Geoinformatics -I Lab has been set up

to provide students with a basic

understanding of Surveying

LAB
MANUAL
GEOINFORMATICS-I LAB
(ECE-353)

Department of Civil Engineering

 BABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

Vision of the Institute

By building highly skilled technical workforce and technology resources that are focused on the economic and
social growth of the country as a whole and the region in particular while bearing in mind the difficulties facing
the world, to establish a distinctive character as a pioneer technical Institute.

Mission of the Institute

M1: To establish a solid, transformative technological learning environment that fosters innovation, morality,
research, and excellence in accordance with global standards.

M2: To train technically proficient and highly gifted engineers, future entrepreneurs and innovators, and
graduates with knowledge of the demands and issues facing the sector, society, the state, and the country.

M3: To instill in aspiring engineers the highest levels of assurance, professionalism, academic excellence, and
engineering ethics
 VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To cultivate civil engineers with a desire for professional achievement, who are prepared to take on major
challenges and serve society with the highest ethical standards.

MISSION STATEMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT

 To supply the infrastructure and facilities necessary for academic achievement in the discipline of civil
engineering.
 To instill in the student a love for professionalism, ethics, safety, and sustainability before encouraging
them to actively participate in society.
 To foster innovation and inspire creative solutions to difficult challenges in real life for students
studying civil engineering.
 To provide students a worldwide perspective on lifelong learning.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1: To prepare students for post-secondary study and research in the subject of civil
Engineering in particular and associated engineering fields in general.

PEO2: To prepare students to identify and analyse Civil engineering problems in an iterative
approach that involves defining, quantifying, testing and review of the identified problem.

PEO3: To prepare students to plan, organize, schedule, execute and communicate effectively as an
individual, a team member or a leader in multidisciplinary environment.

PEO4: To provide the students, an academic environment that makes them aware of
excellence in field of Civil Engineering and enables them to understand significance of
lifelong learning in global perspective.
 INDEX

1. To prepare conventional symbol chart based on the study of different types of topographical maps.

2. To measure bearings of a closed traverse by prismatic/surveyor compass and to adjust the traverse by
graphical method.

3. To find out reduced levels of given points using Auto/dumpy level.

4. To perform fly leveling with Auto/tilting level.

5. To study parts of a Electronic Theodolite and measurement of horizontal and vertical angles.

6. To determine the height of a vertical structure (e.g. chimney/ water tank etc.) using trigonometrical
levelling by taking observations in single vertical plane.

7. To set out a simple circular curve by Rankine’s method.

 Experiment No-1
OBJECTIVE : To prepare conventional symbol chart based on the study of different types of topographical
maps.
 Experiment No-2
OBJECTIVE: To measure the bearings of a closed traverse by prismatic compass and to adjust the traverse by
graphical method.

INSTRUMENTS: Prismatic compass, chain, ranging rods.

SKETCH:
B C

A D

F E

PROCEDURE:
» Fix the closed traverse A B C D E&F.
» Set up the compass at the station ‘A’.
» Perform the temporary adjustments.
» Sight the object at ‘B’ and note down the FB of line AB and measure the distance.
» Sight the object at F and note down the BB of EA.
» Sight the instrument to station ‘B’ performs all the temporary adjustments.
» Sight the object at ‘A’ and take the ‘BB’ of ‘AB’.
» Take ‘FB’ of ‘BC’ and measure the length of ‘BC’.
» Check whether the difference of ‘FB’ and ‘BB’ is 180º or not, at all stations.
» Continue the same process all at other stations.

TABULAR FORM FOR CLOSED TRAVERSE:-

Sr. Line Length F.B B.B INCLUDED Remarks

No. ANGLE

FORMULA: Included angle = B.B of previous line – F.B of next line.

