solution that incorporates automation and data-

driven decision-making to optimize fish health and crop production.

Chapter 3

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

As the demand for sustainable food production increases, innovative

agricultural practices such as aquaponics have gained prominence for their

efficiency and ecological benefits. Aquaponics combines aquaculture—the

cultivation of fish—with hydroponics—the cultivation of plants in nutrient-rich

water—creating a closed-loop ecosystem where fish waste serves as a nutrient

source for plants while the plants help filter and purify the water for the fish. The

integration of automation and smart technologies, such as Internet of Things

(IoT) sensors and automated feeding mechanisms, presents an opportunity to

enhance the operational efficiency of aquaponics systems, particularly at

Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU). This chapter will explore the

essential components of aquaponics, the role of automation, and the importance

 23

of real-time monitoring in maintaining optimal conditions for both fish and plants,

providing the technical foundation for the development of an Automated

Aquaponics System specifically designed for catfish farming at PSAU.

Design Specification

To create a functional system, the design and development process utilized a

range of software and technologies. The goal was to ensure seamless operation

by integrating various innovative concepts and methodologies, guaranteeing the

system’s effectiveness and reliability.

Concepts and Technology Used

The system was developed using automation to handle tasks like fish feeding

and water quality monitoring, ensuring consistent performance. Real-time

monitoring via sensors and IoT technology allows for remote control and

continuous data collection. An Android-based mobile app provides users with

real-time access and alerts, while renewable energy integration ensures

uninterrupted operation.

Software

1. C++: Used for developing the core logic of the system, allowing for

efficient control of hardware components and handling the automation

processes.

2. C Header Source Files: These files (.h) were used to declare functions,

constants, and macros, helping to organize the code and make it reusable

across different parts of the system.

 24

3. .ino Files: Written for Arduino-based microcontrollers, these files control

tasks such as automated fish feeding, sensor data collection, and

communication with other components.

4. .aia File: Used in MIT App Inventor to develop the Android mobile app,

allowing for real-time monitoring, remote control, and notifications about

system performance.

5. Kodular: is the best for a smart aquaponics system due to its user-friendly

drag-and-drop interface, seamless IoT device integration, high

customization options, cloud connectivity for remote monitoring, rapid app

development, and strong community support.

6. Arduino IDE: Using the ESP32 with the Arduino IDE is ideal for coding

due to its ease of use, extensive libraries for quick integration, built-in Wi-

Fi and Bluetooth support, and strong community resources. The IDE’s

cross-platform compatibility and real-time monitoring features further

enhance development, making it perfect for IoT applications.

7. Firebase: is the best for a smart aquaponics system due to its real-time

NoSQL database for instant data synchronization, scalable cloud storage,

built-in user authentication, cross-platform compatibility, easy integration

with Google services, and powerful analytics tools for monitoring and

improving system performance.

Hardware
 25

1. ESP32: is ideal for smart aquaponics due to its affordability, built-in

Wi-Fi/Bluetooth for remote control, multiple GPIO pins for sensors, and power

efficiency. It supports IoT protocols and enables quick, automated system

responses, making it perfect for monitoring and control.

2. SOLID STATE RELAY (SSR): is used to control high power loads with fast,

silent switching and electrical isolation. It has no moving parts, making it

reliable and long-lasting. SSRs are ideal for industrial automation,

temperature control, and motor control due to their efficiency and quick

response.

3. ESP32-CAM: is ideal for live fish monitoring because it has a built-in camera,

Wi-Fi for remote streaming, is affordable, energy-efficient, and easily

integrates into IoT platforms. Perfect for real-time video in smart aquaponics

systems.

4. Mini 360 DC buck Converter: Used to convert the higher input voltage to a

lower output voltage.

5. MOTOR DRIVER: A motor driver is essential in a smart aquaponics system to

control motors for pumps, aerators, and feeders. It amplifies low-power

signals, controls motor direction and speed, and protects the microcontroller

from high voltage, ensuring safe and efficient motor operation.

6. BUS DRIVER: A bus driver amplifies signals in digital circuits, directing data

flow on shared communication buses. It ensures reliable data transmission,

controls data direction, and prevents signal interference among multiple

devices.
 26

7. VL53L1X laser distance sensor: is ideal for measuring feed levels in

aquaponics due to its high accuracy (up to 400 cm), non-contact

measurement, fast response time, compact size, and versatility. It ensures

precise and reliable monitoring of feed levels without contamination.

8. Aqua Heater: rated at 200 watts is a device designed to heat water in our

aquaponics systems or aquaponics setups. Its primary function is to maintain

optimal water temperatures for aquatic life base in their needed, such as

fishs, which is crucial for their growth, health, and overall well-being.

9. DS18B20 (Temperature sensor): is essential for aquaponics because it

provides accurate temperature readings (±0.5°C) from -55°C to +125°C. Its

digital output simplifies integration with microcontrollers, and its one-wire

interface allows multiple sensors on a single line. Waterproof options make it

suitable for direct immersion, ensuring reliable temperature monitoring for

optimal conditions.

10. DC motor: is used in automatic feeders because it allows precise control of

speed and direction, is reliable and durable for continuous use, is compact

and cost-effective, and operates efficiently at lower voltages. This makes it

ideal for delivering consistent feed in aquaponics system.

11. BLADES: are used for adjusting the feed rate based on needs, and ensuring

durability through robust materials, ultimately ensuring efficient and

customizable feed distribution in aquaponics system.

 27

12. LCD Module: An LCD Module for catfish aquaponics displays feed level,

water temperature, and time, help to monitor feeding schedules and ensure

ideal water conditions for fish health.

Network Design

The Figure 2 shows a basic IoT setup, where an ESP32 microcontroller

and a user’s smartphone are connected to a central router functioning as an

access point. The ESP32, acting as one station, communicates wirelessly with

the router, allowing it to send and receive data. Similarly, the user's smartphone,

labeled as another station, connects to the router to control or monitor the

ESP32, likely for a specific application such as an automated system. This setup

indicates a network where the ESP32 can perform tasks based on commands or

information received via the smartphone, a common structure for smart home or

aquaponics systems.

Figure 2. Network Design

System Architectural Design

 28

This Figure 3 showcases an IoT based automation design where all

processes have been controlled with the help of an ESP32 microcontroller that

has integrated sensors for purposes like food dispensing and managing the

temperature. The ESP32 devices collects information from a VL53L1X laser

distance sensor to check the level of the feed and from a DS18B20 water

temperature sensor to control the water heating. It regulates the water heater

using a solid-state relay and also uses a motor driver to control a DC motor that

is installed in the automatic feeder unit. To aid this process further, we even

include an ESP32 CAM for monitoring the activities visually and an LCD module

that indicates the status of the system as a whole, thus creating an all-out system

of controls, perhaps for an automated aquarium or a pet feeder system.

 29

Figure 3. System Architectural Design

Features & Functionality of the proposed system

Based on the written objectives, the identified needs of the

respondents, and approval from the panelists, the following features and

functionalities of the developed system have been defined:

Features:

1. User Interface (UI) Settings:

 The system offers a user-friendly interface allowing users to toggle

between Auto and Manual modes. This ensures flexibility for both

automated control and manual overrides when needed.

