Wa0008.

Dr AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BDA OUTER RING ROAD, MALLATHAHALLY, BANGALORE – 560 056
Department of Civil Engineering
Surveying Practice
18CVL37
B.E - III Semester
Laboratory Manual 2021-22
Name: ____________________________________
USN: ____________________________________
Batch: ________________ Section: ____________
SYLLABUS
Semester: III
Course Title: Surveying Practice
Course Code: 18CVL37 Evaluation Procedure:
Credits: 01 CIE + Record+ SEE Marks = 20 + 30 + 50 = 100
Teaching Hours: 39 Hrs (L:T:P:0:0:3) SEE Duration: 3 Hrs
Course Learning Objectives:
1 To use different survey equipment’s for linear and angular measurements.
2 To determine elevation, area enclosed and alignment of civil engineering structures.
3 To calculate distance between inaccessible objects.
4 To expose to the state of the art equipment’s like Total Station.
UNIT – I
Exercise – 1 06 Hrs
Setting out of rectangle, hexagon using tape/chain, compass and other accessories.
Measurement of bearing of the sides of a closed traverse & adjustment of closing error
by Bowdich method and Transit method.
Exercise – 2
To determine the distance between two inaccessible points using compass.
UNIT – II
To determine difference in elevation between two points using fly levelling technique
& to conduct fly back levelling. Recording of levels using both HI and Rise & Fall
methods.
Exercise – 4
To determine difference in elevation between two points using reciprocal levelling
and to determine the collimation error.
Exercise – 5
To conduct profile levelling for water supply /sewage line and to draw the longitudinal
section to determine the depth of cut and depth of filling for a given formation level.
Exercise – 6
Interpolation of contours by block levelling.
UNIT – III (Blended Learning)
Total Station: Introduction, Exposure to use of total station: traversing,
longitudinal section, block levelling, Distance between two in-accessible points, data
processing usage of relevant software’s for preparation of contour drawings.
Exercise – 8
Measurement of horizontal angles by the method of repetition and reiteration using
theodolite, Measurement of vertical angles using theodolite.
UNIT – IV
To determine the elevation of an object by single plane method, when base is
accessible and inaccessible.
Exercise – 10
To determine the distance and difference in elevation between two inaccessible points
by double plane method.
Exercise – 11
To determine the tacheometric constants using horizontal and inclined line of sight.
To Determine the gradients between the two points by Tachometric method.
UNIT – V
To set out simple curves using linear methods – perpendicular offsets from long chord
and offsets from chords produced.
Exercise – 13
To set out simple curves using Rankine’s deflection angles method.
Exercise – 14
To set out compound curve with angular methods using theodolite only.
Course Outcomes: The students will be able to

1 Demonstrate the fundamental principles of Engineering surveying using chain, compass,
theodolite and its accessories.
2 Apply the procedural knowledge for measuring distance and elevation by trigonometric and
tacheometric levelling for setting out of curves and earthwork calculations.
3 Illustrate the Civil Engineering projects using conventional and advanced surveying
equipment’s.
Question paper pattern:

Two questions are to be set, the student has to write both the q uestions and conduct one
experiment.
Text Books:
1 Surveying Vol–I and II–B.C. Punmia, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi.
2 Surveying Vol. I and II, S.K. Duggal, Tata McGraw Hill - Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi
3 Surveying and Levelling –R Subramanian. Oxford University Press (2007)
Reference Books:
1 Fundamentals of Surveying - Milton O. Schimidt–Wong, Thomson Learning.
2 Text Book of Surveying – C. Venkataramiah. Universities Press.(2009 Reprint)
3 Maps by Survey of India.
CO-PO Mapping
CO/PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
CO2 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
CO3 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
‘Instructions to the Candidates’
1. Students should come with thorough preparation for the

experiment to be conducted.
2. Students will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless

they bring the practical record fully completed in all respects
pertaining to the experiment conducted in the previous class.
3. All the calculations should be made in the observation book.

Specimen calculations for one set of readings have to be shown
in the practical record.
4. Wherever graphs are to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be

used and the same should be firmly attached to the practical record.
5. Practical record should be neatly maintained.
6. They should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the

observation book after completing each experiment.
7. Theory regarding each experiment should be written in the

practical record before procedure in your own words
INTRODUCTION TO CHAIN SURVEY
AIM: To set out perpendiculars at various points on the given line using tape and chain.
APPARATUS: 20/30 m Chain, Tape, Arrows, ranging rods etc.

[1] Setting out perpendiculars using Tape.
a) To Erect Perpendicular from a point on the chain line.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Method 1 (3-4-5 Method)
1) Let AB be the chain line and let C be the point from where the perpendicular is
required to be erected.
2) Mark a point E on the chain line such that its distance from C is 3 m.
3) Hold the 0 end of the tape at C and the 10m end at E. make a loop of 5m & 6m
& extend the tape to mark the point D.
4) CD is the required perpendicular.
2) Method 2
1) Let AB be the chain line and let C be the point from where the perpendicular is to
be erected.
2) Select a points D and E equidistant from C.
3) Hold the zero end of the tape at D and 10m end at E. Tide up 5m mark stretch the
tape tight and establish the point F.
4) Join CF which is the required perpendicular.
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 5

3) Method 3
1) Let AB be the chain line and let C be the point from where the perpendicular is to be
erected.
2) Select any point O outside the chain line AB.
3) With O as the center and OC as radius draw an arc to cut AB at E and C. Join OE and
produce it to D such that OE = OD.
4) Join CD, which is the required perpendicular.
b) To Erect Perpendicular from a point outside the chain line.

Method 1:
1) Let D be the point from where the perpendicular is to be erected to the chain line AB.
2) Select any point E on the line. With D as the center and radius ED draw an arc to cut the
chain line at F.
3) Bisect EF to get the point C, join CD, which is the required perpendicular.

Method 2:
2) Select any point E on the line. Join ED and bisect it at F.
3) With F as the center and EF or ED as radius, draw an arc to cut the chain line at C. Join
CD to get the required perpendicular.
Method 3:
2) Select any point E on the chain line. With E as the center and ED as radius, draw an arc to
cut the chain line at F.
3) Measure FD and FE and obtain point C on the chain line as FC= FD 2/ 2FE.
4) Join C and D, CD is the required perpendicular.

Observation:
a) To Erect Perpendicular from a point on the chain line.
Method (i)
DC=------M
% of error in DC= Theoretical value –Practical value X 100
Theoretical value
=--------%
Method (ii)
FC=------M
% of error in FC= Theoretical value –Practical value X 100
Theoretical value
=--------%
Method (iii)
DC=------M
% of error in DC= Theoretical value –Practical value X100
Theoretical value
=--------%
b) To Erect Perpendicular from a point outside the chain line.

Method (i)
DC=------M
Theoretical value
=--------%

Method (ii)
FC=------M
% of error in FC= Theoretical value –Practical value X100
Theoretical value
=--------%
Method (iii)
DC=------M
Theoretical value
=--------%
[2] Setting out perpendiculars using Cross staff.
The cross-staff is a simple instrument for setting out right angles. There are 3 types of cross-staffs.
1. Open
2. French
3. Adjustable
In which cross-staff is commonly used in field.
Open cross-staff: The open cross-staff consists of four metal arms with vertical slits. The two
pairs of arms (AB and BC) are at right angles to each other. The vertical slits are ment for sighting
the object and the ranging rods. The cross-staff is mounted on a wooden pole of length 1.5 m and
diameter 2.5 cm. the pole is fitted with an iron shoe. (Fig.b)
Fig.b
• For setting out a perpendicular on a chain line, the cross-staff is held vertically at the
approximate position.
• Suppose slits A and B are directed to the ranging rods (R, R 1) fixed at the end stations. Slits
C and D are directed to the object (O).

• Looking through slits A and B, the ranging rods are bisected. At the same time, looking
through slits C and D, the object O is also bisected.
• To bisect the object and the ranging rods simultaneously, the cross staff may be moved
forward or backward along the chain line (fig.).
[3] Setting out perpendiculars using Optical square.
An optical square is also used for setting out right angle. It consists of a small circular metal box
of diameter 5cm and depth 1.25 cm. It has a metal cover which slides round the box to cover the
slits. The following are the internal arrangements of the optical square.
1. A horizon glass H is fixed at the bottom of the metal box. The lower half of the glass is
unsilvered and the upper half is silvered.
2. An index glass I is also fixed at the bottom of the box which is completely silvered.
3. The angle between the index glass and horizon glass is maintained at 45 0.
4. The opening ‘e’ is pinhole for eye E, ‘b’ is a small rectangular hole for ranging rod B, ‘P’
is a large rectangular hole for object P.
5. The line EB is known as horizon sight and IP as index sight.
6. The horizon glass is placed at an angle of 120 0 with the horizon sight. The index glass is
placed at an angle of 105 0 with the index sight.
7. The ray of light from P is first reflected from I, then is further reflected from H, after which
it ultimately reaches the eye E.
Principle: According to the principle of reflecting surfaces, the angle between the first incident
ray and the last reflected ray is twice the angle between the mirrors. In this case, the angle
between the mirrors is fixed at 45 0. So, the angle between the horizon sight and index sight
will be 90 0.
Setting up the perpendicular by optical square

1. The observer should stand on the chain line and approximately at the position where the
perpendicular is to be set up.
2. The optical square is held by the arm at the eye level. The ranging rod at the forward station
B is observed through the unsilvered portion on the lower part of the horizon glass.
3. Then the observer looks through the upper silvered portion of the horizon glass to see the
image of the object P.
4. Suppose the observer finds that the ranging rod B and the image of object P do not coincide,
then he should move forward or backward along the chain line until the ranging rod B and
the image of P exactly coincide (fig. b and c).