CHECK: The sum of the included angles should be equals to (2n-4) x 90º (Where ‘n’ is number of sides of the)
Questions

1. Name different types of compass.

2. What is declination?
3. Name different sources of local attraction.
4. What is True bearing and Magnetic bearing?
5. A negative declination shows that the magnetic meridian is to the….
i) Eastern side of the true meridian
ii) Western side of the true meridian
iii) Southern side of the true meridian
iv) None of the above
6. Explain azimuth.
7. The prismatic compass and surveyor's compass
a)give whole circle bearing (WCB) of a line and quadrantal bearing (QB) of a line respectively
b)both give QB of a line and WCB of a line
c)both give QB of a line
d)both give WCB of a line
8. For a line AB
a)the forebearing of AB and back bearing of AB differ by 180°
b)the forebearing of AB and back bearing of BA differ by 180°
c)both (a) and (b) are correct.
d)none is correct
 EXPERIMENT NO- 3

OBJECTIVE: To find out reduced levels of given points using Auto/dumpy level.

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, leveling staff

Fig. Dumpy Level

THEORY:
Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of different object/points on
the surface of earth is called leveling. It deals with measurement in vertical plane. By leveling operation, the
relative position of two points is known whether the points are near or far off. Similarly, the point at different
elevation with respect to a given datum can be established by leveling.

LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS:- The instrument which are directly used for leveling operation are:-Level,
Leveling staff Level: - An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on leveling staff kept over different
points after creating a line of sight is called a level.
Dumpy Level: The difference in elevation between the point then can worked out. A level essentially consists of
the following points:
1) Leveling Heads
2) Limb plate
3) Telescope
4) Bubble tube
5) Tripod stand

Telescope consists of two tubes, one slide into the other and fitted with lens and diaphragm having cross hairs. it
creates a line of sight by which the reading on the staff is taken The essential parts of a telescope are1) body 2)
object glass 3)Eye-piece 4) Diaphragm 5) Ray shade 6) The rack and pinion arrangement 7) Focusing screw 8)
Diaphragm screw.

Dumpy level: The dumpy level is simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is rigidly fixed
To its supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about its longitudinal axis or cannot be removed from its support. The
name dumpy is because of its compact and stable construction. The axis of telescope is perpendicular to the vertical
axis of the level. The level tube is permanently placed so that its axis lies in the same vertical plane of the telescope
but it is adjustable by means of captain head not at one end. The ray shade is provided to protect the object glass.
A clamp and slow motion screw are provided in modern level to control the movement of spindle, about the
vertical axis. The telescope has magnifying power of about thirty diameters. The level tube is graduated to 2mm
divisions and it has normally a sensitiveness of 20seconds of are per graduation. The telescope may be internally
focusing or external Focusing type.
Adjustment of the level
The level needs two type of adjustment
1) Temporary adjustment and
2) Permanent adjustment
Temporary adjustments of dumpy level
These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any observation.
A) Setting up the level: - this includes
1) Fixing the instrument in the tripod: - the tripod legs are well spread on the ground with tripod head nearly
level and at convenient height. Fix up the level on the tripod.
2) Leg adjustment:-Bring all the foot screws of the level in the centre of their run .Fix any two legs firmly into
the ground by pressing them with hand and move the third leg to leg to right or left until the main bubble is
roughly in the centre. Finally the legs are fixed after centering approximately both bubbles. This operation
will save the time required for leveling.

B) Leveling: - Leveling is done with the help of foot screws and bubbles. The purpose of leveling is to make the
vertical axis truly vertical. The method of leveling the instrument depends upon whether there are three foot screws
or four foot screws. In all modern instruments three foot screws are provided and this method only is described.

1) Place the telescope parallel to pair of foot screws.

2) Hold these two foot screw between the thumb and first finger of each hand and turn them uniformly so that
the thumbs move either toward each other until the bubble is in centre.
3) Turn the telescope through 90°so that it lies over the third foot screw.
4) Turn this foot screw only until the bubble is centered.
5) Bring the telescope back to its original position without reversing the eye piece and object glass ends.
6) Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat these operation until the bubble remains in the centre
of its run in both positions which are at right angle to each other.
7) Now rotate the instrument through 180°, the bubble should remain in centre provided the instrument is in
adjustment: if not, it needs permanent adjustment.
C) Focusing the eye piece:- To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of the object glass ,and move the
eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are distinctly seen. Care should be taken that the eye piece is not wholly
taken out ,sometimes graduation are provided at the eye piece and that one can always remember the particular
graduation position to suit his eyes, This will save much time of focusing the eye piece.