2. Heater Control:

 The system has a Heater Settings toggle, enabling users to turn the water

heater ON or OFF as per the environmental conditions or based on the

fish's temperature requirements.

 In Auto mode, the system regulates the water temperature automatically

based on pre-programmed parameters or sensor readings.

 In Manual mode, users can set the desired temperature directly and

update it via the interface.

3. Feeder Control:

 Users can manually control the feed quantity and frequency through the

Feeder Settings interface.

 30

 The system includes options to schedule feeding at specific times, such as

7:5 or 20:0, or to adjust the feed quantity based on the fish’s growth

stages and feeding habits.

 Auto mode can be configured to dispense feed automatically at optimal

intervals and quantities, based on fish size and tank biomass.

4. Temperature Monitoring:

 A real-time Temperature Settings display is provided for users to monitor

the current water temperature.

 In both Auto and Manual modes, the user can update temperature values

and ensure the environment is suitable for the catfish at all times.

5. Automation:

 The system’s Auto Mode handles both feeding and temperature control

based on pre-set thresholds or sensor inputs. This reduces the need for

human intervention, ensuring consistent fish growth and health.

 Manual Mode gives full control to the user, allowing them to adjust the

heater and feeding settings as needed.

6. Safety Measures:

 Built-in fail-safes for temperature regulation prevent overheating or

overcooling in the tank.

 The system includes real-time feedback, alerting the user in case of any

malfunction or abnormal readings in temperature or feeding cycles.

Project Management
 31

Figure 4 outlines the timeline of a project with various phases. It begins

with Planning, which spans from February to March and includes tasks like

Feasibility Study and Proposal Preparation. System Analysis follows, with

activities such as Surveys, Data Gathering, and Documentation extending

through April and May. System Design starts in May, involving User Interface

Design and Output, continuing into September. System Development covers

Coding and Writing from May to September. System Implementation includes

System Delivery and Testing, starting in August and ending in November. The

tasks are structured to show overlapping phases and dependencies.

Figure 4. Gantt Chart

Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the methods used in conducting the research,

including the design, data collection, and analysis techniques. It also presents

the results of the study and interprets the data obtained during the research

process.
 32

Research Design

The authors conducted the study in Pampanga State Agricultural

University (PSAU), Magalang, Pampanga, with farmers and Fisheries Students

as the respondents. For this study, the study would employ the Agile

methodology's SCRUM.

According to Baskar (2023), Scrum is an agile development methodology used in

software development based on iterative and incremental processes. It is an

adaptable, fast, flexible, and effective agile framework designed to deliver value

to the customer throughout the project's development. The primary objective of

Scrum is to satisfy the customer’s needs through transparent communication,

collective responsibility, and continuous progress.

Peek (2023) stated that the Agile Scrum methodology has several benefits. First,

it enables faster project completion, as each set of goals must be achieved within

each sprint’s timeframe, focusing the Scrum team on current objectives and

increasing productivity.

The developers chose the SCRUM method due to the given timeline of the

project, this method suits the short period of time for developing the system and

prioritizes enhancing the system's functionality. Furthermore, breaking the work

into phases that suit the target timeline of the system would be implemented. It

also involves constant collaboration and continuous improvement at every stage.

When work begins, the team will be in the process of planning, executing, and
 33

evaluating. Hence, continuous collaboration is needed, both with team members

and with project target users.

Locale of the project

The project was conducted at Pampanga State Agricultural University

(PSAU), located in Magalang, Pampanga, Philippines, specifically within the

Fisheries Department. PSAU is known for its commitment to agricultural

education and research, with a focus on advancing sustainable farming practices

that benefit the local community and the agricultural sector in the region. The

university’s Fisheries Department serves as a hub for aquaculture research,

particularly in the areas of fish farming and sustainable aquaculture technologies,

making it an ideal location for the implementation of an Automated Aquaponics

System.

Respondents

For this study, a total of 30 respondents were involved, both students and

staff of fisheries (admin). The selection of these participants was purposeful,

meaning that it was done with a specific purpose or reason in mind. In the case

of the farmers or students, individuals were chosen from the local of Pampanga

State Agricultural University (PSAU) Fisheries. This purposeful selection aimed to

capture an experienced understanding of the functions within the Smart

Aquaponics systems. By including both students and staff of fisheries, the study

aimed to answer the written questions assessing the functionality of the system.
 34

Data Collection Methods

The chosen data collection method for this study involves the utilization of

a Likert scale with a four-point rating system. In this approach, participants would

be presented with a series of statements or questions related to the study's

objectives, and they would be asked to indicate their level of agreement or

disagreement on a scale ranging from one to four, with four being the highest

point.

Zakharenho (2023) stated that a way to measure what people think in surveys is

called a Likert scale. It is named after a psychologist, Renis Likert, who made it in

1932. On this scale, people show how much they like or dislike a statement by

choosing from different options.

Sampling Strategy

For this capstone project, the method used to select respondents is called

purposive sampling. This means that the researchers would intentionally choose

specific individuals for the study. The goal is to get insights from both the farmers

who used our system. By picking participants from our local, the study aims to

gather information that evaluates the system’s functionality.

Data Analysis Techniques

The total population of our respondents is 30. To efficiently select a

representative sample for this study, researchers would employ Slovin’s formula.

According to Williams (2023), researchers do not need to survey the entire

population; instead, Slovin’s formula is utilized to calculate the required sample

size based on the population using the formula below.

 35

Getting the Sample Size for Students

Slovin’s Formula:

Where:

n = sample size

N = Population Size (30 Students)

e = Margin of Error (5%)

Actual Solving:

n = 27.91 or 28 students

Getting the Sample Size for Admin

Slovin’s Formula:

Where:

n = sample size

N = Population Size (2 Admins)

e = Margin of Error (5%)

Actual Solving:
 36

n = 1.99 or 2 admins

Through thorough computation of the sample size to optimize the representation

of each group within the population, it has been determined that 28 Students and

2 Admins would serve as respondents to evaluate the features and functionality

of the developed system.

Furthermore, the primary approach for analyzing the data in this study involves

employing quantitative methods. To assess participants' perceptions of the

developed system, a methodical survey was conducted. Descriptive statistics,

such as arithmetic mean, frequency distributions, and mean scores, would be

calculated to provide a numerical summary of the collected survey data.

Formula for arithmetic mean:

Simplified:

Where:

= Mean f = Frequency

= Scale n = Number of Respondents

Table 1. Legend for Mean (For Students / Admin)

Scale Range of Mean Descriptive Rating

Scores

4 3.01 - 4.00 Strongly Agree

 37

3 2.01 - 3.00 Agree

2 1.01 - 2.00 Disagree

1 0.00 – 1.00 Strongly Disagree

Table 2. Legend for Mean (For IT experts)

Scale Range of Mean Descriptive Rating
Scores

4 3.01 - 4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.01 - 3.00 Agree

2 1.01 - 2.00 Disagree

1 0.00 – 1.00 Strongly Disagree

Ethical Considerations

These factors are essential for researchers to consider in maintaining

ethical management in the study.

Respondents’ Consent

The researchers ensured that prospective respondents provided informed

consent before engaging in the research. Clarity in communication was crucial to

ensuring that individuals understood all aspects of the research. This ethical

practice highlights the principles of fairness and respect towards all participants,

contributing to the overall integrity and reliability of the research work.