5. At this position the observer marks a point on the ground to locate the foot of the
perpendicular.

EXERCISE -1
SETTING OUT OF GEOMETRICAL FIGURES USING CHAIN / TAPE AND OTHER
ACCESSORIES.
CASE 1: Rectangle
AIM: To set out a regular rectangle ABCD of size 12M * 6M using chain or tape and other
accessories.
APPARATUS: 20m / 30m chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows etc.
THEORY: The included angle is given by,
θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n
Where n = Number of sides.
θ = Included angle.
Procedure:
Method 1
D C
A B
1) Let it be required to set a rectangle ABCD of 12MX6M

2) Measure the distance AB=12M and erect a perpendicular at A=6M and B=6M length
using 3-4-5 method.
3) Join CD and check the distance CD.
Method 2
1) Draw a line AB=12M. Find the length of the diagonals with A as centre and AC as
radius draw an arc with B as center and radius of 6M draw an arc to cut the previous
arc at C.
2) Repeat the same to get the point D. Join BC, AD and DC; it should be equal to 12M.
Results:
Method 1: % of error in rectangle = ------%
Method 2; % of error in rectangle = ------%
Observation:
Method 1
Theoretical Value AC =--------M

Practical Value AC =--------M

Theoretical value
=--------%
Method 2
Theoretical Value AC =--------M

Practical Value AC =--------M

Theoretical value
=--------%
CASE 2: PENTAGON
Aim: To construct a regular pentagon of given side 5m using tape & chain
APPARATUS: Chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows.
THEORY: Using tape & chain any regular figure can be constructed. The included angle of the
given regular figure can be calculated using,
θ= [2n-4]*90 o/n or θ= (n-2)*180/ (n)
n- No of sides.
θ- Included angle.
PROCEDURE:
1 st Method
1. Draw a line AB=5m on the ground point B as centre.

2. With A as centre and AC as radius draw an arc to cut the previous arc to get point C.
3. Join BC. Repeat the same on the other side to get the point E join AE.
4. From point E as centre, AE as radius draw another arc join ED, CD & thus a regular
pentagon of side 5m is constructed using tape or chain.
2 nd Method
1. Erect a perpendicular at B by (3-4-5) method and mark Bl for a distance of 5m, on that
perpendicular line.
2. Bisect AB & mark point (1) on AB extend the bisection line to a convenient distance and
mark point (2).
3. Join A&Bl to get point 4. B as centre, BA as radius cut an arc on line (1)-(2) to get the
point 5.
4. Measure the distance between (4) & (5) and bisect it to get (6).

5. B as centre BA as radius draws an arc.
6. (6) As centre, (6) B as radius draw an arc to get point C.
7. Repeat the same procedure at point A to get point E.
8. After getting E&C, E as center & ED=5m of radius cut the arc and repeat the same from C to
get point D (3).
Results:
1 ST Method: ABCDEA is a Pentagon of side AB, BC, CD, DE and EA.
% of error in the side EA = --------%
2 nd Method: ABCDEA is a Pentagon of side AB, BC, CD, DE and EA.
% of error in the side EA = --------%
Observation:
Method 1:
θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n
n- No of sides
θ- Included angle
θ =108 o
Now BCA = BAC
θ = 180-(108/2) = 36 o
By using Sine rule

AC/sin 108 = BC / Sin36 = AB/sin36
AC = [Sin108xBC]/Sin36
AC = -------M

Method 2:
CASE 3: HEXAGON
Aim: To construct a regular hexagon of length 5m using tape or chain length.
Apparatus: Chain, Tape, Arrows, Ranging rods.

Theory: The included angle of regular hexagon is determined by
θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n
n- No of sides
θ - Included angle
Procedure:
1 st method
1. To construct regular hexagon of side 5m.
2. Draw a circle of 5m radius by using tape and arrow.
3. With radius equal to length of side, cut the circle at six points and join them which is the
required hexagon.

Method 1
2 nd method
1. Draw a line AB=5m on the ground from point B cut an arc of length 5m, with A as
centre and radius as calculated values using Sine rule.
2. Draw an arc to cut the previous arc and get point C join BC. AC=8.66m.
3. Repeat the same on other side to get F, similarly other 2 points E and D can be plotted
join FE, ED and BC.
Results:
1 ST Method: ABCDEFA is a Hexagon of side AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FA.
% of error in the side FA = --------%
2 nd Method: ABCDEFA is Hexagon of side AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FA.
% of error in the side FA = --------%

Observation:
Method 1
Radius (r) = [L/2] *Cosine 30
=----------M
Where
r = Radius of the circle for regular hexagon for the known length of side.
L= Length of side.
Method 2:
θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n
n- No of sides
θ- Included angle
θ =120 o
Now BCA = BAC
θ = (180-120)/2 = 30 o
By using Sine rule

AC/sin 120 = BC / Sin30 = AB/sin30
AC = [Sin120xBC]/Sin30
AC = -------M

SETTING OUT GEOMETRICAL FIGURES USING COMPASS.
CASE 1: RECTANGLE/SQUARE
AIM: To set out a regular rectangle of side AB=20m and BC=15m using compass and chain given
the bearing of AB is S30 oE
APPARATUS: Prismatic compass, ranging rods, arrows, tape etc.
THEORY: The included angle of geometrical figure is given by the angle

θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n
θ = included angle
θ = [2*4-4]*90o/4
θ = 90 o
PROCEDURE:
1) Set the compass at station A & make temporary adjustment such as centering & leveling. The
line of sight is turned to the bearing as S30 0E i.e.,150o and along this line of sight mark a point
B at a distance of 15 m from point A.
2) Now the compass is shifted at ‘B’ and make the temporary adjustment, take the back
bearing of line AB, and note it down.
3) Now sight the bearing of line B as 60 o along the line of sight mark a point C at a distance
of 20m from point B.
4) Procedure is repeated at point C to locate the point D as a check, distance b/w DA is
measured.
D C
A B
RESULT: A rectangle of sides 15m & 20m is constructed by using a prismatic compass.
• THE LINEAR ERROR IS -----------M &
• ANGULAR ERROR IS -------------

Observation and Calculation:
Given that,
Bearing of AB = --------
Assuming traversing is done in anticlockwise direction.
We have,
a) Bearing of BC= BB of AB+ Included angle.
Bearing of BC = -----------
b) Bearing of CD = BB of BC + Included angle.

Bearing of CD =-------------
c) Bearing of DA = BB of CD + Included angle.
Bearing of DA =-------------
Check:
d) Bearing of AB= BB of DA + Included angle.

Bearing of AB = -------------
Line Fore Bearing Back Bearing Length obtained

Standard Obtained
AB
BC
CD
DA
Theoretical Parameters:
Sides AB+BC+CD+DA = ------m
Practical Parameters:
Sides AB+BC+CD+DA =-------m
Theoretical value
=--------%

CASE 2: PENTAGON
AIM: Construct a regular pentagon of side AB=6m using compass
APPARANTIS: PRISMATIC COMPASS, Ranging rod, Arrows, tape.
PROBLEM: To construct a regular pentagon ABCDE taking the length of side as 6m & bearing
of
AB as 30 o30’.
THEORY: The included angle of any geometrical figure is given by
θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n
Where n = No of sides.
θ = Included angle.
θ = [2*5-4]*90o/5
θ = 108 o
PROCEDURE:
1) Set out the compass at station A & make temporary adjustments. The line of sight is turned
to set the bearing as 30 o.30’ long, this line of sight mark a point B at a distance of 6m.
2) Shift the compass to point B and make the temporary adjustments. The back bearing of AB
is noted as a check the line of sight is turned to set the bearing of line BC along the line of
sight mark a point C along a distance of 6m.
3) Now the compass is shifted to point c to set the bearing of line as 174 o 30’along this line of
sight mark a point D at a distance of 6m.
4) Now the compass is shifted to point C, to set the bearing of line as 174 o30’along this line
of sight mark a point D at a distance of 6m.
5) The same procedure is repeated at a corresponding points D&E & corresponding bearings
are locked and the points are marked as check, measure the distance of EA.
RESULT: A regular pentagon of side 6m is constructed using a prismatic compass.
LINEAR ERROR IS ------M

ANGULAR ERROR IS -----M

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Interior angle of Pentagon,
I.A = θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n

I.A = ---------------
Assuming traversing is done in clockwise direction.
We have,
a) FB of line AB= ----------
B.B of line AB = -----------
b) FB of line BC = BB of line AB – Interior angle.

=-------------
B.B of line BC = -----------
c) FB of line CD = BB of line BC – Interior angle.

=-------------
B.B of line CD = -----------
d) FB of line DE = BB of line CD – Interior angle.
=-------------
B.B of line DE = -----------
e) FB of line EA = BB of line DE – Interior angle.
=-------------
B.B of line EA = -----------
Check:
f) FB of line AB = BB of line EA – Interior angle.
=-------------

Standard Obtained
AB
BC
CD
DA
EA

CASE 3: HEXAGON
AIM: Construct a regular hexagon of side AB=6m with the FB of AB is N30 oE.
APPARATUS: The instruments required are prismatic compass, ranging rod, arrows, tape etc.,
THEORY: The included angle of any geometrical figure is give by
θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n
Where n = no of sides,
θ = included angle
θ = [2*6-4]*90o/6
θ = 120 o
PROCEDURE:
Exterior angle =360-120=240o
Included angle=120 o.
1) Set out the compass at station A & make temporary adjustments. The line of sight is turned
to set the bearing as 30 o along this line of sight mark a point B at a distance of 6m.
2) Shift the compass to point B and make the temporary adjustments. The back bearing of AB
is noted as a check, the line of sight is turned, to set the bearing of line BC along the line
of sight mark a point C at a distance of 6m.
3) Now the compass is shifted to point C, to set the bearing of line as 150 o, along this line of
sight mark a point D at a distance of 6m.
4) The same procedure is repeated at a corresponding points D, E&F, corresponding bearings
are located and the points are marked, as a check measure the distance of FA.
RESULT: Thus a regular hexagon of sides 6m is constructed using compass.
LINEAR ERROR IS ------M
ANGULAR ERROR IS -------

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Interior angle of Pentagon,
I.A = θ = [2n-4]*90 o/n

I.A = ---------------
Assuming traversing is done in clockwise direction.
We have,
1. FB of line AB= ----------
B.B of line AB = -----------
2. FB of line BC = BB of line AB – Interior angle.