(D) Focusing the object glass: - Direct the telescope to the leveling staff and on looking through the telescope,
turn the focusing screw until the image appears clears and sharp. The image is thus formed inside the plane of
cross hairs, Parallax, if any is removed by exact focusing. It may be noted that parallax is completely eliminated
when there is no change in staff reading after moving the eye up and down. Reduced Levels the system of working
out the reduced level of the points from staff reading taken in the field is called as reduced level (R.L) of a points
is the elevation of the point with reference to the same datum. There are two systems of reduced levels
1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)
2) The Rise and fall system
1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)
In this system, the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I) is found out for every set-up of the level and then the reduced
levels of the points are worked out with the respective plane of collimation as described below.
 1) Determine the R.L. of plane of collimation for the first set up of the level by adding B.S. to the R.L. of B.M.
i.e. (R.L of plane of collimation= R.L. of B.M. +B.S.)
2) Obtained the R.L. of the intermediate points and first change point by subtracting the staff readings (I.S. and
F.S. from the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I). (R.L. of a point=R.L of plane of collimation H.I.-I.S or F.S)
3) When the instrument is shifted and set up at new position a new plane of collimation is determined by addition
of B.S. to the R.L of change point. Thus the levels from two set-ups of the instruments can be correlated by means
of B.S.and F.S. taken on C.P.
4) Find out the R.L.s of the successive points and the second C.P. by subtracting their staff readings from this
plane of collimation R.L.
5) Repeat the procedure until all the R.Ls are worked out.

Observation table:-

STATION Reading Height of Reduced

Remarks
B.S I.S. F.S. instrument Level

Questions
1. Name different types of leveling instrument.

2. What is least count of staff reading?

3. What is Bench Mark?

4. Name different types of method of leveling.

5. Why temporary adjustment is done?

6. Which of the following errors can be neutralized by setting the level midway between the two stations?
a) Error due to curvature only.
b) Error due to refraction only.
c) Error due to both curvature and re-fraction.
d) none of the above.

7. Height of instrument method of leveling is

a) more accurate than rise and fall method.
b) less accurate than rise and fall method.
c) quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights.
d) none of the above

8. The rise and fall method

a) is less accurate than height of instrument method.
b) is not suitable for leveling with tilting levels.
c) provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels.
d) quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights.
 EXPERIMENT NO- 4

OBJECTIVE: To perform fly leveling with Auto/tilting level.

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, leveling staff

Fig. Dumpy Level

THEORY:
Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of different object/points on
the surface of earth is called leveling. It deals with measurement in vertical plane. By leveling operation, the
relative position of two points is known whether the points are near or far off. Similarly, the point at different
elevation with respect to a given datum can be established by leveling.

LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS:- The instrument which are directly used for leveling operation are:-Level,
Leveling staff Level: - An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on leveling staff kept over different
points after creating a line of sight is called a level.
Dumpy Level: The difference in elevation between the point then can worked out. A level essentially consists of
the following points:
1) Leveling Heads
2) Limb plate
3) Telescope
4) Bubble tube
5) Tripod stand

Telescope consists of two tubes, one slide into the other and fitted with lens and diaphragm having cross hairs. it
creates a line of sight by which the reading on the staff is taken The essential parts of a telescope are1) body 2)
object glass 3)Eye-piece 4) Diaphragm 5) Ray shade 6) The rack and pinion arrangement 7) Focusing screw 8)
Diaphragm screw.