Proper Citation

In accordance with the APA format, it is essential to provide a proper

citation to acknowledge the author of the article or study and maintain academic
 38

integrity. This practice not only respects the original work but also ensures the

transparency and reliability of the information presented in the research.

Accurate citations contribute to the ethical conduct of academic research.

Confidentiality

The respondents involved in the research were assured of complete

privacy. Any information shared by the respondents was treated with

confidentiality and ensured that their identities were not disclosed. The

assurance to maintain the privacy of respondents highlighted the ethical

standards of the study.

Requirements Analysis & Documentation

In this part, the researchers would explore and write down the system’s

needs. The aim is to clearly understand and approve these requirements,

promoting open communication among everyone involved. This section lays a

strong basis for development by using different diagrams to show how the

system functions. These visual representations help everyone get a clear picture

of what the system is all about and how it would work.

The Requirements Model

This capstone project has a written requirements model to develop the

desired system. These are the functional and non-functional requirements of the

system.
 39

Functional requirements

Functionality refers to the system's capacity to perform the tasks it was

designed for. Among all the requirements, functionality has a unique and

stimulating connection to the system's architecture. It essentially pertains to how

well the system executes its intended functions or operations. (Inform IT, 2012)

Non-functional requirements

The researchers wrote these essential non-functional requirements for

defining the overall quality and characteristics of a system, contributing to its

success and effectiveness beyond specific functionalities.

The Analysis Model

The compilation of technical diagrams for the Automated Aquaponics was

an essential phase in the system development process, providing a visual

representation of the system's architecture, connectivity, and flow of features.

Use Case Diagram

In figure 5 this diagram effectively outlines how the user can interact with

and control the system.

 40

Figure 5. Use Case Diagram

Use case specification

Within the use-case diagram, specific details of functions and functional

requirements for the system are defined. This includes a visual representation of

the various interactions between different actors, such as user and the system

itself. Each use case on the diagram defines a distinct functionality or feature of

the "AUTOMATED AQUAPONICS FOR CATFISH GROWING IN PAMPANGA

STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY", summarizing actions users take to

accomplish their objectives. For example, use cases might include activities like

users setting up the temperature and feeding time. The use case diagram serves

as a comprehensive guide to the functional aspects of the system, illustrating

 41

how users engage with the system to meet their needs and highlighting the

specific requirements related to each use case.

Entity Relationship Diagram

In figure 6 serves as an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) visually

representing the database structure, illustrating how various entities are

interconnected. This diagram aids in both the design and comprehension of the

database structure, providing a clear depiction of the relationships between

different components within the system

 42

Figure 6. Entity Relationship Diagram

System Block Diagram

The System Block Graph in Figure 7 describes the overall operation of

the system. A conceptual model of the hardware and software was build

separated by the hardware and the software requirements with explains also the
 43

interconnection of each device in order to complete the designing phase of the

proposed system.

Hardware Software

Figure 7. System Block Diagram

Data Flow Diagram

In figure 8 it serves as a map in developing or making the system, for that

reason, the researchers used data flow diagram to identify the flow of data in the

system. It consists of all processes, put and output of the data.

Figure 8. Data Flow Diagram

Implementation Plan

The researchers used the Agile Method to manage the project by breaking

the work into phases that suited the target timeline of the system. It also involved
 44

constant collaboration and continuous improvement at every stage. When the

work started, the team was in the process of planning, executing, and evaluating.

Hence, continuous collaboration is needed, both with team members and with

project target users.

Furthermore, the researcher used the Scrum process model. Bhaskar

(2023) stated that Scrum is an agile development methodology used in the

development of software based on iterative and incremental processes. Scrum is

an adaptable, fast, flexible, and effective agile framework that is designed to

deliver value to the customer throughout the development of the project. The

primary objective of Scrum is to satisfy the customer’s needs through an

environment of transparency in communication, collective responsibility, and

continuous progress.

Based on Peek (2023) stated that agile scrum methodology has several

benefits. First, it makes the project easier to build since each set of goals must be

completed within each sprint’s time frame, which helps the scrum team focus on

the current sprint’s objectives and increase productivity.

Figure 9 displayed the methodological diagram of the system, elaborated

step by step in the following sections.

 45

Figure 9. Methodological Diagram

Product Backlog

It is a list that collects everything the product needs to satisfy potential

customers. The project has written objectives that the system that the system

needs to satisfy, and these objectives are based on the needs and wants of the

locale and panelists.

Sprint Backlog

It is a subset of items from the product backlog that are selected by the

team to perform during the sprint on which they are going to work. The team

would establish the duration of each task. It would be displayed on physical

boards called Scrum boards, which would make the development process visible

to everyone who participated in the development area.

Daily Scrum Meeting

 46

The objective of the daily scrum is to evaluate the progress and trend until

the end of the sprint, coordinate the activities, and create a plan for the next 24

hours. It is a brief meeting that takes place daily during the sprint period. Three

questions would be monitored by the group and answered precisely, which are:

What did I do yesterday? What am I going to do today? What help do I need?

Product Increment

The increment is the sum of all the tasks, use cases, user stories, product

backlogs, and any element that was developed during the sprint and that would

be made available to the end user in the form of software.

Test

The researchers would ask the selected farmers of Pampanga State

Agricultural University (PSAU), to test the prototype and introduce the system.

Questionnaires would be provided, and the respondents would be given enough

time to think about and test every feature of the system. These questionnaires

contain features and functionality, must answer the written statement of the

problem, achieve the objectives of the study, and satisfy the written contract

between panelists and researchers.

Design of Software, Systems, Product, and/or Processes

The user interface for the PSAU Smart Aquaponics system is designed for

managing an automated catfish farming setup. It features a friendly catfish

 47

mascot and two main buttons: "Monitoring" and "Settings." The Monitoring

section likely provides real-time data on water quality, fish health, and plant

growth, while Settings allows users to adjust parameters and configure alerts.

The simple design, with large, easy-to-navigate buttons, ensures user-

friendliness for all skill levels. The system likely supports remote access, enabling

farmers to monitor and manage their aquaponics system from anywhere, making

it an efficient tool for smart farming.

Screen Design 1 (Main Screen)

 48

Figure 10. Screenshot Layout No.1 (Main Screen)

Screen Design 2 (Monitoring Screen)

The Monitoring module of the PSAU Smart Aquaponics system provides real-

time data for managing an automated catfish farming setup. It displays the

system's status as "Automatic," indicating that key functions like feeding and

temperature control are being handled without manual intervention. The screen

shows two critical metrics: water temperature at 40°C, which is important for

catfish health, and the feed level at 50%, indicating the amount of feeds

remaining in the container. A detailed feeding history is also provided, showing

the date, time, and amount of feed dispensed (5 grams per feeding), ensuring

transparency and tracking of feeding activity over time. This interface allows for

efficient, data-driven management of the aquaponics system. This is illustrated in

Figure 10 below.
 49

Figure 11. Screenshot Layout No.2 (Monitoring Screen)

Screen Design 3 (Setting Screen)

The images depict the user interface of a smart aquaponics system under the

brand "PSAU Smart Aquaponics." The first screen shows settings for both

temperature and feeder, where users can adjust the temperature and set the

feeder to dispense a specific amount of food, like 5 grams, with a time selection

feature. The second image focuses on toggling the heater and feeder settings on

or off, allowing for either automatic or manual operation. The third image presents

a time selection interface, possibly used to set feeding schedules or temperature

adjustments, emphasizing user control over system timing function. This is

illustrated in Figure 11 below.

