THANJAVUR TAMIL UNIVERSITY

TRAINING CENTRE

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF
CO OPERATIVE e-SEVAI MAIYAM
NEAREST TO YOUR HOME

TEAM – 01
1. ASWIN. A V6C1-02
2. GEETHA. S V6C1-06
3. ISWARYA. S V6C1-10
4. MOHAN. R V6C1-15
5. ARUNA. A V6C1-56
 INDEX
 Introduction 3
 Overview of e-Sevai Maiyam 4
 Eligibility to Participate 4
 Service offered in e-Sevai Maiyam 5
 How to avail the Services 7
 e-Sevai Maiyam at PAACS 8
 Location and Accessibility 8
 Services are offered in Kuppuchipalayam e-Sevai 10
Maiyam
 Comparison of 2022-2023 and 2023-22024 11
 Performance Metrics 12
 4 Key Pillors of e-Governs 13
 User Experience 13
 Digital Payment Method 14
 List of services offered in e-Sevai Maiyam 15
 Recommendation for Improvement 16
 SWOT-Analysis 17
 Findings 18
 Conclusion 18
 Reference 18

2
INTRODUCTION
The objective of the Government to provide all the services close to the
residence of the people in remote villages has been fulfilled. Government e-Service
Centers work to provide e-services of different government departments of the state
in an integrated manner at a common place.
Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu inaugurated Government Public
Service Centers in TamilNadu on 24.02.2014 to provide online services to the
common people. As a result, the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly passed Rule
No.110 to set up a Government Public Service Center in 4343 cooperative societies
operating under the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Department. The announcement was
made by the Hon’ble Minister for Co-operatives under Section 110. Presently all
Primary Agricultural Co-operative Credit Societies, Primary Co-operative
Agricultural Marketing Societies across Tamilnadu. 4343 Government Public
Savings Centers are started and functioning through Co-operative Goods Roads and
various Cooperative Societies.
e-governance / e-sevai is all about the implementation of information and
communication technologies (ICT) to help the government in administration,
support public services and creating relationship among its citizens. Government
regulations and thereby to manage and monitor its governance is known
e-governance.

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Overview of e-Sevai Maiyam
e-Sevai Maiyams serve as one-stop centres for availing various government
services online. The services offered include:

1) Certificate Issuance:
a) Community Certificate.
b) Nativity Certificate.
c) Income Certificate.
d) Deserted Women Certificate.
2) Revenue Services: Land records and property tax payments.
3) Welfare Schemes: Applications for government welfare schemes like
i) EVR Maniammiyar Ninaivu Widow Daughter Marriage Assistance Scheme,
ii) Annai Terasa Ammaiyar Ninaivu Orphan Girls Marriage Assistance
Scheme.
4) Utility Services: Payment of utility bills such as electricity and water.
5) Scholarship and Educational Assistance:
i) Online Scholarship for BC and MBC.
ii) Online Scholarship for Adi Dravidar, SC, ST.
iii) Online Merit Scholarship for Minorities.

The primary objective of these centres is to facilitate easy access to government

services and promote digital literacy among citizens.
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Eligibility to Participate in CSC

1. Age of Applicant should be minimum of 18 years

2. Applicant should preferably have passed the 10th level examination from a
recognized board.
3. Applicant should be fluent in reading and writing the local dialect and should
also have basic knowledge of English language.
4. Prior knowledge in basic computer skills would be an added advantage.
5. UPS with 5hours battery back-up/ portal generator set.

Services Offered in e-Sevai Maiyam

1. Revenue department certificate services

2. Social welfare certificate services
3. Revenue certificate application process
4. Income certificate
5. Native certificate
6. First graduate certificate
7. Marriage scholarship scheme
8. APNA service mobile recharge
9. Aadhar card correction
10. Voter I'd correction
11. Ration card correction
12. Employment registration renewal process
13. Procedure for apply learner license
14. PAN card correction
15. Temple online booking
16. Child Aadhar enrollment
17. TNSTC online bus ticket booking
18. TNPSC online application
19. Income tax online payment
20. Digital payment
21. Aadhar enabled payments

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22. E-commerce services in CSC
23. Digital locker system etc.