Dumpy level: The dumpy level is simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is rigidly fixed to its
supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about its longitudinal axis or cannot be removed from its support. The name
dumpy is because of its compact and stable construction. The axis of telescope is perpendicular to the vertical axis
of the level. The level tube is permanently placed so that its axis lies in the same vertical plane of the telescope
but it is adjustable by means of captain head not at one end. The ray shade is provided to protect the object glass.
A clamp and slow motion screw are provided in modern level to control the movement of spindle, about the
vertical axis. The telescope has magnifying power of about thirty diameters. The level tube is graduated to 2mm
divisions and it has normally a sensitiveness of 20seconds of are per graduation. The telescope may be internally
focusing or external Focusing type.
Adjustment of the level
The level needs two type of adjustment
1) Temporary adjustment and
2) Permanent adjustment
Temporary adjustments of dumpy level
These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any observation.
A) Setting up the level: - this includes
1) Fixing the instrument in the tripod: - the tripod legs are well spread on the ground with tripod head nearly
level and at convenient height. Fix up the level on the tripod.
2) Leg adjustment:- Bring all the foot screws of the level in the centre of their run .Fix any two legs firmly into
the ground by pressing them with hand and move the third leg to leg to right or left until the main bubble is
roughly in the centre. Finally the legs are fixed after centering approximately both bubbles. This operation
will save the time required for leveling.

B) Leveling: - Leveling is done with the help of foot screws and bubbles. The purpose of leveling is to make the
vertical axis truly vertical. The method of leveling the instrument depends upon whether there are three foot screws
or four foot screws. In all modern instruments three foot screws are provided and this method only is described.

1) Place the telescope parallel to pair of foot screws.

2) Hold these two foot screw between the thumb and first finger of each hand and turn them uniformly so that
the thumbs move either toward each other until the bubble is in centre.
3) Turn the telescope through 90°so that it lies over the third foot screw.
4) Turn this foot screw only until the bubble is centered.
5) Bring the telescope back to its original position without reversing the eye piece and object glass ends.
6) Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat these operation until the bubble remains in the centre
of its run in both positions which are at right angle to each other.
7) Now rotate the instrument through 180°, the bubble should remain in centre provided the instrument is in
adjustment: if not, it needs permanent adjustment.
C) Focusing the eye piece:- To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of the object glass ,and move the
eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are distinctly seen. Care should be taken that the eye piece is not wholly
taken out ,sometimes graduation are provided at the eye piece and that one can always remember the particular
graduation position to suit his eyes, This will save much time of focusing the eye piece.

(D) Focusing the object glass: - Direct the telescope to the leveling staff and on looking through the telescope,
turn the focusing screw until the image appears clears and sharp. The image is thus formed inside the plane of
cross hairs, Parallax, if any is removed by exact focusing. It may be noted that parallax is completely eliminated
when there is no change in staff reading after moving the eye up and down. Reduced Levels the system of working
out the reduced level of the points from staff reading taken in the field is called as reduced level (R.L) of a points
is the elevation of the point with reference to the same datum. There are two systems of reduced levels
1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)
2) The Rise and fall system
1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)
In this system, the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I) is found out for every set-up of the level and then the reduced
levels of the points are worked out with the respective plane of collimation as described below.
1) Determine the R.L. of plane of collimation for the first set up of the level by adding B.S. to the R.L. of B.M.
i.e. (R.L of plane of collimation= R.L. of B.M. +B.S.)
 2) Obtained the R.L. of the intermediate points and first change point by subtracting the staff readings (I.S. and
F.S. from the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I). (R.L. of a point=R.L of plane of collimation H.I.-I.S or F.S)
3) When the instrument is shifted and set up at new position a new plane of collimation is determined by addition
of B.S. to the R.L of change point. Thus the levels from two set-ups of the instruments can be correlated by means
of B.S. and F.S. taken on C.P.
4) Find out the R.L.s of the successive points and the second C.P. by subtracting their staff readings from this
plane of collimation R.L.
5) Repeat the procedure until all the R.Ls are worked out.

Observation table:-

STATION Reading Height of Reduced

Remarks
B.S I.S. F.S. instrument Level

Questions
1. Name different types of leveling instrument.