 50

Figure 12. Screenshot Layout No.3 (Setting Screen)

Data interpretation and discussion

 51

This section compiles a collective assessment of user ratings, offering a

comprehensive overview of how users evaluate the overall functionality of the
system.

Table 3. Evaluation of Students on the developed system.

Computation Total
Aver
Respond Mean
Statement 4 3 2 1 age
ents
1. The 18 10 0 0 28 102 3.64 Strongly
Automated
Fish feeder Agree
is a reliable
easy of
distributing
feeds at the
desired/set
time.
2. The 12 16 0 0 28 96 3.43 Strongly
Monitoring
the water Agree
temperature
through
automated
sensors
reduces the
effort in
maintaining
catfish
health.
3. Using an 16 12 0 0 28 100 3.57 Strongly
automated
feeder Agree
ensures
consistent
feed portions
and reduces
wastage in
catfish
feeding.
4. The 10 18 0 0 28 94 3.36 Strongly
system’s
Agree
 52

interface of
app is user-
friendly and
easy to
navigate.
5. Overall, 16 12 0 0 28 100 3.57 Strongly
the
automated Agree
aquaponics
system is
effective in
supporting
both plant
and catfish
growth.
Overall Mean Strongly
3.51 Agree

The Table 3 above discusses the evaluation of buyers on the developed

system. Respondents evaluated the developed system, as presented in table,

using questionnaires. Participants were given access to the system by the

researchers before answering the questions, allowing them to explore and test

its features. The initial statement, expressing a strong agreement that the

system easily registers and signs up accounts, received a mean score of 3.83.

Regarding the second statement, participants strongly agreed, giving it a mean

score of 3.74, that the system's design and interface were pleasing. The third

statement, stating that the system is easy to use and user-friendly, also earned

a mean score of 3.86, indicating strong agreement. The fourth statement,

affirming the efficiency of reserving and purchasing products, received a mean

score of 3.79, signifying strong agreement. A mean score of 3.91 was assigned

to the fifth statement, reflecting a strong agreement that the product dashboard
 53

is well- organized. The sixth statement, regarding the accessibility of user

feedback features, obtained a mean score of 3.86, indicating a strong

agreement.

Table 4. Evaluation of Admin on the developed system.

Computation Total
Aver
Respond Mean
Statement 4 3 2 1 age
ents
1. The 2 0 0 0 2 8 4 Strongly
Automated
Fish feeder Agree
is a reliable
easy of
distributing
feeds at the
desired/set
time.
2. The 2 0 0 0 2 8 4 Strongly
Monitoring
the water Agree
temperature
through
automated
sensors
reduces the
effort in
maintaining
catfish
health.
3. Using an 2 0 0 0 2 8 4 Strongly
automated
feeder Agree
ensures
consistent
feed portions
and reduces
wastage in
catfish
feeding.
 54

4. The 2 0 0 0 2 8 4 Strongly
system’s
interface of Agree
app is user-
friendly and
easy to
navigate.
5. Overall, 1 1 0 0 2 7 3.5 Strongly
the
automated Agree
aquaponics
system is
effective in
supporting
both plant
and catfish
growth.
Strongly
Overall Mean 3.9 Agree

The evaluation of admin on the developed system shown in Table 4.

Respondents assessed the developed system, as detailed in the table, using

surveys. The researchers granted access to the participants, allowing them to

explore and test its features before responding to the questions. The initial

statement, indicating a strong agreement that the Automated Fish feeder is a

reliable easy of distributing feeds at the desired/set time., received a mean

score of 4. Regarding the second statement, participants strongly concurred,

giving it a mean score of 4, that the Monitoring the water temperature through

automated sensors reduces the effort in maintaining catfish health. The third

statement, affirming using an automated feeder ensures consistent feed

portions and reduces wastage in catfish feeding., also garnered a mean score

of 4, indicating strong agreement. The fourth statement, stating that the

 55

system’s interface of app is user-friendly and easy to navigate, received a

mean score of 4, signifying strong agreement. Lastly, the statement about the

Overall of automated aquaponics system is effective in supporting both plant

and catfish growth. obtained a mean score of 3.5, indicating strong agreement.

Table 5. Evaluation of IT Experts on the developed system.

Computation Total
Respon Average Mean
Statement 4 3 2 1
dents
Functionality 3 0 0 0 3 12 4 Strongly
1. The android
Agree
application
performs the task
required by the
users.
2.The android 2 1 0 3 11 3.67 Strongly
application respond
to every users Agree
input.

3 0 0 0 3 12 4 Strongly
3.The Application
features are Agree
functioning.

Reliability 1 2 0 0 3 10 3.33 Strongly

4.The android Agree

application did not
encounter any error
throughout its test
procedures.

5.The system's 2 1 0 0 3 11 3.67 Strongly

error-handling
Agree
 56

processes are
reliable, providing
accurate
information and
resolutions when
issues occur.

EFFICIENCY 0 3 0 0 3 9 3 Strongly
6.The android
application Agree
responds quickly
with every
functionality it has

USABILITY 2 1 0 0 3 11 3.67 Strongly

7.The developed
android application Agree
is easy to use and
learn

PORTABILITY 3 0 0 0 3 12 4 Strongly
8.The android
application is Agree
installed easily.

Strongly
Overall Mean 3.67
Agree

Table 5 outlined the evaluation of IT experts on the developed system. Surveyed

respondents conducted a detailed evaluation, as shown in the table, after the

researchers provided them access to explore and test the application’s features

thoroughly. The first statement, indicating strong agreement that the android

application performs the tasks required by the users, received a mean score of 4,

highlighting the app’s effectiveness in fulfilling its intended purpose. The second

statement, affirming that the application responds to every user input, received a
 57

mean score of 3.67, suggesting a high level of responsiveness that enhances

user control and interaction. The third statement, verifying that all application

features are functioning correctly, received a mean score of 4, indicating that the

system is stable and reliable in its operations. The fourth statement, stating that

the application did not encounter any errors throughout its testing, garnered a

mean score of 3.33, signifying that the system operates smoothly under various

conditions, supporting its reliability. The fifth statement, asserting that the error-

handling processes are dependable and provide accurate information and

solutions, achieved a mean score of 3.67, reflecting strong agreement on the

system’s robustness in managing issues effectively. The sixth statement,

evaluating the system's efficiency in responding quickly across all functionalities,

received a mean score of 3, indicating that the application’s performance meets

user expectations for speed. The seventh statement, which emphasized the

application's usability and ease of learning, obtained a mean score of 3.67,

highlighting that the user interface is intuitive and accessible, reducing the

learning curve for new users. The eighth statement, concerning the portability of

the application and its ease of installation, received a mean score of 4, reflecting

that the app is compatible with various devices and simple to set up. Overall, with

a mean score of 3.67, the experts’ responses indicate a strong level of

confidence in the developed system’s functionality, reliability, efficiency, usability,

and portability, underscoring its effectiveness and user-friendliness across all

evaluated criteria.
 58

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the summarizing of findings, drawing conclusions, and

formulating recommendations were highlighted. It provides a comprehensive
overview of the key outcomes and insights from the research study.