=-------------
B.B of line BC = -----------
3. FB of line CD = BB of line BC – Interior angle.

=-------------
B.B of line CD = -----------
4. FB of line DE = BB of line CD – Interior angle.
=-------------
B.B of line DE = -----------
5. FB of line EF = BB of line DE – Interior angle.
=-------------
B.B of line EF = -----------
6. FB of line FA = BB of line EF – Interior angle.

=-------------
B.B of line FA = -----------
Check:
7. FB of line AB = BB of line FA – Interior angle.

=-------------

Standard Obtained
AB
BC
CD
DA
EA
FA

EXERCISE – 2
AIM: To find the distance between two inaccessible points using Compass, Tape etc.
APPARATUS: Tape, Arrows, and Prismatic Compass with stand.
THEORY: The method is based on the trigonometric proposition of

i) Sine rule: That, if one side and three angles of a triangle are known
then, the third side of a triangle can be calculated, and,
ii) Cosine rule: that, if two sides of a triangle and included angle between them is
known, then the third side of a triangle can be calculated.
Thus, on a known base length CD, the directions of two inaccessible points
A and B are observed by Prismatic compass from two stations C and D. The angle
between the lines CA, CB, CD and DA, DB, DC is then computed and using rule
(I) and (ii), the inaccessible distance AB can be calculated.
PROCEDURE:
1. Let A and B be the two inaccessible points between which the distance is to be determined.
2. Select two points C and D at a known distance from each other
3. Now take the instrument at station C and take the bearings to the points A, B, and D.
4. Shift the instrument to point D and take the bearing of points A, B, C.
5. The angles 1, 2, 3, 4 and α and β are calculated as shown in calculation part and the
distance between A and B is calculated.
Results: The distance between two inaccessible points = ----M

Observations:
SI No Instrument @ Side Bearing
CA
1 C CB
CD
DC
2 D DA
DB
Calculations:
Angle 1 = Fore bearing of CB - Fore bearing of CA
Angle 2 = Fore Bearing of CD - Fore Bearing of CB
Similarly Calculate
3 = Fore bearing of DA - Fore bearing of DC
4 = Fore bearing of DB - Fore bearing of DA
Consider Triangle ACD
< CAD = α = 180 – (1 + 2 + 3 ) '

Applying Sine rule: CD/sin α =AC/sin3 = AD/sin (1 +2 )
a) AC= CDsin3 /sin α

b) AD= CDsin (1 +2 )/ sin α
Consider Triangle BCD

<CBD= = 180 - ((2 +3 +4 )
Applying Sine Rule

CD/sin  =BD/sin2 = CB/sin (3 +4 )
CB= CDsin (3 +4 ) / sin 
BD=CDsin2 /sin 
Considering Triangle ACB
Applying Cosine Rule

AB= sqrt ((AC) 2 + (BC) 2 -2(AC)(BC)cos. 1 )
Cos1 = [AC2 +BC2 -AB2 ] / [2xACxBC]
Considering Triangle ADB
Applying Cosine Rule

AB= sqrt ((AD) 2 + (BD) 2 - 2(AD)(BD)cos. 4 )
Cos4 = [AD2 +BD2 -AB2 ] / [2xADxBD]

EXERCISE – 3
AIM: To determine the elevation between two distant points by Fly leveling.
APPARATUS: Dumpy level, Tripod, arrows and leveling staff.
THEORY: When differential leveling is done in order to connect a bench -mark to the starting
point of the alignment of any project, it is called fly leveling. Fly leveling is also done to connect
the BM to any intermediate point of the alignment for checking the accuracy of the work. In such
leveling, only the back-sight and fore-sight readings are taken at every set up of the level and no
distances are measured along the direction of leveling. The level should be set up just midway
between the BS and the FS.
PROCEDURE
1) Using dumpy level after centering it on the bench mark, back sight (B.S) reading is taken with
leveling staff.
2) Leveling staff is placed at some distance where the readings on leveling staff are visible and the
reading is taken down (F.S).
3) Dumpy level shifted to the next commanding point. After preliminary adjustments, back sight
reading is taken towards the leveling staff, were the leveling staff is held at previous station and
force sight of leveling staff is seen and value of the reading is taken down.
4) The above procedure is repeated till the starting point of alignment is reached.
5) Leveling staff is now placed at the final point and using the auto level or dumpy level from the
same place fore sight reading is taken

Result: fly leveling is conducted successfully.
Observation
Instrument B.S I.S F.S Height of Reduced Remarks

at Instrument Level
B.M
A
B
Starting
Point of
alignment

DIFFRENTIAL LEVELLING (Height of Instrument Method)
AIM: To find the difference in elevation between any two points which are situated at some
distance apart by collimation system or H.I method.
APPARATUS: Dumpy level with tripod and leveling staff.
OBJECTIVE: The main object of differential leveling to determine the elevation between the
points when,
1. The points are a great distance apart.
2. The difference of elevation between the points is large.
3. There are obstacles between the points.
This method in also known as compound leveling or continuous leveling. In the method,
the level in setup at several suitable positions and staff reading are taken at all of these.
THEORY:
In this method the height of the instrument is found out by adding the back sight reading
to the R.L of the B.M on which the B.S is taken. Then the R.L of the intermediate points and the
change point are obtained by subtracting the respective staff reading from the H.I.
PROCEDURE:
1. Let A & B be the two points whose difference of level is required to find.
2. Set up the instrument at point ’O 1’ and after doing proper temporary adjustments take
back sight reading on a bench mark.
3. Find the height of instrument by adding B.S reading to the bench mark.
4. Take staff reading on the intermediate point like C D E & F etc.,

5. Now change the instrument to the point O2 and make temporary adjustments.
6. Take the B.S reading at E & find the new H.I.
7. Take the staff reading on point F,G etc., and repeat the procedure to reach the point
‘B’
RESULT: The difference in elevation between two points A & B is ----------------M
Observation and Calculation

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remarks
B.M
C
D
F
G
Check:
∑BS-∑FS = Last RL – First RL.

DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING (Rise and Fall method)
AIM: To find the difference in elevation between any two points which are situated apart by
rise and fall method
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED: Dumpy level with tripod, & leveling staff etc.,
THEORY: In this method the difference of level between two consecutive points in determined
by comparing each forward staff reading with the staff reading at the immediately preceding point.
The R.L of each point is then found by adding rise or subtracting fall from R.L of pro ceeding point.
The staff readings are taken exactly in the same manner for H.I method here only rise and fall are
calculated.
PROCEDURE: Here height of the instrument is not at all calculated. Rest of procedure remains
same as that of collimation method.
RESULT: The difference in elevation between two points A & B is -------M.

Station BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks
A
E
F
Check:
∑BS-∑FS =∑Rise-∑Fall= Last RL – First RL.

EXERCISE – 4
AIM: To determine the difference in elevation between two points using Reciprocal Leveling and
determination of Collimation Error.
APPARATUS: Auto set Level with stand, Leveling Staff, Arrow's and Ranging rods.
THEORY: When it is necessary to carry leveling across a river, ravine or any Obstacle requiring
a long sight distance between two points so situated that no place for level can be found from
which the length of foresight and back sight will be even approximately equal, special method i.e.,
reciprocal leveling is used to obtain accuracy and to eliminate the following. (1) Error in
instrument adjustment; (2) Combined effect of earth's curvature and refraction of the atmosphere
and (3) Variation in the average refraction.
PROCEDURE:
i. Let A and B be the two points on opposite banks of the river whose difference in
elevation is to be determined,
ii. Set up the instrument very near to A and with the bubble central take readings on the
staff held at A and B, say a1 and b1 respectively.
iii. Transfer the instrument to B and set it up very near to B.

iv. With the bubble in the central, note down the staff readings on the staff at A and B, say
a2 and b2 respectively,
v. Calculate the true difference in elevation between two points and the collimation error
as given below.
Calculation:
D = (b 1-e)-a1-— (1)
D= (b 2-a2) f e------- (2)
Adding (1) and (2)
D = (1/2 ) {(b 1 – a1) + (b 2 – a2)}
D is the difference in Elevation
Equating (1) and (2)
e= (1/2) {(b 1 - a1) - (b 2 - a2)} e is the collimation error
Observations:
Instrument Staff reading at A Staff Reading at B
at
A a1 = b1 =
B a2 = b2 =
Results:

EXERCISE – 5
PROFILE LEVELLING
AIM: To conduct profile leveling for water supply / sewage line and to draw the longitudinal
section to determine the depth of cut and depth of filling for a given formation level.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
(i) Dumpy level with tripod,
(ii) Prismatic compass,
(iii) Chain,
(iv) Tape,
(v) Ranging rods,
(vi) Arrow pins,
(vii) Leveling staff.
THEORY: Profile leveling is the process of determining the elevations of points along a fixed
line such as center line of a railway, highway, canal, water supply and sewer. The fixed line may
be a single straight line or a series of straight lines connected by cu rves. It is also known as
longitudinal sectioning. By means of such sections it is possible to study the relationship between
the existing ground surface and the levels of the proposed construction in the direction of its length.
The profile is usually plotted on specially prepared profile paper, on which the vertical scale is
much larger than the horizontal, and on this profile, various studies relating to the fixing of grades
or formation lines and the estimation of depths, volume of earthwork and estimating of costs are
made.
PLOTTING OF PROFILE: The horizontal distances are plotted along the horizontal axis to
some convenient scale (1 cm = 10 m) and mark the distances. The elevations are plotted along the
vertical axis (1 cm = 1 m). The two coordinates (i.e. horizontal distances and vertical elevation)
thus plot each ground point. Join the various points so obtained by straight lines.
Calculation of depth of cut and depth of fill:
On the profile plot draw the formation line at a required gradient. Calculate the R.L.'s of formation
line at each of the marked intervals. Then,
Depth of cut or fill = R.L. of ground point - R.L. of formation point
If R.L. of ground point is greater than R.L. of formation point, it is depth of cut else depth of f ill.
Calculate the depth of cut / fill at each of the marked intervals and tabulate the results as shown.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the center line alignment for the project under consideration.
2. Mark the points on this alignment at regular intervals by means of arrow pins.
3. Note down the bearings of each section of line by setting the prismatic compass at each of
the turning points.
4. Set up the Dumpy level to one side of the profile line and note down the BS reading by
holding the staff on the nearby B.M and calculates the Hl for the first station.
5. Hold the staff at each of the point marked on the profile line and note down the I.S.
6. When the readings on the staff are not very clear, note down the staff reading FS. By
holding the staff on a permanent point.
7. Shift the instrument and set it further equalizing the length of F.S. and BS and then note
down the BS
8. Repeat the procedure from step (4) onwards till the end of the profile line.

