DPCO Unit 4 QB

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What is the difference between a memory location and a memory address?
How does the CPU access a specific memory location?
What is the role of the memory address bus in accessing memory locations?
What are the basic memory operations performed by a computer?
What is the function of the MAR (Memory Address Register) and MDR (Memory Data Register)?
Describe the process of memory allocation in a typical operating system.
What is an instruction cycle?
What is the significance of the program counter (PC) in instruction sequencing?
What is the role of the control unit in instruction sequencing?
What are the steps involved in fetching an instruction from memory?
What are addressing modes in a computer architecture?
How does the CPU interact with I/O devices during I/O operations?
Explain the concept of indexed addressing mode.
How does relative addressing work in branch instructions?
What is a stack and how is it used in computer systems?
What is the role of the stack pointer (SP) in a computer architecture?
What is a subroutine and how does it work in assembly language programming?
Explain the difference between a function call and a jump instruction.
How do the concepts of "address space" and "address bus width" relate to memory access?
What is a memory fetch cycle?
What is the advantage of using register addressing mode over memory addressing?
What are the different types of I/O operations?
What are the differences between a stack and a queue?
List and explain the different types of addressing modes with examples
Explain how memory is organized in a computer system.
Explain the process of reading and writing to memory.
Explain the basic principles of input and output operations in a computer system.
Describe the stack operations PUSH and POP.
Give an example of a scenario where a stack is used and where a queue is used in computer systems.
Explain the concept of a queue and its operations (enqueue and dequeue).
Explain the concept of interrupt handling as a form of additional instructions.
Describe the concept of instruction pipelining.
Explain the difference between machine code and assembly language.
How does the displacement addressing mode differ from immediate addressing?
Explain the concept of I/O mapping and its importance in a computer system.
How does the 'CALL' and 'RET' instructions work in a microprocessor?
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unit 4
1. Memory Location and Address
What is the difference between a memory location and a memory address?

Explain how memory is organized in a computer system.
How does the CPU access a specific memory location?
What is the role of the memory address bus in accessing memory locations?
What is the significance of physical and logical addresses in memory management?
How do the concepts of "address space" and "address bus width" relate to memory access?
What are memory-mapped I/O and its advantages over port-mapped I/O?
2. Memory Operation
What are the basic memory operations performed by a computer?

Explain the process of reading and writing to memory.
What is the function of the MAR (Memory Address Register) and MDR (Memory Data Register)?
What is the difference between sequential access memory and random access memory?
Explain how the CPU interacts with RAM during a read/write cycle.
What is a memory fetch cycle?
Describe the process of memory allocation in a typical operating system.
3. Instruction and Instruction Sequencing
What is an instruction cycle?

Explain the difference between machine code and assembly language.
How does the instruction cycle work in a typical microprocessor?
What is the role of the control unit in instruction sequencing?
Describe the concept of instruction pipelining.
4. Addressing Modes
What are addressing modes in a computer architecture?

List and explain the different types of addressing modes with examples (Immediate, Direct, Indirect, Regis
What is the difference between direct and indirect addressing?
How does relative addressing work in branch instructions?
What is the advantage of using register addressing mode over memory addressing?
How does the displacement addressing mode differ from immediate addressing?
5. Basic I/O Operation
Explain the basic principles of input and output operations in a computer system.
What are the different types of I/O operations?
Describe the difference between programmed I/O and interrupt-driven I/O.
What is Direct Memory Access (DMA) and how does it improve I/O performance?
What is the role of I/O ports in a microprocessor system?
How does the CPU interact with I/O devices during I/O operations?
Explain the concept of I/O mapping and its importance in a computer system.
6. Stack and Queue
What is a stack and how is it used in computer systems?

Describe the stack operations PUSH and POP.
How does a stack support function calls and recursion in programming?
What is the role of the stack pointer (SP) in a computer architecture?
Explain the concept of a queue and its operations (enqueue and dequeue).
What are the differences between a stack and a queue?
Give an example of a scenario where a stack is used and where a queue is used in computer systems.
7. Subroutine and Additional Instruction
What is a subroutine and how does it work in assembly language programming?

What is the role of the stack in subroutine calls and returns?
How do you pass parameters to a subroutine in assembly language?
Explain the difference between a function call and a jump instruction.
What is a return address in the context of subroutines?
How does the 'CALL' and 'RET' instructions work in a microprocessor?
What are some additional instructions provided by modern processors (e.g., SIMD, conditional moves, et
Explain the concept of interrupt handling as a form of additional instructions.
unit 5
1. Interrupts
What is an interrupt and how does it function in a computer system?