Summary

This chapter synthesizes the findings of the research on the Automated

Aquaponics System for Catfish Farming at Pampanga State Agricultural

University (PSAU), highlighting key outcomes, drawing conclusions, and

formulating actionable recommendations aimed at enhancing aquaculture

practices. The study aimed to address significant challenges in traditional

aquaponics systems, particularly in relation to catfish farming. Key findings

indicate that the implementation of an automated fish feeding system significantly

improved operational efficiency by ensuring precise and timely delivery of feed,

which optimized fish growth and reduced labor costs associated with manual

feeding. Additionally, the integration of a real-time monitoring system for water

quality parameters, such as temperature, provided critical insights into the health

of the aquaponics ecosystem. Continuous data collection allowed for timely

interventions, enhancing both fish and plant health.

Conclusions and Implications

The research concluded that automation in aquaponics is not merely a

technological upgrade but a transformative approach that can address critical

issues in aquaculture. It enhanced productivity by minimizing human error and

ensuring optimal conditions for fish growth. Regular monitoring and precise
 59

feeding schedules contributed to better overall health of catfish, which is

essential for maximizing yield and quality. Furthermore, the reduction in labor

costs combined with improved resource management enhances the economic

viability of aquaponics, making it an attractive option for local farmers. The

successful implementation of this automated system at PSAU suggests that

similar models could be adapted for broader applications in other regions or with

different species.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the research on the Automated

Aquaponics System for Catfish Farming at Pampanga State Agricultural

University, the following recommendations are proposed:

• Conduct Further Research: Explore the scalability of the automated

system across various aquaculture species and farming conditions to

assess its adaptability and effectiveness.

• Enhance Technology: Invest in advanced sensor technology to improve

the accuracy of real-time monitoring systems, ensuring better data

collection and analysis for optimal fish and plant health.

• By addressing these recommendations, stakeholders can significantly

enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of aquaponics systems,

contributing to food security and economic stability in agricultural

communities.

• Develop a Maintenance Schedule: Create a structured maintenance

schedule for the automated systems to ensure long-term functionality and

 60

reliability. This should include routine checks of sensors, feeders, and

water quality parameters.

By addressing these recommendations, stakeholders can significantly

enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of aquaponics systems,

contributing to food security and economic stability in agricultural

communities.
 61

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Relevant Source Code

const String Title = "TITLE";

const float FeederHeight=22;
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS 4
#define PIN_IN1 27 // ESP32 pin GPIO19 connected to the IN1 pin L298N
#define PIN_IN2 26 // ESP32 pin GPIO18 connected to the IN2 pin L298N
#define PIN_ENA 25 // ESP32 pin GPIO17 connected to the EN1 pin L298N
#define HEATER 32

// DS18B20 - TEMP SENSOR

#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>

OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);

//LIGHT SENSOR
#include "Adafruit_VL53L1X.h"
#define IRQ_PIN 2
#define XSHUT_PIN 3

Adafruit_VL53L1X vl53 = Adafruit_VL53L1X(XSHUT_PIN, IRQ_PIN);

//##LCD CODE

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
const uint8_t LCD_MSGCnt= 5, LCD_MaxScroll = 3, LCD_col = 20, LCD_row =
4;
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, LCD_col, LCD_row); String
LCD_MSG_ArrStr[LCD_MSGCnt];
uint8_t LCD_MENU = 0,LCDpos=0,LCD_MSGScrollCnt[LCD_MSGCnt]; byte
LCD_MSG_Stat[LCD_MSGCnt];

//WIFI Manager Code

#include <WiFiManager.h>
#include "esp_wifi.h"
TaskHandle_t Task1;
 64

#include <EEPROM.h>

//TIME
#include <NTPClient.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
WiFiUDP ntpUDP; const char* ntpServer = "asia.pool.ntp.org";
NTPClient T_CL(ntpUDP, ntpServer);
String NTP_Date,NTP_TimeS,NTP_DoW,NTP_Time;//,NTP_Old;
unsigned long UnixTime=1717644684; //Jun/6/2024

String NTP_AlarmArr[2]={"12:10","12:11"};

//FIREBASE CODE
#include <FirebaseESP32.h>
#define DB_URL "arduinoproject-7c8cf-default-rtdb.firebaseio.com"
#define S_Key "rayiU4kvBwB2RkBegj85mRQhVkDQWhc1MN9GUjnB"
FirebaseData fbdo; FirebaseAuth auth;FirebaseConfig config;

String FB_SentVal[3]
[7]={"TempC","distance","FinalFeed_height","FeedingEnable","FeedMsg","Heate
rMsg","FeedingCount"}; //0 name //1 value//2 old
String FB_GetVal[2]
[8]={"AutoManual","FeederONOFF","HeaterONOFF","Quantity","SetTemp","SetT
ime1","SetTime2"}; //0 name //1 value

String FB_SentVal2[3][1]={"TempC"};
String FB_GetVal2[2][1]={"FeedingCount"};
unsigned long FB_SendMS,FB_SendMS2,FB_GetMS,FB_GetMS2;

//unsigned long FeedingCountOLD=99999;

struct Data {
unsigned long FeedingCount=99999;
float TempC=0;
float distance=0;
float FinalFeed_height=0;
bool FeedingEnable=0;
String FeedMsg="OFF";
String HeaterMsg="OFF";
}Mydata;

int Feed_counter=0,Quant=0;
unsigned long LCDMS,FeedMS;
unsigned long UNix=0;

bool SentFeed;
 65

void setup(void)
{
Serial.begin(115200);
WM_AutoConnect("ESP_WIFI", "12345678", 5000);
if (WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED) { pinMode(2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(2,
HIGH); }
if(WiFi.status()==WL_CONNECTED)
{config.database_url=DB_URL;config.signer.tokens.

legacy_token=S_Key;Firebase.begin(&config,&auth);Firebase.reconnectWiFi(tru
e);}

FB_GetJson("/FeederPampangga",FB_GetVal2,FB_GetMS2,1777,false);
Mydata.FeedingCount=FB_GetVal2[1][0].toInt();
// Serial.println("FeedingCount:"+String(Mydata.FeedingCount));

pinMode(HEATER, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(HEATER, LOW);

pinMode(PIN_IN1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_IN2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_ENA, OUTPUT);

sensors.begin();

Wire.begin();
if (! vl53.begin(0x29, &Wire)) {
Serial.print(F("Error on init of VL sensor: ")); while (1){delay(10);}
}

if (! vl53.startRanging()) {
Serial.print(F("Couldn't start ranging: "));while (1){delay(10);}
}
Serial.println(F("Height Ranging started"));
vl53.setTimingBudget(50);

LCD_Output();

xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(Tsk1, "Task1", 16384, NULL, 1, &Task1, 0);

// LCD_Update_Scroll_MSG("WELCOME - ", 0); // MSG, Array I_

LCD_MSG_ArrStr
// LCD_Update_Scroll_MSG("ARMA CONSULTATION ", 1); // MSG, Array I_
LCD_MSG_ArrStr
// LCD_Update_Scroll_MSG("(^_^)", 2); // MSG, Array I_ LCD_MSG_ArrStr
}
 66

void Tsk1(void *pvParameters){Serial.println(F("Task1>>"));delay(5000);for(;;)