RESULTS:
Depth of cut
Depth of fill
formation
Gradient
remarks
Distance
Inst. St.
R.L.of
point
R.L
H.I
BS
FS
IS
B.M. R.L.
of
B.M.
A

EXERCISE – 6
BLOCKLEVELING
Aim: To conduct block leveling, preparation of contour plan using excels. Use of planimeter/graph
and computations of Areas and volumes.
Theory: CONTOURING: The elevation and depression the undulations of the surface of the
ground
are shown as map by interaction of level surface with by means of contour line. a contour may be
defined as the line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of the ground.
Procedure:
1. Lay the chain on the ground and stretch it.
2. Locate the points on the chain line at equal distance in the longitudinal direction and transfers
direction.
3. Setup the tripod at the convenient plane surface & fix the dumpy level on it.
4. Temporary adjustments are done and the instrument is leveled by using the bobble tube.
5. After leveling the instrument, the leveling staff held on the given bench mark.
6. Divide the total area into number of blocks having equal area.
7. The corners of the blocks are marked with arrows.
8. The elevations of the ground at the corners of squares are taken and enter in to tabular columns
9. The systems of squares are potted on the drawing sheet. The respective RL shell be entered
near each respective corners.
10. The contour of required RL.s are plotted.
LOCATING CONTOURS:
This method is commonly used in rough survey, cross sections are run traverse to the contour line
of road, and railway as canal and the point of change of slope (representations) are located. The

cross section line may be inclined at any angle To the centerline if necessary. The spacing of the
cross sections depends upon the characteristics of the ground.
By interpolation of contour is meant the process of spacing the contour proportioning between the
plotted ground points. Contour may be interpolated by
1) Estimation
2) Arithmetical calculations
3) Graphical method .in all these methods
It is assumed that the slope of the ground between any two random points is uniform.
RESULT: The contour of given land is drawn in excel sheet.

EXERCISE – 7
TOTAL STATION

Theodolite:
• VERTICAL AXIS:
It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a horizontal plane.
• HORIZONTAL AXIS:
It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane.
• LINE OF COLLINATION:
It is the imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross hairs of the diaphragm to the optical
center of the object glass and its continuation.
• AXIS OF THE TELESCOPE:

It is the line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye piece.
• AXIS OF THE LEVEL TUBE:

It is the straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level tube at the center of
the tube.
• CENTERING:
The process of setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark is known as centering.

• TRANSITING:
It is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180º about the
trunnion axis.
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT:
• TELESCOPE:
It consists of eye-piece , object glass and focusing screw and it is used to sight
the object.
• VERTICAL CIRCLE:
It is used to measure vertical angles.
• LEVELLING HEAD:
It consists of two parallel triangular plates called tribrach plates.
Its uses are
1. To support the main part of the instrument.
2. To attach the theodolite to the tripod.
• LOWER PLATE:
It consists of lower clamp screw and tangent screw.
• UPPER PLATE:
The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and it carries two verniers. It consists an upper
clamp screw and tangent screws. These screws are used to fix upper plate with lower plate
accurately.
• FOOT SCREWS:
These are used to level the instrument
• PLUMB BOB:
It is used to center theodolite exactly over the ground station mark.
• SWINGING THE TELESCOPE:

It means turning the telescope about its vertical axis in the horizontal plane. A swing is
called right or left according as the telescope is rotated clockwise or counter clockwise.
• FACE LEFT:
If face of the vertical circle is to the left side of the observer, then the observation of the
angles taken is known as face left observation.
• FACE RIGHT:
If the face of the vertical circle is to the right side of the observation, then the observation
of the angles taken is known as face right observation.
• CHANGING FACE:
It is an operation of bringing the face of the telescope from left to right and vice -versa.

• TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:
There are three temporary adjustments of a theodolite. These are
1. Setting up the theodolite over a station.
2. Leveling up.
3. Elimination of parallax.
• SETTING UP:
It includes two operations
1. Centering a theodolite over a station: Done by means of plumb bob.
2. Approximately leveling it by tripod legs only: Done by moving tripod legs radially or
circumferentially.
• LEVELING UP:
Having centered and approximately leveled the instrument, accurate leveling is done with the help
of foot screws with reference to the plate levels, so that the vertical axis shall be truly vertical.
To level the instrument the following operations have to be done.
1. Turn the upper plate until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly parallel to a line
joining any two of the leveling screws (A & B).
2. Hold these two leveling screws between the thumb and first finger of each hand uniformly so that
the thumb moves either towards each other or away from each other until the bubble comes to the
center.
3. Turn the upper plate through 90º i.e until the axes of the level passes over the position of the third
leveling screw ‘C’.
4. Turn this leveling screw until the bubble comes to the center.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90º to its original position fig(a) and repeat step(2) till the
bubble comes to the center.
6. Turn back again through 90º and repeat step 4 .
7. Repeat the steps 2 and 4 till the bubble is central in both the positions.
8. Now rotate the instrument through 180º. The bubble should be remaining in the center of its run,
provided it is in correct adjustment. The vertical axis will then be truly vertical.
• ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX:
Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of the
cross hairs. Unless parallax is eliminated, accurate sighting is not possible. Parallax can be
eliminated in two steps.
• FOCUSSING THE EYE-PIECE:
Point the telescope to the sky or hold a piece of white paper in front of the telescope. Move the
eyepiece in and out until a distant and sharp black image of the cross-hairs is seen.

• FOCUSSING THE OBJECT:
Telescope is now turned towards object to be sighted and the focusing screw is turned until image
appears clear and sharp.

EXERCISE – 8
THEODOLITE SURVEY
Aim :- To measure the horizontal angle by repetitions.
INSTRUCTIONS:- Theodolite, Tape.
THEORY:-
In this method the angle is measured two or more times by allowing the vernier to remain clamped
each time at the end of each measurement instead of setting it back at zero when sighting at the
previous station. Thus on angle is mechanically added several times depending up on the No' of
Repetitions' The average horizontal angle is then obtained by dividing the final reading by the No.
of repetitions.
PROCEDURE:-
• To measure the angle PQR set the Instrument at Q level it. with the help of upper clamp and
tangent screw set 0 degree reading on vernier A.
• Note the reading on vernier B. Loose the lower clamp and direct the telescope towards the point
P. clamp the lower clamp and bisect point p accurately by lower tangential screw.
• Unclamp the upper clamp and turn the instrument clockwise towards R.
• clamp the upper clamp and bisect R accurately with the upper tangent screw. Note the reading on
vernier A and B.
• unclamps the lower clamp and turn the telescope clockwise to sight P again Bisect P accurately by
using lower tangential screw unclamp the upper clamp turn the telescope clockwise and sight R.
Bisect R accurately by upper tangent screw. Repeat the process until the angle is repeated 3 times.

AIM:- To measure the horizontal angle by reiteration method.
INSTRUCTIONS: - Theodolite, Tape.
PROCEDURE:-
• Set up the instrument at O and level it correctly.
• Set the vernier A to zero & direct the telescope to some well-defined object P or say the station
point A, which is known as the "referring object". and bisect it accurately by using the lower clamp
and lower tangent screw. Note the vernier readings.
• Loosen the upper plate and turn the telescope clockwise until the point B is exactly bisected by
turning the upper tangent screw. Read both vernier. The mean of the two Vernier readings will
give the value of the angle AOB.
• Similarly bisect C and D successively, read both vernier at each bisections.
• Finally close the horizon by sighting the referring object P or station point A.
• 'l'he Vernier A should read 360, if not note the reading and find the error due to slip etc..
• If the error is small it is equally distributed among the several angles. If large, the reading should
be discarded and a new set is taken.

Result: horizontal angle measured by reiteration method is………………..
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology

61
AIM:-To determine the vertical angle between two points using the Theodolite.
INSTRUMENTS :-Theodolite, Tripod.
PROCEDURE:-
• Level the instrument with reference to the plate level.
• Keep the altitude level parallel to any two foot screw and bring the bubble central in position.
Rotate the telescope through 90 degrees till the altitude level is on the third screw. Bring the
bubble central in position with the third foot screw. Repeat the procedure till is the bubble
central in both the positions.
• Loose the vertical circle clamp and rotate the telescope in vertical plane to sight the object. Use
vertical circle tangent screw for accurate bisection.
• Read both the verniers C and D of vertical circle. The mean of the two gives vertical angle.
• Similar observation may be made with another face. Average of the two will give the required
vertical angle.

62
EXERCISE – 9
TRIGNOMETRIC SURVEY
AIM: To determine the Reduced level of the top of the object whose base is accessible using
single plane method.
INSTRUMENTS USED: - Theodolite, tripod, ranging rods, tape, Levelling staff.
PROCEDURE: -
• Set up the Theodolite at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude bubble.
• Direct the telescope towards Q . note down angle
• Repeat the above step for both face observations, mean values should be adopted.
• Measure the horizontal distance between the instrument station and the base of the object.
• With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the center of its run, take
the reading on the staff kept nearby Bench mark .
• RL of top of the building is determined by using appropriate formula.

