M16 Parse

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ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE’S THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING
Life Story:
✔ Educated at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh
✔ MSN and Ph.D. from University of Pittsburgh
✔ Published her theory of nursing, Man-Living-Health in 1981
✔ Name changed to Theory of Human Becoming in 1992
✔ Editor and Founder, Nursing Science Quarterly
✔ Has published eight books and hundreds of articles about Human Becoming
Theory
✔ Professor and Niehoff Chair at Loyola University, Chicago
Theory Description:
✔ The Parse theory of human becoming guides nurses In their practice to focus on
quality of life as it is described and lived (Karen & Melnechenko, 1995).
✔ The human becoming theory of nursing presents an alternative to both the
conventional biomedical approach and the bio-psycho-social-spiritual (but still
normative) approach of most other theories of nursing.
✔ This theory posits quality of life from each person's own perspective as the goal
of nursing practice.
✔ Parse first published the theory in 1981 as the "Man-living-health" theory.
✔ The name was officially changed to "the human becoming theory" in 1992 to
remove the term "man" after the change in the dictionary definition of the word
from its former meaning of "humankind".
Theory Development:
▪ The human becoming theory was developed as a human science nursing theory in the
tradition of Dilthey, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and Gadamer and Science of
Unitary Human Beings by Martha Rogers.
▪ The assumptions underpinning the theory were synthesized from works by the European
philosophers, Heidegger, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty, along with works by the pioneer
American nurse theorist, Martha Rogers.
▪ The theory is structured around three abiding themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and
Transcendence.
Assumptions of the Theory:

About Man
✔ The human is coexisting while co-constituting rhythmical patterns with the
universe.
✔ The human is open, freely choosing meaning in the situation, bearing
responsibility for
decisions.
✔ The human is unitary, continuously co-constituting patterns of relating.
✔ The human is transcending multi-dimensionally with the possible
About Becoming
✔ Becoming is unitary human-living-health.
✔ Becoming is a rhythmically co-constituting human-universe process.
✔ Becoming is the human’s pattern of relating value priorities.
✔ Becoming is an intersubjective process of transcending with the possible.
✔ Becoming is unitary human’s emerging
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Symbol of Human Becoming Theory:

▪ Black and white = opposite paradox significant to ontology of
human becoming and green is hope
▪ Center joined = co-created mutual human universe process at
the ontological level & nurse-person process
▪ Green and black swirls intertwining = human-universe co
creation as an ongoing process of becoming
Relationships of the Different Shapes in the Model:

▪ Powering = a way of revealing and concealing imaging
▪ Originating = a manifestation of enabling and limiting valuing
▪ Transforming = results from languaging of connecting and separating
Summary of the Theory:

✔ Human Becoming Theory includes Totality Paradigm o Man is a combination of
biological,
psychological, sociological and spiritual factors
✔ Simultaneity Paradigm o Man is a unitary being in continuous, mutual interaction
with
environment
✔ Originally Man-Living-Health Theory
Major Concepts & Definitions:

▪ Structuring
→ It is the way individuals see the world. How they visualize (imaging) it is
their reality.
They create this reality with others and they show (languaging) their reality in the ways
they speak and remain silent and in the ways they move and stay still.

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→ Imaging is the person’s view of reality. It is the personal interpretation of
meaning,
possibility, and consequence of the phenomenon. Valuing is how persons confirm or
deny beliefs with respect to his own view of reality in the world. It reflects what is
important to the person.
▪ Languaging
→ It is how persons symbolize and express their imagined reality and their
value
characteristics. Their behavior communicates their inner thoughts and their perception of
their reality through either speaking it out or remaining silent.
▪ Co-creating
→ It is the person’s creation of patterns in daily life activities the describe the
person’s
personal meanings and values.
▪ Revealing-concealing
→ It is the way individuals disclose and keep hidden the persons they are
becoming.
This is done simultaneously and is evident in the popular notion that we have more to tell
and more to know about ourselves. This is evident in instances where we are able to
say something that we never thought we could say or do something we never thought
we could.
▪ Enabling-limiting
→ These are the freedoms and opportunities that become observable in the
event of
restrictions and obstacles of everyday living.
→ Ex: Imagine a family whose house was razed by fire. They will think that
the fire has
virtually taken everything from them. Yet they are thankful that no one got hurt in the fire.
▪ Connecting
→ Separating is the way a person creates patterns of connecting and
separating with
People.
→ These patterns show the person’s value priorities. This is exemplified by
the behavior
of people to separate from a group of people and join another group.
▪ Co-transcending
→ Describes persons as always engaging with and choosing from an infinite
number of
possibilities about “how to be a person, what attitude or approach to have, who to relate
with, and what interests or concerns to be bothered with”
▪ Powering
→ Reflects “struggle and life and the will to go on despite hardship and
threat”.
→ It is the capacity to act and live with purpose among possibilities for
affirming and
holding what is cherished and at the same time, living with loss and the risk of death
and rejection.
▪ Originating

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→ Describes people’s tendency to be someone else while maintaining their
own
uniqueness. It is becoming like someone else but wanting to be different.
▪ Transforming
→ Reflects the purposive, deliberate change and the shifting views of persons
about
their lives.
→ Allows people to change and move in the direction of their cherished hopes
and
dreams.
Application to Nursing:
▪ Nursing Practice (Administration & Leadership)
o A transformative approach to all levels of nursing
o Differs from the traditional nursing process, particularly in that it does not seek
to”fix”problems
o Ability to see patient’s perspective allows nurse to “be with”patient and guide them
toward desired health outcomes
o Nurse-person relationship co-creates changing health patterns
▪ Nursing Research
o Enhances understanding of human lived experience, health, quality of life and quality
of nursing practice
o Expands the theory of human becoming
o Builds new nursing knowledge about universal lived experiences which may ultimately
contribute to health and quality of life
Strength:
✔ Differentiates nursing from other disciplines
✔ Practice - provides guidelines of care and useful administration
✔ Useful in education
✔ Provides research methodologies
✔ Provides a framework to guide inquiry of other theories (grief, hope,
laughter, etc.)

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Weaknesses:
✔ Research considered to be in a <closed circle=
✔ Rarely quantifiable results - difficult to compare to other research studies,
no control
group, standardized questions
✔ Does not utilize the nursing process/diagnosis
✔ Negates the idea that each person engages in a unique lived experience
✔ Not accessible to the novice nurse
✔ Not applicable to acute, emergent care

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ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE’S THEORY OF HUMAN BECOMING

Assumptions of the Theory:

NOTES NI BINS DI MANG HATAG

Symbol of Human Becoming Theory:

Relationships of the Different Shapes in the Model:

Summary of the Theory:

Major Concepts & Definitions:

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