{ //delay(10);
NTP_GetTime(350,'/',false);// MS
delay(50);

// if(Mydata.FeedingCount==FB_GetVal[1][7].toInt()){
// Serial.println("SentFeed:"+String(SentFeed));
if(SentFeed){
Mydata.FeedingCount=Mydata.FeedingCount+1;
if(Mydata.FeedingCount>20){ Mydata.FeedingCount=1;}
FB_SentVal2[0][0]=UNix;
FB_SentVal2[1][0]=String(FB_GetVal[1][3].toInt());
delay(50);
String
FB_Out=Firebase.RTDB.deleteNode(&fbdo,"/FeederPampangga/FeedingHistory
/"+String(Mydata.FeedingCount))?"ok":fbdo.errorReason().c_str();
Serial.println("delete :"+String(Mydata.FeedingCount)+" "+FB_Out);
delay(200);

FB_SentJson2("/FeederPampangga/FeedingHistory/"+String(Mydata.FeedingCo
unt),FB_SentVal2,FB_SendMS2,100,true);
delay(10);
SentFeed=0;
}
else{
FB_SentVal[1][0]=String(Mydata.TempC);
FB_SentVal[1][1]=String(Mydata.distance);
FB_SentVal[1][2]=String(Mydata.FinalFeed_height);
FB_SentVal[1][3]=String(Mydata.FeedingEnable);
FB_SentVal[1][4]=String(Mydata.FeedMsg);
FB_SentVal[1][5]=String(Mydata.HeaterMsg);
FB_SentVal[1][6]=String(Mydata.FeedingCount);

FB_SentJson("/FeederPampangga",FB_SentVal,FB_SendMS,950,false);
delay(10);

// }

FB_GetJson("/FeederPampangga",FB_GetVal,FB_GetMS,1777,false);

NTP_AlarmArr[0]= FB_GetVal[1][5];
NTP_AlarmArr[1]= FB_GetVal[1][6];
delay(10);
 67

if(LCDMS<1050){
LCD_Update_Line(2, 1, 4, String(Mydata.TempC, 1), false, true, 0); // Char
Start I_ 0,Row I_, Max Length of String , MSG, Blinking, left right, Blink I_
LCD_Update_Line(3, 2, 3, String(Mydata.FinalFeed_height,0), false, true, 1);

LCD_Update_Line(12, 0, String(NTP_TimeS).length(), String(NTP_TimeS),

false, true, 0); //time

LCD_Update_Line(16, 1, 3, Mydata.HeaterMsg, false, true, 0); //feeder on/off

LCD_Update_Line(16, 2, 3, Mydata.FeedMsg, false, true, 0); //heater on/off

// LCD_ScrollMessage(0, 3, 19, 19);//Char Start I_ 0, row num, col I_ count, I_

0-20
}
}}

void loop(void)
{ delay(20);
Get_Temp(950,false); //MS, pOut
Get_Height(100,false); //MS, pOut

if(Mydata.FeedingEnable){Mydata.FeedMsg="ON";
Start_Feeding(Quant,1000,false,false);} //duration C,duration CC, enable CC.
pOut
if(FeedMS<millis())
{Mydata.FeedMsg="OFF";Mydata.FeedingEnable=0;analogWrite(PIN_ENA, 0);}

if(Mydata.distance>1){ Mydata.FinalFeed_height=((FeederHeight-
String(Mydata.distance).toFloat())/FeederHeight)*100; }

if(Mydata.FinalFeed_height<1){Mydata.FinalFeed_height=0;}
else if(Mydata.FinalFeed_height>99){Mydata.FinalFeed_height=100;}

if(FB_GetVal[1][0].toInt()==1){
if(FB_GetVal[1][1].toInt()==1 && FeedMS<millis()){Serial.println("FEEDING
on");Feed_counter=150;SentFeed=1;Quant=map(FB_GetVal[1]
[3].toInt(),25,455,0,10000);;UNix=UnixTime;Mydata.FeedMsg="ON";Mydata.Fee
dingEnable=1;FeedMS=millis()+(FB_GetVal[1][3].toInt()*1000)+1000;}
else if(FB_GetVal[1][1].toInt()==0)
{Mydata.FeedMsg="OFF";Mydata.FeedingEnable=0;analogWrite(PIN_ENA, 0);}
if(FB_GetVal[1][2].toInt()==1){digitalWrite(HEATER,
HIGH);Mydata.HeaterMsg="ON";}
else{digitalWrite(HEATER, LOW);Mydata.HeaterMsg="OFF";}
}
else{
 68

One_Output_GtLt(Mydata.TempC,String(FB_GetVal[1]
[4]).toFloat(),false,HEATER,HIGH,0,60,0,true);

int AlarmVal = NTP_AlarmCheck(NTP_Time,NTP_AlarmArr); //Time No Sec,

Array Value

if(AlarmVal!=-1)
{Serial.println("FEEDING");Feed_counter=150;SentFeed=1;Quant=map(FB_Get
Val[1]
[3].toInt(),25,455,0,10000);UNix=UnixTime;Mydata.FeedingEnable=1;FeedMS=
millis()+(FB_GetVal[1][3].toInt()*1000)+1000;}

}
}

void Start_Feeding(int MS1,int MS2, bool EnableBack,bool pOut){ static

unsigned long Rotation_MS;static int Feed_Status=1;
if(Feed_counter<249){Feed_counter=Feed_counter+20;}

if(Feed_Status==0){ digitalWrite(PIN_IN1, HIGH);digitalWrite(PIN_IN2, LOW);

Feed_Status=1;Rotation_MS=millis()+MS1;if(pOut)
{Serial.println("clockwise");}} //clockwise
else if(Feed_Status==1 && Rotation_MS<millis()){if(EnableBack)
{Feed_Status=2;}else{Feed_Status=0;} }
else if(Feed_Status==2){ digitalWrite(PIN_IN1, LOW);digitalWrite(PIN_IN2,
HIGH);
Feed_Status=3;Rotation_MS=millis()+MS2;if(pOut){Serial.println("counter
clockwise");}} //counter clockwise
else if(Feed_Status==3 && Rotation_MS<millis()){Feed_Status=0;}

analogWrite(PIN_ENA, 255);delay(10);
}

//Val,ValCh,GreaterTLessTbool,Pin#,TrrigerHIGH/
LOW,MilliIndex,Duration,OffDur,pOut
void One_Output_GtLt(float V_,float V_Ch,bool Gt_Lt,int OPin,bool L_H,int
Indx,int OnDur,int OffDur,bool pOut){ pinMode(OPin, OUTPUT); static unsigned
long OMS[8];
if(V_<V_Ch && !Gt_Lt){ if(digitalRead(OPin)!=L_H && OMS[Indx]<millis())
{OMS[Indx]=millis()+(1000*OnDur);digitalWrite(OPin,L_H);
Mydata.HeaterMsg="ON";
if(pOut)Serial.println("O<: "+String(OPin)+" ON " +String(digitalRead(OPin)));}
else if( digitalRead(OPin)==L_H && OMS[Indx]<millis() && OffDur>0)
{OMS[Indx]=millis()+(1000*OffDur);digitalWrite(OPin, !L_H);
Mydata.HeaterMsg="OFF";
 69

if(pOut)Serial.println("O<: "+String(OPin)+" OFF "