63
64
AIM: To determine the RL of the top of the object, whose base is inaccessible using single
plane method
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED: Theodolite, tripod, ranging rod, tape, levelling staff
PROCEDURE:
• Set up the Theodolite at B and level it accurately with respect to the attitude
• Direct the telescope towards P and bisect it accurately. clamp both the plates. Read the vertical
angle.
• Transit the telescope so that the line of sight is reserved mark the second instrument station A
on the ground & measure the distance AB accurately.
• with the vertical vernier set to zero reading and the altitude bubble in the center of the run, take
the reading on the staff kept at nearby BM.
• shift the instrument to A and setup the theodolite to measure the vertical angle with both face
observation.
• with the vertical vernier set to zero reading and the altitude bubble in the center of its run take
the reading on the staff kept at the nearby BM.

65
66
EXERCISE – 10
AIM:- To determine the distance and difference in elevation between two inaccessible
points using double plane method.
Instruments used:- Theodolite, ranging rods, levelling staff, tape, tripod.
PROCEDURE:
• Set the instrument at A and level it accurately with respect to altitude bubble & measure the
distance d accurately to mark B.
• Measure the angle BAP (β).
• Sight the point P’ with reading on horizontal circle as zero and measure the angle PAP’ i.e. the
horizontal angle θ1 at A.
• Take a back sight Sl on the staff kept at bench mark.
• Now shift the instrument to B and measure the horizontal angle PBA (α).
• Sight P’ & measure the vertical angle θ2.
• Now take a back sight S2 on the staff kept at bench mark.

67
68
69
EXERCISE – 11
AIM: Determination of tacheometric constants K and C.
APPARATUS: - Theodolite, Tape, Levelling staff.
Procedure:
• Measure a line about 200m long a fairly level ground and drive peg at some intervals say 50m.
• Keep the staff on the pegs and observe the corresponding readings with horizontal sights.
• Knowing the values of D and S for the different points and number of simultaneous equation
can be formed by substituting the value of D and S in the equation D=KS+c. simultaneous
solution of successive pair of equation will give the value of K and C and average of this can
be found.
• If S1 is staff intercept corresponding to Dl and S2 to be that of D2 and so on we have,
DI : KSI +C…………..l
D2: KS2 +C………….2
D3 = KS3 +C………...3
Subtracting I from 2
K = (D2-D l)/(S2- S1) Substituting K in (l)
C=D 1 -{(D2-D l)/ (S2-S l)}*S1
Similarly eq 2 and 3 can be solved
From the solutions average of K and C is determined.

70
Result:
The tacheometric constants are determined to be
K………….. & C…………………

71
AIM: Determination of tacheometric constants K and C using inclined line of sight.
APPARATUS:- Theodolite, Tape, Levelling staff.
Procedure:
• Measure total distance of 80m on the ground & put pegs at 20m interval.
• Set the instrument & do the temporary adjustments.
• Fix the telescope to some angle & take the stadia readings keeping levelling staff at 20m, 40m,
60m & 80m.
Result:
The tacheometric constants are determined to be
K………….. & C…………………

72
EXERCISE – 12
SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE
AIM: To set out a simple circular curve by off - set from long chord method of radius 70m and
deflection angle being 35 degrees
INSTRUMENTS USED: - chain, tape, Arrows(10), ranging rods(2), cross staff.
PROCEDURE:-
• Let AV & VB be the two tangents meeting at a point V with deflection angle.
• Tangent length is calculated from the usual formula and points T1 &T2 are marked on the
ground with pegs.
• Length of long chord Tl &T2 is calculated from the usual formula, the long chord is bisected
at point D, the curve will be symmetrical on both the sides of D.
• The ordinates are calculated for the self of chord at some regular intervals, points 1,2,3 etc are
marked with pegs along the long chord as shown in fig.
• Ordinates O1,O2,O3 etc are calculated from the usual formula.
• Perpendicular are set out at points 1,2,3 etc and points P1,P2,P3 are marked with pegs.
• To the right of chord points 1,2,3 etc are marked with pegs and corresponding points are set
out to mark P1,P2,P3 etc .
• All these points are on the curve, the points are joined by the thread or a rope, to show the
shape of the curve along the alignment of the project.
Curve are used in Railways highways alignment where there is sudden change in alignment
direction. lt provides comfort to the vehicle driven and also for passenger.

73
74
AIM:- To set out a simple circular curve by offsets from the chords produced.
INSTRUMENTS USED:-
Chain, Tape, Arro w, Rangin g Rods,(3 )
Problem: two straigh ts intersect at a chainage of 1192.8m deflectio n angle being 1.396 radian s.
Calcu late the necessary data for settin g out the simple curve by method of offsets from chord s
produced. Take length of tangen t = 50m , peg interval = 10m.
PROCEDURE:-
• Construct a tangent line in field to locate the point of intersection & point of curve on
tangent line.
• Length of Initial sub chord, Final sub chord and No of Normal chords are determined.
• Offsets for initial sub chord, normal chord & final sub chord are calculated.
• The distance T1C1 is marked along the tangent so that T1C1 is equal to the initial sub
chord.
• The zero end of tape is held at T1 & is of radius T1C1 drawn on this arc & distance C 1P1
is cut off as the first off set for the point P1 on the curve.
• The line T1P1 is now extended by a distance P1C2 equal to length of second chord by
spreading a chain along T1P1 & produce it to C2 such that P1C2 length of normal chord.
• With P1 as centre & P1C2 as radius draw the arc by keeping C 2 as centre & radius equal
to 2 nd offset length, cut the previous arc at P2 the point is on the curve.
• Spread the chain along P1P2 & repeat the steps till tangent point T2 is reached.

75
Result:
The required curve is set on the field.

76
EXERCISE – 13
Aim: To set out a simple curve by Rankine's deflection angle method.
GIVEN DATA:
Chainage of point of intersection is l92m
Deflection angle is 50" 30'
Radius of curve is 30m
Peg interval is 5m
INSTRUMENTS USED: Chain, tape, Theodolite, ranging rods. arrows
Formula used:
δn = {360*Cn / 4πR} degree
Δn = Δn-l + δn
PROCEDURE:
• Set the theodolite at the point of curve T1 with both the plates are clamped to zero,
direct the theodolite to bisect the point of intersection V. the line of sight is thus in
the direction of rear tangent.
• Release the Vernier plate & set angle Δ1 on the Vernier. The line of sight is thus
directed along the chord T1A.
• With the zero end of the tape pinned at T1 & arrow held at a distance T1A = C1
along it. Swing the tape around T1 till the arrow is bisected by cross hairs, thus the
first point A is bisected & fixed.
• Set the second deflection angle Δ2 on the Vernier so that the line of sight is
directed along T1B.
• With the zero end of the tape pinned at A & an arrow held at a distance AB = C2
along it. Swing the tape around T2 till the arrow is bisected by cross hairs, thus the
next point is bisected & fixed.
• Repeat the above steps till the last point is reached.

77
Deflection angle δ = 1718.87 * (C /R)
Result:
The required curve is set on the field.

78
EXERCISE – 14
Aim: To set out a compound curve.
Given data: length of long curve = 32m

Length of small curve = 24
External deflection angle = 80 degrees & 36 degrees
Chainage of point of intersection = 1286.1m
Peg interval = 5m
Problem: tangent AB & AC are intersecting by a line D 1 & D2 the angle between BD 1D2
& BD2D1 are 36 & 44 degrees. Radius of first arc is 38.19m & second arc is 41.6m chainage
of PI = 1286.1m
Instruments used : chain, tape, theodolite, arrows & ranging rod.
Procedure:
• Construct the tangent in the field & locate the point of intersection & point of curve
on tangent line.
• For the first curve calculate the tangential angle by Rankine deflection angle method.
• Set the theodolite at T1 & set out the first branch of the curve.
• After locating the last point D (PCC) shift the theodolite to D, do preliminary
adjustments & set the reading to (360 – Δs / 2). Take the back sight on T1 & plunge
the telescope, the line of sight is thus viewed along T 1D produced. Now theodolite is
swing by Δs/2 & the line of sight will be directed along the common tangent D 1D2.
• Calculate the tangential angle for second branch of curve by observing from D till the
last point is reached.
• Check the observation by measuring the angle T 1DT2 which should be equal to (180
– Δ / 2).

79
80
Result:
The required compound curve is set on the field.