2. What is least count of staff reading?

3. What is Bench Mark?

4. Name different types of method of leveling.

5. Why temporary adjustment is done?

6. Which of the following errors can be neutralized by setting the level midway between the two stations?
a) error due to curvature only.
b) error due to refraction only.
c) error due to both curvature and re-fraction.
d) none of the above.

7. Height of instrument method of leveling is

a) more accurate than rise and fall method.
b) less accurate than rise and fall method.
c) quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights.
d)none of the above

8. The rise and fall method

a) is less accurate than height of instrument method.
b) is not suitable for leveling with tilting levels.
c) provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels.
d)quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights.
 EXPERIMENT No-5

OBJECTIVE: To study various parts of Electronic Theodolite and measurement of distance, horizontal and
vertical angles.

Total Station
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. The total station is an electronic
theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument
to a particular point.
It can perform the following functions:-
Distance measurement
Angular measurement
Data processing
Digital display of point details
Sorting of data in an electronic field book
The important features of total station are Key board Control
Digital panel: - The panel displays the values of distance, angle, height and the coordinates of the observed point
where the reflector is kept.

Remote height object: - The heights of some inaccessible objects such as towers can be Read directly. The
microprocessor provided in the instrument applies the correction for curvature and mean refraction automatically.

Traversing program: - The co-ordinates of the reflector and the angle of bearing of the reflector can be stored and
can be recalled for next set up of the instrument.
Setting out for distance ,direction and height:- Where ever a particular direction and a horizontal distance is to be
entered for the purpose of locating the point on the ground, using a target, then the instrument displays the angle
through which the theodolite has to be turned and the distance by which the reflector should move.
Automatic level
An automatic level is a special surveying (leveling) instrument which contains an optical compensation which
maintains a horizontal line of sight or line of collimation even though the instrument is slightly tilted.

Questions
1. The sensitivity of a bubble tube can be increased by
a) increasing the diameter of the tube.
b) decreasing the length of bubble
c) increasing the viscosity of liquid
d) decreasing the radius of curvature of tube
2. With the rise of temperature, the sensitivity of a bubble tube………
a) decreases.
b) increases
c) remains unaffected
d) none of the above
3. Sensitiveness of a level tube is designated by
a) radius of level tube.
b) length of level tube
c) length of bubble of level tube
d) none of the above
4. What are the fundamental mental measurements of T.S.?
5. What is the principle of Total Station?
6. What is the least count of T.S. for angle measurement?
7. What is reflector in T.S?
8. What is E.D.M?
 EXPERIMENT NO- 6

OBJECTIVE: To determine the height of a vertical structure (like chimney, water tank etc.) using trigonometrical
levelling by taking observations in single vertical plane

APPARATUS: - Theodolite, three ranging rods,

MESURMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLE

A vertical angle is the angle between the inclined line of sight to an object and the horizontal. It may be an angle of
elevation or on angle of depression according as the point is above or below the horizontal plane passing through
the trunnion axis of the instrument. To measure angle of elevation or depression LOM shown in fig. proceed as
follows:
1) Set up the theodolite at station point O and level it accurately with reference to the altitude level.
2) Set vertical vernies C and D exactly to zero by using the vertical circle clamp and tangent screw, while the altitude
level should remain in the centre of its run. Also the face of the theodolite should be left.
3) Release the vertical circle clamp screw and rotate the telescope in vertical plane so as to bisect the object M.
tighten the vertical circle clamp and exactly bisect the object by slow motion screw.
4) Read both verniers C and D. the mean of the tow readings gives the value of the required angle.
5) Similar observation may be made with other face. The average of the tow values thus obtained gives the value of
the required angle which is free from instrumental errors.
6) Similarly the angle of depression can be measured following the above steps.
To measure the vertical angle between two point L and M.
Sometimes it is required to measure vertical angle between two points L and M. There can be three possibilities.
(a) One point is above the line of sight and the other is below the line of sight then angle LOM as shown in fig
will be equal to (<P +<Q )
(b) Both the points are above the line of sight. Then the angle LOM= <P -<Q
c) Both the points are below the line of sight, then the angle LOM= <P -<Q

The average value of vertical is found to be------------

Calculation:-

Result: The height is………..