+String(digitalRead(OPin)));}}
else if(digitalRead(OPin)==L_H && !Gt_Lt){digitalWrite(OPin,!L_H);
Mydata.HeaterMsg="OFF";
if(pOut)Serial.println("O<: "+String(OPin)+" OFF2 "+String(digitalRead(OPin)));}
}

template <size_t m, size_t n>void FB_GetJson(String L_,String (&arr)[m]

[n],unsigned long &MS,int D_MS,bool pOut){
if(MS<millis()){FirebaseJson json;String
FB_Out=Firebase.RTDB.getJSON(&fbdo,L_,&json)?"ok":fbdo.errorReason().c_s
tr();
//Serial.println("Get FireBase> "+FB_Out);
if(FB_Out=="ok"){for(int i=0;i<sizeof(arr[0])/sizeof(arr[0][0]);i++){
FirebaseJsonData result; json.get(result, arr[0][i]);if (result.success){String
DataR=result.to<String>();
for(int j=0;j<5;j++)
{DataR.remove(DataR.indexOf('"'),1);DataR.remove(DataR.indexOf('\\'),1);}arr[1]
[i]=DataR;}
if(pOut){Serial.println("FB_Get:"+String(i)+" - "+arr[0][i]+"="+arr[1][i]);}}
// insert output

MS=millis()+D_MS; }}}

// Note: will not send data if no new data..

template <size_t m, size_t n>void FB_SentJson(String L_,String (&arr)[m]
[n],unsigned long &MS,int D_MS,bool pOut){
if(MS<millis()){FirebaseJson json;String FBstr;for(int
i=0;i<sizeof(arr[0])/sizeof(arr[0][0]);i++){if(arr[1][i]!=arr[2][i]){
json.add(arr[0][i], String(arr[1][i]));}} json.toString(FBstr,true);if(FBstr.length()>1)
{String FB_Out=Firebase.RTDB.updateNode

(&fbdo,L_,&json)?"ok":fbdo.errorReason().c_str();FBstr.remove(FBstr.indexOf('{')
,1);if(FB_Out=="ok"){for(int i=0;i<sizeof(arr[0])
/sizeof(arr[0][0]);i++){arr[2][i]=arr[1]
[i];}}FBstr.remove(FBstr.indexOf('}'),1);if(pOut){Serial.print("Sent to FireBase>
"+FB_Out);
Serial.print(FBstr);}else{ //Serial.println("Sent to FireBase> "+FB_Out);
}}MS=millis()+D_MS;}}

template <size_t m, size_t n>void FB_SentJson2(String L_,String (&arr)[m]

[n],unsigned long &MS,int D_MS,bool pOut){
if(MS<millis()){FirebaseJson json;String FBstr;
for(int i=0;i<sizeof(arr[0])/sizeof(arr[0][0]);i++){if(arr[1][i]!=arr[2][i])
{ json.add(arr[0][i], String(arr[1][i]));}}
 70

json.toString(FBstr,true);if(FBstr.length()>1){String
FB_Out=Firebase.RTDB.updateNode

(&fbdo,L_,&json)?"ok":fbdo.errorReason().c_str();FBstr.remove(FBstr.indexOf('{')
,1);
FBstr.remove(FBstr.indexOf('}'),1);if(pOut){Serial.print("Sent to FireBase>
"+FB_Out);
Serial.print(FBstr);}else{ //Serial.println("Sent to FireBase> "+FB_Out);
}}MS=millis()+D_MS;}}

//TIME FUNCTION
template <size_t n>int NTP_AlarmCheck(String T_NoSec,String (&arr)[n]){ static
String NTP_Old;
if(NTP_Old!=T_NoSec){NTP_Old=T_NoSec;static String NTP_Data[5];for(int
i=0;i<sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
i++){ Split_data(T_NoSec,NTP_Data,':',false); int CT_H = NTP_Data[0].toInt();
int CT_M=NTP_Data[1].toInt();Split_data(arr[i],NTP_Data,':',false);int
AT_H=NTP_Data[0].toInt();
int AT_M=NTP_Data[1].toInt();if(CT_H==AT_H&&CT_M==AT_M){return
i;}}}return -1; }

template <size_t n>void Split_data(String DataS,String (&arr)[n],char d_,bool

pOut){
int D_I=0;int dIndx=DataS.indexOf(d_);while(dIndx!=-1)
{arr[D_I]=DataS.substring(0,dIndx);
DataS = DataS.substring(dIndx + 1); dIndx = DataS.indexOf(d_);D_I++;}
arr[D_I] = DataS;
if(pOut)for (int i = 0; i <= D_I; i++){ Serial.println("Data "+String(i)+":\t"+arr[i]);}
}

void NTP_GetTime(int MS,char Format,bool pOut){static unsigned long

NTP_MS;if(NTP_MS<millis()){
static bool NTP_B=0;if(!NTP_B)
{T_CL.begin();T_CL.setTimeOffset(28800);configTime(0, 0,
ntpServer);NTP_B=1;}
static String
Mon[12]={"Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","De
c"},
DoW[7]={"Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"};time_t
now;time(&now);if(now>1000){UnixTime=now;}
T_CL.update();time_t epochTime = T_CL.getEpochTime();int cHour =
T_CL.getHours();
int cMinute = T_CL.getMinutes();int cSecond = T_CL.getSeconds();struct tm
*ptm = gmtime
 71

((time_t *)&epochTime);int cDay = ptm->tm_mday;int cMon = ptm->tm_mon+1;

String cMonName = Mon[cMon-1];
int cYear = ptm->tm_year+1900; NTP_Time = String(cHour)
+":"+String(cMinute); NTP_DoW=DoW[T_CL.getDay()];
NTP_TimeS=T_CL.getFormattedTime();NTP_Date=String(cMonName) +
Format + String(cDay) + Format + String(cYear);
if(pOut)Serial.println(NTP_DoW+" - "+NTP_TimeS+" - "+NTP_Date+" -
"+String(UnixTime)+" - "); NTP_MS=millis()+MS;}}

void LCD_Output() { static bool LCD_init = 0; if (!LCD_init) { lcd.init(); lcd.init();

lcd.backlight(); LCD_init=1; }
if (LCD_MENU == 0) { lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.print(Title);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("T: *C"); lcd.setCursor(14, 1); lcd.print("H: ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 2); lcd.print("FL: %"); lcd.setCursor(14, 2); lcd.print("F:
");
}
}

void Get_Height(int MS,bool pOut){static unsigned long Height_MS;

if(Height_MS<millis()){ static float d1;
if (vl53.dataReady()) {
d1 = String(vl53.distance()).toFloat()/10;
if (d1 != -1) { Mydata.distance = d1;}
if(pOut){Serial.println("- Mydata.distance: "+String(Mydata.distance)+" cm");}
vl53.clearInterrupt();
}
Height_MS=millis()+MS;
}
}
void Get_Temp(int MS,bool pOut){ static unsigned long Temp_MS;
if(Temp_MS<millis()){
sensors.requestTemperatures(); //delay(10);
Mydata.TempC = sensors.getTempCByIndex(0);
if(pOut){Serial.println("- Mydata.TempC: "+String(Mydata.TempC)+"*C");}
Temp_MS=millis()+MS;
}
}