81
GROUP ACTIVITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1) To understand the various accessories and its purpose in plane table surveying.
2) To understand the temporary adjustments of plane table survey.
3) Field work preparation of small scale map in the field.
AIM: To locate points using radiation and intersection method of plane tabling.
APPARATUS: Plane table with accessories, ranging rods, tape, arrows.etc.
THEORY: In this method, the accessible point is located on plan by drawing a ray from the
plane table station to the point, and plotting to scale along the ray, the distance measured from
the station to the point. The method is suitable for the survey of the small area which can be
commanded from a single station. It is briefly used for locating the detail from stations, which
have established by other methods of surveying. The method has wider scope if the distances
are obtained tacheometrically.
Fig.a
PROCEDURE:
1. To plot the points A, B, C, D, E on the ground to the sheet, set the table at point O, such
that all points are visible from it. ,
2. Level the table and clamp it. Now transfer the point O on the sheet by plumbing fork.
3. Pivoting the alidade about O and sight the point A, draw a ray along the straight edge
of the alidade.
4. Measure the distance between O and A in ground; reduce it to a suitable scale.
5. Follow the same procedure for all the points and then join the points A, B, C, D, E to
form a closed area. Fig.a
82
Intersection Method:
Intersection is resorted to when the distance between the point and the instrument station
is either too large or cannot be measured accurately due to some field conditions. The location of
the object is determined by sighting at the object from two plane table stations (previously plotted)
and drawing the rays. The intersection of these rays will give the position of the objects. It is
therefore very essential to have at least two instrument stations to locate any point. The line joining
two stations is known as base line. No linear measurements other than that of base line are made.
The point of intersection of two rays forms the vertex of a triangle having the two rays as two sides
and the base line as third line of triangle. Due to this reason, intersection is also sometimes known
as graphic triangulation.
Fig.b
Let C, D, E etc., are the points to be located
Select two station points A and B at a known distance apart.
1) Select two points A and B at a known distance apart in a commanding position
on ground, so that the points to be located by intersection are visible clearly. Set
up the table at A and preliminarily adjustments properly. Mark the magnetic
meridian.
2) With the alidade pivoted on A, sight the station B and draw a ray along the edge.
Measure the distance AB on ground (already known) and set it off to scale
chosen, and then fix the position of B on the sheet, so that ‘ab’ will be the base
line.
3) Pivoting the alidade about A sight the points C and D etc., and draw the rays.
4) Shift the plane table at B/set it exactly over the point B and keeping the alidade
along ba, orient the table by back sighting and clamp it.
5) Pivoting the alidade about B, sight the points C and D etc., and draw the rays.
6) The intersection of the two rays drawn from two instrument stations represents
the location of the objects C and D etc., fig.b. Join CD and measure the length
‘cd’ on sheet to get the distance between two inaccessible points CD.
83
AIM: To solve Three point Problem using Bessel's Solution.
APPARATUS: Plane Table with Accessories, Ranging rod, Arrows tape etc.
THEORY:
Statement: Location of the position, on the plan, of the station occupied by the plane table
by means of observations to three well defined points whose positions have been previously
plotted on the plan. Let a, b, c be the plotted positions of the ground points A, B, C.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the plane table at a commanding station point T.
2. Unclamp table, Keep the alidade along 'ba 'sight A and clamp the table
3. Pivoting alidade about 'b' sight C and draw "XY" line through 'b'.fig.(a)
4. Keep alidade along 'ab' rotate the table until point B is bisected and clamp the table.
5. Pivoting the alidade about 'a', sight the object C and draw a ray CC' to intersecting
"XY" line at C. fig.(b)
6. Join CC'. Unclamp the table. Keep the alidades along C'C, sight C and clamp the
table.
7. Pivoting the alidade about a, b, draw bisectors to intersect at point p which is the
plotted position of the instrument station.fig. (c)
Fig.a

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Aim: to set out the centre line of rectangular room using offset from the base line.
Apparatus: chain, tape, cross staff

Procedure:
• For the given plan draw the centre line of the diagram.
• Determine the offset distances for the control points with reference to base line.
• Using the off set distance locate control points in the field.
Result:

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Aim: To set out the centre line of the column of building using two base line at right
angles.
Apparatus: chain, tape.

Procedure:
• For the given plan draw the centre line diagram.
• With respect to site plan determine the co ordinates of control points from the two base
lines at right angles to each other.
• Using the co ordinates of control points set out the centre line of rectangular room from
the base line.
Result:

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MINOR INSTRUMENTS
1) HAND LEVEL
Hand level is a small compact leveling instrument which can be held in hand and leveling work
carried on. It is used for
(i) Reconnaissance and preliminary survey
(ii) Locating contours, and
(iii) Taking short cross-section
It consists of a rectangular tube 100 mm to 150 mm long. There is a small opening at the top
of the tube and a level tube is fitted exactly above this. The level tube is transparent both at
top and below.
Below this, in half the width of tube a mirror is fixed at 45 0. The other half width is clear.
At one end of the tube there is eye peep hole and at other end there is objective. When the staff
is sighted through the eye peep hole in half the portion staff is seen directly while in other half,
level bubble is seen. When in perfect adjustment, if hand level is held horizontal, the middle of
bubble and cross hair coincide and the reading is the correct staff reading in the horizontal
sight. Hence, it can be used as a leveling instrument. It is usually held in hand at eye levels and
observations are made. It may be suspended from a raging rod for greater stability.
2) BOX SEXTANT
The box sextant is small pocket instrument used for measuring used for measuring horizontal
and vernier angles, measuring chain angles and locating inaccessible points. By setting the
vernier 90 0 it may be used as an optical square. Fig shows a box sextant.

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A box sextant consists of the following parts:
(1) A circular box about 8cm in diameter and 4cm high.
(2) A fixed horizon glass, silvered at lower half and plain at upper half.
(3) A movable index glass fully silvered.
(4) An index arm pivoted at the index glass and carrying a vernier at the other end.
(5) An adjustable magnifying glass, to read the angle
(6) A milled-headed screw to rotate the index glass and the index arm.
(7) An eye ole or peep hole or a telescope for long distance sighting.
(8) A pair of colored glasses for use in bright sun.
(9) A slot in the side of the box for the object to be sighted.
3) CLINOMETER
Fig: Indian pattern clinometer (Tangent Clinometer):
Indian pattern clinometer is used for determining difference in elevation between points and is
specially adopted to plane tabling. The clinometer is placed on the plane table, which is leveled
by estimation. The clinometer is composed of the following:

88
1. A base plate carrying a small bubble tube and a leveling screw. Thus, the clinometer
can be accurately leveled.
2. The eye vane carrying a peep hole. The eye vane is hinged at its lower end to the base
plate.
3. The object vane having graduations in degrees at one side and tangent of the angles to
the other side of the central opening.
The object vane is also hinged at its lower end to the base plate. A slide provided with a
small window and horizontal wire in its middle, can b moved up and down the object vane by
a rack and pinion fitted with a milled head. The line of joining the peephole and the horizontal
wire of the slide defines the line of sight. When the instrument is not in use, the vanes fold
down over the base.
Use of Indian pattern clinometer with plane table:
1. Set the plane table over the station and keep the Indian pattern clinometer on it.
2. Level the clinometer with the help of leveling screw.
3. Looking through the peephole, move the slide of the object vane till it bisects the signal
at the other point to be sighted. It is preferable to use a signal of the same height as that
of the peephole above the level of the plane table station.
4. Note the reading, i.e. tangent of the angle, against the wire. Thus, the difference in
elevation between the eye and the object distance X tangent of vertical angle d tan a.
The distance d between the plane table station and the object can be found from the plan.
The reduced level of the object can
thus be calculated if the reduced level of the plane table station is known.
Ceylon ghat tracer:
This instrument illustrated in fig is used for setting out a grade contour, i.e. locating points on
a given gradient in the preliminary survey of a hill road, and also for measuring the angles of
slope.
It consist of (I) a hollow brass sighting tube suspended from a bracket and having a very
small hole (eye hole) at one extremity to which the eye is applied, and a larger opening with
cross-wires at the other the tube pivots round the point P and is held suspended from an
upright staff,
(ii) A horizontal racked bar the bar is parallel and rigidly and attached to the tube at a
distance of about 2.5 cms from it
(iii) A weight the upper part of which forms the reading index the weight can be moved
along the rack by means of a million-head screw actuating a pinion on the rack.
The line of sight is defined by the line joining the centre of the eye hole to the intersection of
the cross-wires. The sighting tube and along with it the line of sight can be set to any desired
gradient by moving the weight along the rack to the required reading on the scale.

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Procedure: - Suppose it is required to lay out a gradient of 1 in 30 along a hill slope.
1. Hold the instrument at the given station suspending it from the pin inserted in
the upright staff.
2. Move the weight along the rack by means of the milled-head screw until the
index reads 30 on the scale.
3. Send an assistant with a sight vane (a T-shaped staff on which is marked the
height of the axis of the sighting tube above the foot of the suspending staff) to
a convenient distance, say 50 m or more along the hill slope.
4. Look through the sighting tube and direct the assistant to move up or down hill
until the cross-wires bisect the centre of the sight vane.
The foot of the sight vane is then the required point and the line from the
instrument station to this line is parallel to the line of sight is on a gradient of 1
in 30.As peg is driven at the point so obtained which serves as the instrument
station for locating the next point.
5. Proceed to the point so established and repeat the operation to locate the next
point.
To measure a slope,
1. Hold the instrument at one end of the slope and a sight vane at the other.
2. Move the weight along the rack by turning the middle head screw until the
centre of the sight vane is bisected by the cross-wires.
3. Note the reading at the index edge of the weight, which gives the amount of
slope observed

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Planimeter:-
A Planimeter is an instrument, which measures the area of plan of any shape very
accurately. There are two types of planimeters: (1) Amsler polar Planimeter, and (2) Roller
Planimeter.
The polar Planimeter is most commonly used and is; therefore discussed here. It
consists of two arms hinged at a point known as the pivot point. One of the two arms carries
an anchor at its end, and is known as the anchor arm. The length of anchor arm is generally
fixed, but in some of the planimeters, a variable length of anchor arm is also provided. The
other aim carries the tracing point at its end, and is known as the tracing arm. 1 ho length of
the tracing arm can be varied by the means of a fixed screw and a corresponding slow motion
screw. The tracing point is moved along the boundary of the plan the area of which is to be
determined. The normal displacement of the tracing arm is measured by the means of a
wheelhouse axis is kept parallel to the tracing arm. The wheel may either be placed between
the hinge and the tracing point or is placed beyond the pivot point away from the tracing point.
The wheel carries a concentric drum, which is divided into 100 divisions small vernier attached
near the drum, reads one-tenth of the drum division. The complete revolutions of the wheel are
read on the disc actuated by a suitable gearing to the wheel. Thus, each is reading is of four
digits-the units being read on the disc, the tenths and hundreds on the drum, and the thousands
on the venire. In addition to this, a fixed index near the disc can be utilized to know the number
of the times the zero of the disc has crossed the index.
It is clear that the planimeter rests on three points-the wheel, the anchor point and the
tracing point. Out of these three, the anchor point remains fixed in position while the wheel
partly rolls and partly slides as the tracing point is moved along the boundary. Since the plane

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of the wheel is perpendicular to the plane of the centerline of the tracing arm, the wheel
measures only the 'normal displacement- when it actually rolls.
To find the area of the plan, the anchor point is either placed outside the area (if the
area is small) or it is placed inside the area (if the area is large). A point is then marked on the
boundary of area and the tracing point is kept exactly over it. The initial reading of the wheel
is then taken. The tracing point is now moved clockwise along the boundary till it comes to the
starting point. The final reading of the drum is taken. The area of the Figure is then calculated
from the following formula:
AREA () = m (FR – IR (+or-) 10 N + C)
Where FR = Final reading.