Questions
1. Which of the following errors can be eliminated by taking mean of both face observations?
a)error due to imperfect graduations
b)error due to eccentricity of verniers
c)error due to imperfect adjustment of plate levels
 d)error due to line of collimation not being perpendicular to horizontal axis.
2. Which of the following errors cannot be eliminated by taking both face observations?
a) error due to horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis
b)index error i.e. error due to imperfect adjustment of the vertical circle vernier
c)error due to non-parallelism of the axis of telescope level and line of collimation
d)none of the above.
3. If altitude bubble is provided both on index frame as well as on telescope of a theodolite, then the
instrument is levelled with reference to
i) altitude bubble on index frame
ii) altitude bubble on index frame if it is to be used as a level
iii) altitude bubble on telescope
iv) altitude bubble on telescope if it is to be used as a level The correct answer is
a)only (i)
b)both (i) and (iv).
c)only (iii)
d)both (ii) and (iii)
 EXPERIMENT NO – 7

OBJECTIVE:-To set out a simple circular curve by Rankin’s method

Problem:-Two tangent intersect at a point the defection angle being ____º.Calculate all the data necessary for
setting out a simple curve of radius 32.

Instruments used: Theodolite, ranging rods, pegs, arrows etc.

Theory:-A deflection angle to any point on the curve is the angle at Point of Curve (PC) between the tangent and
the chord from the P C to that point.

RANKINES METHOD OF DEFLECTION ANGLES

T1V= rear tangent
T1 = Point to curve
= the tangential angles or the angles with each of the successive chordsT1A, AB, BC etc. Makes with the respective
tangents to the curve at T1, A, B etc.
= Total tangential angles of the deflection angles to the points A, B, C etc.
C1, C2, C3 = lengths f the chords T1A, AB, BC etc...
A1A = tangent to the curve at A
= 1719 C minutes
R
For the first chord= tangential angle for the chord AB
Hence, the deflection angle for any chord is equal to the deflection angle for the previous chord plus the tangential
angle for that chord.

Procedure:
1. Locate P C (T1_), P.T. (T2) and P.I. (I).
2. Set up the Theodolite exactly at T1 and make its temporary adjustments.
3. Set the vernier A to zero and bisect the P I. Clamp the lower plate.
4. Release the upper plate and set the vernier A to read ∆1. The line of sight is thus directed along T1A.
5. Hold the zero of the tape at T1, take a distance (T1A) and swing the tape with an arrow till it is bisected by
the Theodolite. This establishes the first point A on the curve.
6. Set the second deflection angle ∆2 on the scale so that the line of sight is set along T1b.
7. With the zero of the tape held at a and an arrow at the other end (chord distance = ab ), swing the tape
about a, till the arrow is bisected by the Theodolite at b. this establishes the second point b on the curve.
8. The same steps are repeated till the last point T2 is reached.
 Fig.-Rankine’s method of deflection curve

Result: The simple curve was set by Rankin’s method of tangential angles.

Questions
1. Different grades are joined together by a
a) Compound curve
b) Transition curve
c) Reverse curve
d) Vertical curve

2.When the curve is to be set out over a rough ground, the method used is

A. Rankine's method B. two theodolite method

C. tacheometric method D. either (b) or (c)

3. The deflection angle for any chord is equal to the deflection angle for the proceeding chord minus the
tangential angle for that chord. (True or False)
4. The curve used for ideal transition curve is a
A. cubic parabola B. clothoid spiral

C. cubic spiral D. lemniscates

5. A transition curve when inserted between the tangent and the circular curve

A. should meet the original straight tangentially B. should meet the circular curve tangentially
 the rate of increase of curvature along the
C. transition curve should be same as that of D. all of the above
increase of super-elevation

6. The curve of varying radius is known as

A. simple curve B. compound curve

C. reverse curve D. transition cruve

7. What do you mean by Degree of curve?