What are the different types of interrupts (hardware vs software interrupts)?
Explain the role of the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) in interrupt handling.
What is the interrupt vector table and how is it used?
What is the difference between maskable and non-maskable interrupts?
Describe the process of context switching during an interrupt.
How does interrupt priority work in systems with multiple interrupt sources?
What is the purpose of the interrupt flag and interrupt enable/disable instructions?
What is the concept of interrupt nesting, and why is it important?
How do interrupts improve system performance and responsiveness?
2. Direct Memory Access (DMA)
What is Direct Memory Access (DMA), and how does it differ from programmed I/O?
Explain the steps involved in a DMA transfer.
What are the main advantages of DMA over traditional I/O methods?
What is the role of the DMA controller in memory operations?
How does DMA reduce CPU overhead in I/O operations?
Describe the difference between burst mode and cycle-stealing mode in DMA.
What is the concept of "memory-to-memory" and "peripheral-to-memory" DMA?
How does the CPU interact with the DMA controller during data transfer?
What are some potential issues or limitations of DMA in system design?
3. Standard I/O Interface
What is an I/O interface and what role does it play in computer systems?
Explain the concept of polling in an I/O interface and its drawbacks.
What is the role of I/O ports in the communication between the CPU and peripheral devices?
What is memory-mapped I/O, and how does it differ from port-mapped I/O?
How does the CPU interact with external devices through an I/O interface?
What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous data transfer in I/O operations?
Explain the concept of buffered and unbuffered I/O.
What is the role of an I/O controller or adapter in handling communication with external devices?
4. Semiconductor Memories (RAM, ROM, Cache)
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?

Explain the basic characteristics and uses of SRAM and DRAM.
How does volatile memory differ from non-volatile memory?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using SRAM over DRAM?
What is the role of cache memory in a computer system?
How does cache memory improve system performance?
Explain the concept of cache hits and cache misses.
What is the relationship between cache size, cache levels (L1, L2, L3), and system performance?
What is the difference between instruction cache and data cache?
How does the read-write cycle differ between RAM and ROM?
What are the common types of ROM (e.g., PROM, EPROM, EEPROM), and how are they different from each other?
5. Virtual Memory Management
What is virtual memory and why is it necessary in modern computer systems?

How does the operating system use paging in virtual memory management?
What is a page table and how does it support virtual memory?
Explain the concept of a page fault and how the system handles it.
What are the advantages and limitations of virtual memory?
What is the role of the memory management unit (MMU) in virtual memory systems?
How does segmentation differ from paging in virtual memory management?
What is the concept of "thrashing" in virtual memory systems, and how can it be prevented?
What is the difference between internal and external fragmentation in memory management?
How does demand paging work, and how does it improve memory utilization?
6. Memory Management Requirements
What are the key goals of memory management in an operating system?

What is the difference between static and dynamic memory allocation?
How does an operating system prevent memory leaks and ensure efficient memory allocation?
What is the role of the heap and stack in memory management?
Explain the concept of memory protection and its importance.
What is the role of garbage collection in memory management (in languages like Java)?
How does memory compaction work to address fragmentation?
What is the purpose of memory partitioning in multi-tasking systems?
7. Secondary Storage Devices
What are secondary storage devices, and how do they differ from primary storage?
What is the role of hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs) in modern computing?
Explain the concepts of data access time, seek time, and rotational latency in disk storage.
How does a hard disk drive store data, and what are the key components involved?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of SSDs compared to traditional HDDs?
How does RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) improve data reliability and performance?
What are optical storage devices (e.g., CD, DVD) and how do they compare to magnetic and solid-state storage?
Explain the concept of wear leveling in flash memory storage.
What are tape drives used for, and how do they compare to other forms of secondary storage?
What is cloud storage, and how does it differ from traditional local secondary storage?
8. Basic Concept of Pipelining
What is pipelining, and how does it improve the performance of a processor?

Explain the basic stages of a pipeline in a CPU (e.g., instruction fetch, decode, execute).
What is the concept of instruction-level parallelism in the context of pipelining?
What is the difference between a pipeline and a superscalar architecture?
What are pipeline hazards, and how are they handled in modern processors?
Data hazards
Control hazards
Structural hazards
What is instruction-level pipelining, and how does it differ from multi-threading?
How does the concept of pipeline depth relate to processor performance?
What is a pipeline stall, and how does it affect throughput?
What is branch prediction, and how does it help reduce pipeline stalls?
Explain the concept of out-of-order execution in relation to pipelining.

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1

What is the difference between a memory location and a memory address?

What are the basic memory operations performed by a computer?

3. Instruction and Instruction Sequencing

What is an instruction cycle?

What are addressing modes in a computer architecture?

5. Basic I/O Operation

6. Stack and Queue

What is a stack and how is it used in computer systems?

7. Subroutine and Additional Instruction

What is a subroutine and how does it work in assembly language programming?

What is an interrupt and how does it function in a computer system?

2. Direct Memory Access (DMA)

3. Standard I/O Interface

4. Semiconductor Memories (RAM, ROM, Cache)

What is the difference between RAM and ROM?

5. Virtual Memory Management

What is virtual memory and why is it necessary in modern computer systems?

6. Memory Management Requirements

What are the key goals of memory management in an operating system?

7. Secondary Storage Devices

What is pipelining, and how does it improve the performance of a processor?

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