IR = Initial reading
N = The number of times the zero mark of the dial passes the fixed index Mark. Use + sign if
the zero mark of the dial passes the index mark in a Clockwise direction and - sign when it
passes in anticlockwise direction.
M = A multiplying constant, also sometimes known as the planimeter constant. It is equal to
the area per revolution of the roller.
C = constant of the instrument which when multiplied by M, gives the area of zero circle. The
constant C is to be added only when the anchor point is inside the area.
It is to be noted that, the tracing point is to be moved in the clockwise direction only. Proper
sign must be given to N. The proof of the above formula is given below.
(B) Pantagraph: -

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A Pantagraph is an instrument used for reproducing, enlarging or reducing the maps. It
is based on the principle of similar triangles. It consists of two long bars AB and AD hinged
together at A and supported on casters or rollers at B and D. Two short arms EF and GF are
hinged together at F and are connected to AD and AB at E and G respectively. Thus ABGF is
a parallelogram of equal sides for all positions of the instrument. The long bar AD carries a
tubular frame which can be slided along it. The sliding frame carries an index and a heavy
weight Q which forms the vertical axis of the instrument; the whole instrument moves about
the point Q. The bar EF carries a pencil point P attached to a carrier which can also be set to a
desired reading on the bar EF. The longer arm AB carries tracing point at the end B. For any
setting of the instrument, the point B, P and Q are in straight line. The original map is kept at
B and is traced. Correspondingly, the pencil point P also moves, but the point Q remains fixed
in position. Thus, if B, is moved straight by an amount BB', the point P moves to P', the ratio
between BB' and PP' being equal to the ratio of reduction. For any position of the tracing point,
the points B', P' and Q are always in a straight line.
If it is desired to enlarge the nap, the pencil point is kept at B, the tracing point at P and
the map under the point P. The moving frames at Q and P are set to the same reading equal to
the ratio of enlargement. The pencil can be raised off the paper, by means of cord passing from
the pencil round the instrument to the tracing point, if so required.

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VIVA-VOCE
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
Q1. What is the fundamental difference between surveying and leveling?
Ans. In surveying, the measurements are taken in the horizontal plane, but in levelling they are
taken in the vertical plane.
Q2. What is the fundamental difference between plane surveying and geodetic surveying?
Ans. In plane surveying, the curvature of the earth is not considered. But in geodetic surveying,
the curvature of the earth is considered.
Q3. What do you mean by the terms ‘topographical map’ and ‘cadastral map’?
Ans. A map which shows the natural features of a country such as rivers, hills, roads, railways,
villages, towns etc., is known as a topographical map and one which shows the bounda ries of
estates, fields, houses etc., is known as a cadastral map.
Q4. What is the main principle of surveying?

Ans. The fundamental principle of surveying is to work from the whole to the part.
Q5. How is a chain folded and unfolded?
Ans. In order to fold the chain, a chainman moves forward by pulling the chain at the middle so
that two halves come side by side. Then he places the pair of links on his left hand with his right
hand until the two brass handles appear at the top.
To unfold the chain, a chainman holds the two brass handles in his left band and throws the
bunch with his right hand. Then one chainman stands at a station holding one handle and another
chainman moves forward by holding the other handle.
Q6. In a chaining operation, who is the leader and who the follower?
Ans. The chainman at the forward end of the chain who drags the chain is known as the leader
and the one at the rear end of the chain is known as the follower.
Q7. While chaining a line, you have to measure through a steep sloping ground. What method
should you apply?
Ans. The stepping method.
Q8. Two stations are not intervisible due to intervening high ground. How will you range the line?
Ans. The ranging is to be done by the reciprocal method.

Q9. What dos you mean by normal tension?
Ans. The tension at which the measured distance is equal to the correct distance (i.e. when sag
correction is neutralized by pull correction) is known as normal tension.

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Q10. What do you mean by RF?
Ans. The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of the object is
known as RF.
Q11. What is difference between plain scale and diagonal scale?

Ans. The plain scale represents two successive units. The diagonal scale represents three
successive units.
Q12. What is hypotenusal allowance?
Ans. When one chain length is measured on sloping ground, then it shows a shorter distance on
the horizontal plane. The difference between the sloping distance and horizontal distance is known
as the hypotenusal allowance.
Q13. How many ranging rods are required to range a line?
Ans. At least three ranging rods are required for direct ranging, and at least four for indirect
ranging.
Q14. What is the length of one link in a 20 m chain?
Ans. The 20 m chain is divided into 100 links. So, one link is 0.2 m, i.e. 20 cm long.
CHAIN SURVEYING
Q1. What is the principle of chain surveying?
Ans. The principle of chain surveying is triangulation.
Q2. What do you mean by triangulation?
Ans. The method of dividing an area into a number of triangles is known as triangulation.
Q3. Why is the triangle preferred to the quadrilateral?
Ans. The triangle is preferred just it is a simple figure which can be drawn by just knowing the
lengths of its sides.
Q4. What is the disadvantage of using ill-conditioned triangles?
Ans. The apex points of an ill-conditioned triangle are not well defined and sharp. This may cause
some confusion while marking the actual point correctly on the map.
Q5. What is reconnaissance survey?
Ans. The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed is known as reconnaissance survey.
Q6. What is an index sketch?
Ans. During reconnaissance survey, a neat hand sketch is prepared showing the framework of the
survey. This sketch is known as index sketch.

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Q7. What is ‘base line of survey’?
Ans. The base line is the backbone of the survey. The framework of the survey is prepared on this
line.
Q8. How is the north line of the chain survey map fixed?
Ans. The north line of the chain survey map is fixed by taking the magnetic bearings of the base
line by prismatic compass.
Q9. Suppose you are asked to conduct a chain survey in a crowded town. What would you say?
Ans. In chain survey, the whole area is to be divided into a number of triangles. But the formation
of triangles is not possible in a crowded town. So, I would reject the proposal.
Q10. What should be the maximum length of offset?
Ans. The maximum length of offset should be within the length of the tape used. Generally, it
should not be more than 15m.
Q11. How is a station marked on the ground?
Ans. The station is marked on the ground by a wooden peg, and with a cross on th e station point.
Q12. What is the need of a reference sketch?
Ans. If the station removed by someone, the station can be located accurately with the help of the
measurements shown in the reference sketch.
Q13. How will you set up a perpendicular with the help of only a chain and a tape?
Ans. By forming a triangle in the ration 3:4:5 using the chain and tape.
Q14. Who are the ‘leader’ and ‘follower’ when a line is being chained?
Ans. The chain man at the forward end of the chain who drags the chain is known as the ‘leader’.
The one at the rear end of the chain who holds the ‘zero’ end at the station is known as the
‘follower’.
Q15. Why does the field book open lengthwise?

Ans. If the field book is opened lengthwise, it becomes easy to maintain the continuation of a chain
line.
Q16. Why is the scale always drawn in the map?
Ans. The paper on which the map is drawn may shrink or expand due to various reasons. If the
scale is plotted on the map, then it is also reduced or enlarged proportionately. So, the distances on
the map measured by this scale remain unaltered.
Q17. What is it necessary to provide tallies in a chain?
Ans. Tallies are provided in a chain for the facility of counting some fractional length of the chain,
when the full chain length is not required.
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Q18. What do you mean by the term ‘ideal triangle’?
Ans. An equilateral triangle is said to be ideal.

COMPASS TRAVERSING
Q1. What is the principle of compass surveying?
Ans. The principle of compass surveying is traversing, which means that the area is enclosed by
series of connected lines. The magnetic bearings of these lines are taken with the compass and the
distances of sides are measured by chain.
Q2. What is the difference between triangulation and traversing?
Ans. Triangulation involves dividing an area into a number of well conditioned triangles. But
travelling involves the consideration of a series of connected lines.
Q3. What does the term ‘chain angle’ mean?
Ans. When the angle between any two adjacent sides is fixed by chain and tape only by taking tie
line, the angle is said to be the chain angle.
Q4. What is a 12cm compass?

Ans. The size of a compass is designated by its diameter. Therefore, a 12cm compass is a compass
of diameter 12cm.
Q5. What is the fundamental difference between the prismatic compass and the surveyor’s
compass?
Ans. The prismatic compass shows the whole circle bearing of line, were as the surveyor’s compass
shows the quadrantal bearing of a line.
Q6. How would you detect the presence of local attraction in an area?
Ans. When the FB and BB of a line differ by exactly 180o, then the line is free from local attraction.
The presence of local attraction is established when the FB and BB do not dif fer by 180o.
Q7. The FB of a line is 96 o30’ and 276 o0’. How will you adjust the bearings?
Ans. Here, FB of line is 96 o30’.
So, BB of this line = 96 o30’ + 180 00’ = 270 030’

But the observed is 276 o0.
So, adjusted BB=1/2(276 030’+180 00’) =276 015’
And adjusted FB=276 015’- 180 00=96 015’
Q8. What is local attraction?

Ans. The disturbing influence of magnetic substances on a magnetic needle is known as local
attraction.

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Q9. What is declination?
Ans. The horizontal angle between the true meridian and magnetic meridian is known as the
declination.
Q10. What are isogonic and agonic lines?
Ans. The line passing through points of equal declination is known as the isogonic line, and the
one passing through points of zero declination is called the agonic line.
Q11. What do you mean by azimuth?
Ans. The true bearing of a line is also known as its azimuth.
Q12. What FB of a line is 145 030’ what is its BB?

Ans. BB of the line=145 030’+ 180 00’=325030’
Q13. The FB of a line is S 45 030’ w? What is its BB?
Ans. BB of the line =N 45 030’ E.
Q14. What are the precautions to be taken while shifting a prismatic compass from one station to
another?
Ans. The sight vane must be folded.