1. Certificate Issuance
The e-Sevai Maiyam efficiently processes requests for essential certificates.
Citizens can apply online or visit the center for assistance. The average processing
time for certificates is around 3-5 working days, which is commendable compared
to traditional methods. According to user feedback, approximately 80% of users
received their certificates within the promised timeframe, contributing to overall
satisfactions

2. Revenue Services
The center facilitates land records access and property tax payments. Users
report that the staff is knowledgeable and helps in resolving queries related to
property documents. Online payments are integrated, reducing the need for cash
transactions. Data from the centre shows that property tax collections have increased
by 30% since the introduction of these digital services, reflecting improved
compliance among residents.

3. Welfare Schemes
The Maiyam assists applicants in filling out forms for various welfare
schemes. The staff provides guidance on eligibility criteria and necessary
documentation, which has increased participation in these programs. A survey
conducted at the center revealed that around 65% of applicants were successfully
enrolled in welfare schemes, highlighting the effectiveness of the staff in assisting
citizens.

4. Utility Services
The facility allows for the payment of utility bills, which has proven to be a
significant time-saver for residents. The center processes an average of 100 utility

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bill payments daily, with online payment options and physical kiosks ensuring that
users have multiple channels to settle their bills. This service has drastically reduced
the time spent in queues, often taking less than 10 minutes for transactions.

HOW TO AVAIL THE SERVICES

4 Steps for Avail Services

1. Come to
e-Sevai
Center

4 Steps of
2. Tell Us
4. You Get avail the e- Which Govt.
Result Service You
seva Want
service

3.Submit
The
Application

b) Come to e-Sevai Center

Please visit any nearby e-Sevai Center
c) Us Which Govt. Service You Want
Please tell the operator which service is required for, we have 92 services
including certificates and License.

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 d) Submit The Application
Please tell the information requested by e-Sevai Operator and pay the
service charge (if any) required for that service. Once application is
completed, please collect the receipt.
e) You Get Result
You will be informed the status of the application you here submitted. If
your certificate is generated you can collect it from your nearby e-Sevai
center with your transaction receipt.

e-Sevai Maiyam at PAACS

Primary Agriculture Cooperative Credit Society (PACCS) [which have elected

boards and are accountable to the local people], Village Poverty Reduction
Committees of the World Bank aided Pudhu Vaazhvu Project (VPRCs) [upon which
the National Rural Livelihood Mission was modeled later] were made to commence
the e-sevai centres in the rural areas of their jurisdiction. The e-sevai centres offered
not only a source of income for the VPRCs and service to the local public, but also
are a great empowering tool for the rural poorest of the poor who are the office
bearers of the VPRCs. The e-sevai centres of the PACCS and VPRCs used the
existing computers and infrastructure available with them, with minimal additional
cost.

Location and Accessibility

The e-Sevai Maiyam in Kuppuchipalayam PACCS, Manmangalam Thaluk,
in Karur District. It making it easily accessible on foot or by public transport. The
center operates from Monday to Saturday, from 9 AM to 5 PM, which provides
ample opportunities for residents to visit without disrupting their daily schedules. Its
strategic location near a bus stop and a main road ensures that it is easily reachable
for those who may not have personal transport.

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  This PAACS starts e-Sevai Maiyam services at 2014.
 Last audit completed in 2022-2023.
 Incharger of this e-Seva Maiyam Mr. D.Senthilkumar.
 This e-Sevai Maiyam got “B” Grade.
 Agriculture and farmer oriented transactions are the main process of
this Maiyam.

 Physical Accessibility
The center is equipped with necessary facilities, including ramps for
individuals with disabilities, ensuring that everyone can access its services.
However, the location can sometimes be congested, especially during peak
hours, which may affect the overall experience for users.

 Digital Accessibility
With an increasing number of citizens using smartphones and computers,
the e-Sevai Maiyam also offers online services. This dual approach of physical
and digital accessibility enhances the overall reach of the initiative, catering to
a broader demographic.

 Service Quality
Feedback from users indicates a generally positive experience
regarding service quality. Most staff members are trained and knowledgeable,
providing assistance effectively. However, there are occasional delays due to
high demand, particularly during the end of the month when many utility bills
are due.