// LCD CODE
void LCD_Update_Line(uint8_t C_S,uint8_t Row,uint8_t M_L,String Str_,bool
B_,bool LR_,int I_){static int B_Stat[20];uint8_t Dif=M_L-Str_.length();
static unsigned long B_MS[20];if(LR_){for (int i=1;i<=Dif;i++){Str_="
"+Str_;}}else{for(int i=1;i<=Dif;i++){Str_=Str_+" ";}}if((B_MS[I_]<millis()
 72

&&B_Stat[I_]==0)||B_==false){for(int n=0;n<Str_.length();n++){if(n>=LCD_col)
{return;}lcd.setCursor(n+C_S,Row);lcd.print(Str_.charAt(n));}if(B_==
true){B_MS[I_]=millis()+600;B_Stat[I_]=1;}}else
if(B_MS[I_]<millis()&&B_Stat[I_]==1&&B_==true){for(int n=0;n<Str_.length();n+
+){if(n>=LCD_col){return;}
lcd.setCursor(n+C_S,Row);lcd.print(" ");}B_MS[I_]=millis()+160;B_Stat[I_]=0;}}

void LCD_ScrollMessage(uint8_t ChStart,uint8_t row,uint8_t ColCount,uint8_t

I_){static unsigned long LCD_Dur,LCD_Stat_RMS,LCD_MS;String LCD_MSG_;
for(int i=0;i<LCD_MSGCnt;i++)
{LCD_MSG_=LCD_MSG_+LCD_MSG_ArrStr[i];}if(LCD_MSG_.length()!=0){int
Dif=LCD_MSG_.length()-ColCount;
if(Dif<0){LCD_Update_Line(ChStart,row,LCD_MSG_.length(),LCD_MSG_,0, 0,
I_);LCDpos=0;if(LCD_Dur<millis()){for(int i=0;i<LCD_MSGCnt;
i++){LCD_MSGScrollCnt[i]++;}LCD_Dur=millis()+2000;}}else
if(Dif>=0&&LCDpos-1<Dif){if(LCD_MS<millis()){lcd.setCursor(ChStart,row);
lcd.print(LCD_MSG_.substring(LCDpos,LCDpos+ColCount));if(LCDpos==0)
{LCD_MS=millis()+1200;}else{LCD_MS=millis()+600;}LCDpos+
+;LCD_Stat_RMS=
millis()+1000;}}else{if(LCD_Stat_RMS<millis()){LCDpos=0;for(int
i=0;i<LCD_MSGCnt;i++){LCD_MSGScrollCnt[i]++;}}}for(int
i=0;i<LCD_MSGCnt;i++)

{if(LCD_MSGScrollCnt[i]>=LCD_MaxScroll&&LCD_MSG_Stat[i]==1&&LCDpos=
=0){LCD_MSG_Stat[i]=0;LCD_MSG_ArrStr[i]="";LCDpos=0;LCD_Output();}}}}

void LCD_Update_Scroll_MSG(String MSG, uint8_t I_)

{LCD_MSG_ArrStr[I_]=MSG;LCD_MSG_Stat[I_]=1;LCDpos=0;LCD_MSGScroll
Cnt[I_]=0;}

void WM_AutoConnect(char* ID_,char* PS_,int MS)

{esp_wifi_set_ps(WIFI_PS_NONE);WiFiManager WM;WiFi.setSleep(false);bool
WM_rst=0;
pinMode(0,INPUT);Serial.println("Reset WIFI CONFIG: > Hold Boot Button
");int RC=0;while(1){if(!digitalRead(0)){RC++;delay(1);
if(RC>3500){Serial.println("WIFI Manager Config
Reset");WM.resetSettings();WM_rst=1;break;}}if(millis()>MS){break;
}}if(!WM_rst){WM.setConfigPortalBlocking(false);}if(!
WM.autoConnect(ID_,PS_)){Serial.println("Restarting No WIFI :)");
if(!WM_rst){ESP.restart();}}else{Serial.println("connected...yeey :)");}}

APPENDIX B QUESTIONNAIRES
 73

Questionnaire “AUTOMATED AQUAPONICS FOR CATFISH

GROWING IN PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY” For Admin

Name: ____________________________ Date: _____________

Instruction: Please take a moment to carefully read the following
questions/statements. To indicate your level of satisfaction, select the appropriate
column on the provided scale by placing a checkmark (√) next to your choice.
Use the scale below to express the extent to which you agree with each
statement:
4 -Strongly Agree 3 - Agree 2 - Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree

Criteria 4 3 2 1
1. Automated Fish feeder is a reliable
easy of distributing feeds at the
desired/set time.
2.Monitoring the water temperature
through automated sensors reduces
the effort in maintaining catfish
health.
3.Using an automated feeder
ensures consistent feed portions and
reduces wastage in catfish feeding.
4.The system’s interface (app or
dashboard) is user-friendly and
easy to navigate.
5.Overall, the automated aquaponics
system is effective in supporting both
plant and catfish growth.

Questionnaire “AUTOMATED AQUAPONICS FOR CATFISH

GROWING IN PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY” For Students

Name: ____________________________ Date: _____________

 74

Instruction: Please take a moment to carefully read the following

questions/statements. To indicate your level of satisfaction, select the appropriate
column on the provided scale by placing a checkmark (√) next to your choice.
Use the scale below to express the extent to which you agree with each
statement:
4 -Strongly Agree 3 - Agree 2 - Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree

Criteria 4 3 2 1
1.Automated Fish feeder is a reliable
easy of distributing feeds at the
desired/set time.
2.Monitoring the water temperature
through automated sensors reduces
the effort in maintaining catfish
health.
3.Using an automated feeder
ensures consistent feed portions and
reduces wastage in catfish feeding.
4.The system’s interface (app or
dashboard) is user-friendly and
easy to navigate.
5.Overall, the automated aquaponics
system is effective in supporting both
plant and catfish growth.

Questionnaire “AUTOMATED AQUAPONICS FOR CATFISH

GROWING IN PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY” For IT EXPERT
Name: ____________________________ Date: _____________
Instruction: Please take a moment to carefully read the following
questions/statements. To indicate your level of satisfaction, select the appropriate
column on the provided scale by placing a checkmark (√) next to your choice.
Use the scale below to express the extent to which you agree with each
statement:
 75

4 – Strongly Agree 3 - Agree 2 - Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Functionality
1.The android application performs
the task required by the users.
2.The android application respond to
every user input.
3.The Application features are
functioning
Reliability
4.The android application did not
encounter any error throughout its test
procedures
5.The system's error-handling
processes are reliable, providing
accurate information and resolutions
when issues occur.
EFFICIENCY
6.The android application
responds quickly with every
functionality it has.
USABILITY
7.The developed android application is
easy to use and learn.
PORTABILITY
8.The android application is
installed easily.

APPENDIX C
QUESTIONNAIRES TABULATED DATA

Tabulated Data from Students Respondents

 76

Tabulated Data from Admin Respondents

Tabulated Data from IT Experts Respondents

PICTURE DOCUMENTATION
 77

Development of the System and Hardware

 78

Documentation of Catfish

Data Gathering (Interview with Respondents)

 79

Data Gathering (Interview with IT Experts)

 80

Curriculum Vitae