Q15. A compass was properly balanced at the equator. What will be the effect on the needle if it
is taken to the northern hemisphere?
Ans. The north end of the needle will be inclined towards the North Pole.
Q16. What is the angular check of a closed traverse?
Ans. The sum of the interior angles should be equal to (2N-4) X90 0, where N is the number of
sides of traverse.
Q17. How would you check the accuracy of open traverse?
Ans. The accuracy of open traverse is checked by taking cut-off lines or an auxiliary point.
PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
Q1. What is the principle of plane tabling?
Ans. The principle of plane tabling is parallelism, meaning that the plane table is always placed in
every station parallel to the position it occupied at the first station.
Q2. What is orientation? Why is it done?
Ans. The method of keeping the table in successive stations parallel to the position it occupied at
the starting station is known as orientation. Orientation is done to maintain, perfectly the relative
positions of different objects on the map.
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Q3. How are centering and leveling done in plane tabling?
Ans. The centering is done by U-fork and plumb bob. The upper pointed end of the u-fork is kept
in contact with the station-pin when the plumb bob is just over the station peg.
Leveling is done by spirit level. The spirit level is placed at the different corners and at various
positions on the table. By adjusting the legs of the table, the bubble is brought to the centre.
Q4. What are the methods of plane tabling?

Ans. The methods of plane tabling are radiation, intersection, traversing and resection.
Q5.When would you apply resection?
Ans. To establish a new station with the help of two points or stations.
Q6. What is intersection? When it is required?

Ans. To establish a new station with the help of two points or stations
Q7. When would you apply the two-point and three-point problem?
Ans. If it is found after completion of the plane table survey that an important object has not been
plotted, then the two-point or three points problem is applied to locate a new station. These
problems can be applied even if all the station pegs have been removed.
Q8. What do the terms ‘great triangle’ and ‘great circle’ mean?
Ans. In the three-point problem, the triangle formed by joining three well-defined points is known
as the great triangle and the circle passing through them is called the great circle.
Q9. One month after the completion of a plane table survey, it is detected that one important object
was not plotted. How will you plot the object on going to the field?
Ans. A new station has to be established with the help of the two -point or three-point problem.
The object can then be located with reference to that new station.
Q10. What type of orientation would you prefer and why?
Ans. Orientation by back sighting is always preferred, because it is more reliable than the magnetic
needle method. In this method, magnetic substances do not affect the work.
Q11. What method would you apply for locating inaccessible points?
Ans. The method of intersection should be applied in order to locate inaccessible points.
Q12. What do you mean by the ‘fiducial edge’ of the alidade?
Ans. The working beveled edge of the alidade is known as the fiducial edge.
Q13. What are the different types of alidade?

Ans. There are two types of alidade –plain and telescopic.

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Q14. What do you mean by ‘strength of fix’?
Ans. In the three-point problem, the relative positions of A, B, C and the required point P should
be such that the required point can be located very quickly and accurately. The accuracy with which
the point can be fixed is termed the strength of fix.
Q15. What are the precautions you have to take while centering the alidade with the station pin?
Ans. The alidade should be centered on the same side of the station pin throughout the traverse.
Keeping the alidade on the left of station pin is ideal.
LEVELLING
Q1. What is a datum surface?
Ans. A datum surface is an arbitrarily assumed level surface from which the vertical distances of
various objects are measured.
Q2. What does the term GTS mean?
Ans. GTS means “Great Trigonometrical survey”
Q3. What are bench-marks?

Ans. A reference point whose RL is fixed with respect to the datum surface is known as bench-
mark
Q4. What is the datum adopted for GTS bench-marks?
Ans. The mean sea level at Karachi is adopted as the datum for GTS bench -marks. It is considered
as ‘zero’.
Q5. What are the types of BM that you know of?
Ans. Four types – (a) GTS BM, (b) permanent BM (c) the temporary BM And (d) the arbitrary
BM.
Q6. For any engineering work, how will you get the RL of the starting point?
Ans. The starting point is connected to the GTS or permanent BM by fly leveling. Then the RL of
the starting point is calculated by the usual method.
Q7. What is the difference between a level surface and a horizontal surface?
Ans. A surface parallel to the mean spherical surface of the earth is known as a level surfa ce. But
a horizontal surface is tangential to the level surface at any point. The surface of a still lake is
considered to be level.
The surface perpendicular to the direction of gravity (indicated by the plumb line) is considered to
be horizontal.

100
Q8. What is the difference between the line of collimation and axis of the telescope?
Ans. The line of collimation is the line joining the point of intersection of the cross-hairs to the
optical centre of the object glass.
The axis of the telescope is the line joining the optical centre of the object glass to that of the eye-
piece.
Q9. What is the relation between the line of collimation and the axis of a telescope?
Ans. Both these lines should coincide.
Q10. In a particular set up of the level, suppose four readings are taken. How should they be entered
in the level book?
Ans. The first reading should be entered in the BS column, the last reading in the FS column, and
the other two readings in the IS column.
Q11. What is a change point?
Ans. Such a point indicates shifting of the instrument. At this point, a foresight reading is taken
from one setting and a back sight reading from the next setting.
Q12. The staff readings on A and B are 1.735 and 0.965 respectively. Which point is higher?
Ans. Point B is higher.

Q13. What is the procedure of leveling by foot screws?
Ans. The telescope is first placed parallel to any pair of foot screws and th e bubble is brought to
the center by turning the foot screws equally either inward or outward. Then the telescope is turned
through 90 o and the bubble is brought to the center by turning the third foot screw. This process is
repeated several times.
Q14. How is the level centered?

Ans. In a leveling operation, the level is never centered. It can at any suitable position. The level
is centered only when the magnetic bearing of any line is taken with the compass attached to the
leveling instrument.
Q15. Suppose a level is given to you whose line of collimation is not in adjustment, what is the
procedure that you would follow in order to work with this instrument?
Ans. The principle of equalizing back sight and foresight distances should be followed. This means
that the level should always be placed exactly midway between BS and FS.
Q16. How will you continue leveling across a river?

Ans. Reciprocal leveling should be undertaken across a river.
Q17. How will you continue leveling across a lake or pond?
Ans. We know that the water surface of a lake or pond is level. So two pegs are fixed on opposite
banks flush with the water surface. Then an FS reading is taken on one peg and the RL is calculated.
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After this, a BS reading is taken on the other peg. As the water surface is level, the RL of the
second peg is assumed to be equal to that of the first peg, and the leveling operation is continued.
Q18. What are the arithmetical cheeks for the HI method and the rise and fall method?
Ans. The arithmetical check for the HI method is as follows.

∑BS-∑FS = Last RL – First RL.
The arithmetical check for the rise and fall method is:
∑BS-∑FS =∑Rise-∑Fall= Last RL – First RL.
Q19. What is fly leveling?

Ans. The leveling operation in which only BS and FS readings are taken and no intermediate sights
are observed is known as fly leveling. Fly leveling is done for connecting the BM to the starting
point of any project. In such leveling, no horizontal distances are required to be measured.
Q20. What is check leveling?

Ans. In case of longitudinal leveling, at the end of the day’s work the finishing point is connected
to the starting point of that day’s work by fly leveling, to check the accuracy of the work. This
operation is called check leveling.
Q21. What is temporary bench mark?
Ans. In case of longitudinal leveling, at the end of days work, a bench mark is kept at some suitable
point. This bench mark is called a temporary bench mark.
Q22. Why is datum assumed for plotting a leveling operation?
Ans. The RL of any point cannot be plotted to the full scale showing its full elevation. So, a datum
(a reference line of assumed RL) is suitably assumed to show only the undulation of the ground
surface.
Q23. What is difference between temporary and permanent adjustment?
Ans. Temporary adjustment is done at every set up of the instrument before taking staff readings.
Permanent adjustment is done in order to rectify any disturbed relationships between the
fundamental lines.
Q24. What would you mean by positive RL and negative RL?
Ans. The vertical distance of a point above the datum surface is known as the positive RL, and
the vertical distance of a point below the datum surface is said to be the negative RL.

102

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Dr AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BDA OUTER RING ROAD, MALLATHAHALLY, BANGALORE – 560 056

Department of Civil Engineering

Course Outcomes: The students will be able to

Question paper pattern:

1. Students should come with thorough preparation for the

2. Students will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless

3. All the calculations should be made in the observation book.

4. Wherever graphs are to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be

5. Practical record should be neatly maintained.

6. They should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the

7. Theory regarding each experiment should be written in the

APPARATUS: 20/30 m Chain, Tape, Arrows, ranging rods etc.

a) To Erect Perpendicular from a point on the chain line.

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b) To Erect Perpendicular from a point outside the chain line.

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b) To Erect Perpendicular from a point outside the chain line.

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[3] Setting out perpendiculars using Optical square.

Setting up the perpendicular by optical square

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THEORY: The included angle is given by,

1) Let it be required to set a rectangle ABCD of 12MX6M

Theoretical Value AC =--------M

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Theoretical Value AC =--------M

% of error in DC= Theoretical value –Practical value X100

1. Draw a line AB=5m on the ground point B as centre.

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1 ST Method: ABCDEA is a Pentagon of side AB, BC, CD, DE and EA.

% of error in the side EA = --------%

2 nd Method: ABCDEA is a Pentagon of side AB, BC, CD, DE and EA.

% of error in the side EA = --------%

By using Sine rule

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Aim: To construct a regular hexagon of length 5m using tape or chain length.

Apparatus: Chain, Tape, Arrows, Ranging rods.

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% of error in the side FA = --------%

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Radius (r) = [L/2] *Cosine 30

By using Sine rule

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APPARATUS: Prismatic compass, ranging rods, arrows, tape etc.

THEORY: The included angle of geometrical figure is given by the angle

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b) Bearing of CD = BB of BC + Included angle.

d) Bearing of AB= BB of DA + Included angle.

Line Fore Bearing Back Bearing Length obtained

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AIM: Construct a regular pentagon of side AB=6m using compass

APPARANTIS: PRISMATIC COMPASS, Ranging rod, Arrows, tape.

RESULT: A regular pentagon of side 6m is constructed using a prismatic compass.

LINEAR ERROR IS ------M

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