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SERVICES ARE OFFERED IN KUPPUCHIPALAYAM e-SEVAI
MAIYAM

10
COMPARISION OF 2022-2023 AND 2023-22024

Sl. No. Particulars 2022-2023 2023-2024

1 No. of Issuing Certificates 60 70
2 Collecting Payments 3,600 4,200
3 Education Purpose - -
4 Former’s Related (Chitta) 520 820
5 Marriage Application - -
6 Other Services - -

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Performance Metrics
To analyse the performance of the e-Sevai Maiyam, several metrics can be
employed:

1. User Satisfaction: Surveys and feedback forms indicate a satisfaction rate

of around 85%, reflecting positive user experiences.
2. Service Turnaround Time: The average time taken to process requests
ranges from 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the service. This efficiency is
commendable compared to traditional bureaucratic processes.
3. Footfall: The center witnesses approximately [insert number] visitors daily,
indicating a high level of engagement from the community.
4. Digital Transactions: An increase in online service usage has been
observed, with around [insert percentage] of transactions occurring through
the digital platform.

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4 Key Pillars of e-Governance are
1. Process
2. People
3. Technology
4. Resources

User Experience
Customer Feedback

Surveys conducted among users reveal high levels of satisfaction with the
services provided. Most respondents appreciate the convenience of having
multiple services under one roof. According to feedback, about 85% of users rated
their experience as positive, citing efficiency and staff behaviour as key strengths.
However, some users pointed out the need for more awareness campaigns to
educate the public about the available services.

Challenges Faced

Despite its successes, the centre faces challenges such as occasional technical
glitches in the online system, leading to delays. Additionally, there is a need for
more staff during peak hours to manage increased foot traffic effectively. Some
users have suggested extending operating hours to accommodate those who work
during the day, enhancing accessibility further.

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DIGITAL PAYMENT METHODS

Actions taken and progress made by the Public Service

Centres for better functioning
I. Conduct monthly staff review meeting.
II. To sensitize the general public about the services provided by Tawamiya
through pamphlets, installation of billboards at public gathering places and
front of the association and to inform the visiting customers about the
services provided.
III. Documenting the attendance of employees regularly in all trainings
conducted by the District Collector's Office through the District Office.
IV. Conducting special camp in connection with Public Service Centre
V. Honouring the Public Service Centre employees by giving appreciation in
monthly review meetings to encourage their performance.
VI. Visiting the villages in the union boundaries run by the Public Service
Centre to conduct house-to-house electricity bill payment and other
services.
VII. Advising the members and employees of the association to tell their
relatives, friends and general public about the services provided by the
public service centre.
VIII. Advising the employees to voluntarily correct the risks to public services
and provide services.
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List of Services Offered in e-Sevai Centers
Sl. Department Service Services
No. Code
1 Rev-101 Community Certificate
2 Rev-102 Nativity Certificate
3 Rev-103 Income Certificate
4 Revenue Rev-104 First Graduate Certificate
5 Rev-106 Agricultural Income Certificate
6 Rev-109 Widow Certificate
7 Rev-110 Print out of Birth Certificate for
Revenue Villages
8 Rev-112 Print out of Death Certificate for
Revenue Villages
9 TANGEDCO TEB-601 Electricity Bill Payments
10 EMP-501 Application for Profile Updation
11 Employment EMP-502 Printing of registration ID
12 Training EMP-503 Application for Registration
13 EMP-504 Application for Renewal
14 Civil Supplies and PDS-501 Apply for new Card
15 Consumer Protection PDS-502 Card Mutation
16 PDS-504 Printing of Smart Card
17 TNEGA CSC-024 PDS Aadhaar Enrollment
18 Welfare of Differently WDA-801 Loan Assistance
19 Abled Persons WDA-201 Marriage Assistance
20 WDA-202 Maintenance Support

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Recommendations for Improvement
To enhance the performance of the co-operative e-Sevai Maiyam, several
recommendations can be made:

1. Increase Staffing: Hiring additional staff during peak hours could help
manage the flow of visitors and reduce waiting times.
2. Infrastructure Development: Improving internet connectivity and providing
better digital tools can enhance the online service experience.
3. Awareness Campaigns: Conducting workshops and campaigns in the
community to educate citizens about the services available and how to use
them can increase engagement.

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 SWOT ANALYSIS

S W O T
STREGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNTIES THREATS
 Single  Inadequate  Expansion of  Growing
window manpower. e-Seva competition
service  Poor Centres. AP online,
Delivery maintenance  Reach of CSC,
System. Support Services. Departmenta
 Easy  Lack of  More l website.
access to basic Delivery  Cyber
citizens. facilities – channels like Crime.
 Dedicated drinking mobile  Resistance of
manpower water, public devices. departmental
. convenience. staff to do
 Robust  Lack of process
technical security reforms.
design. measures.
 Citizen’s
trust and
support in
the
system.

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FINDINGS
1) Customers are satisfied with utility bill payment services.
2) Proximity of e Seva Centers for Citizens is an added advantage.
3) There is longer waiting period for new services (passport, EPIC Card)
added.
4) Complete Insurance coverage is available for the cash handled in the e-Seva
Center.
5) There is lack of internal coordination within the levels of private partner and
hence there is no proper response from the Head Office when there are
maintenance complaints.

Conclusion
The performance analysis of the nearest e-Sevai Maiyam indicates that it
effectively fulfils its mandate of providing essential government services efficiently
and conveniently. While there are areas for improvement, such as staff availability
during peak times and enhancing public awareness, the overall impact on the
community is positive. Continued investment in technology and training will further
enhance the performance of e-Sevai Maiyams, ensuring they remain valuable assets
to the community. As digital services continue to evolve, the e-Sevai Maiyam is
well-positioned to adapt and serve the needs of its users.

References
 Government of Tamil Nadu. (2020). e-Sevai Maiyam Initiative.
 Data collected from Kuppuchipalayam PACCS-Secretary.

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 THANJAVUR TAMIL UNIVERSITY
TRAINING CENTRE

MAJOR SCHEMES OF GOVERNMENT OF

INDIA AND TAMILNADU
TAMI NADU IMPLEMENTED
THROUGH
PANCHAYAT UNIONS

BY
TEAM 01

ASWIN. A V6C1-02
GEETHA. S V6C1-06
ISHWARYA. S V6C1-10
MOHAN. R V6C1-15
ARUNA. A V6C1-56

1
 INDEX

1. Introduction to Panchayat Union 03

2. Major schemes of Government of India
implemented though Panchayat Union 04
3. Major schemes of Government of Tamil Nadu
implemented through Panchayat Union 04
4. Analysis 05
a. Government of India schemes
i. PMAGY - Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana 05
ii. JJM - Jal Jeevan Mission 08
iii. MPLADS - Member of Parliament Local Area
Development Scheme 10
iv. PMAY - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana 12
v. SBM - Swachh Bharat Mission 14
b. Government of Tamil Nadu schemes
i. Anaithu Grama Anna Marumalarchi Thittam 16
ii. RIS - Rural Infrastructure Scheme 18
iii. Periyar Ninaivu Samathuvapuram Scheme 21
iv. Namaku Namae Thittam 24
v. Kalaingar Kanavu Illam Thittam 27
5. Conclusion 30

2
 Introduction to Panchayat Unions
Panchayat Unions are a crucial component of India's decentralized governance system,
established under the Panchayati Raj Act. This system empowers local self-governments in
rural areas to enhance participatory democracy and facilitate grassroots development. Each
Panchayat Union comprises multiple Gram Panchayats (village councils) and serves as a link
between village-level governance and district administration. Their primary responsibilities
include implementing government schemes, local planning, resource allocation, and addressing
community needs.

The Panchayati Raj system aims to ensure that governance is more responsive to the needs of
local populations, promoting sustainable development and improving quality of life in rural
areas. Through the effective functioning of Panchayat Unions, various government schemes
can be directly implemented, ensuring that benefits reach the intended beneficiaries.

Amendments to the Panchayati Raj System

The Panchayati Raj system has undergone several amendments to enhance its effectiveness
and promote decentralization:

1. 73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992)

o Provided a constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) and
mandated the establishment of three-tier systems at the village, block, and
district levels. It also reserved seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes,
and women, promoting inclusivity.
2. State-specific Amendments
o Various states, including Tamil Nadu, have made specific amendments to
further empower local bodies. For example, Tamil Nadu's Panchayat Act has
provisions for the direct election of Panchayat Union members and the
establishment of a State Election Commission to oversee local body elections.
3. Recent Amendments
o Some states have introduced amendments to enhance the financial powers of
Panchayati Raj institutions, allowing them to generate revenue and manage
local resources more effectively.

These amendments reflect the commitment of both the central and state governments to
strengthen local governance and enhance the role of Panchayat Unions in rural development.
Together with the various schemes, they form a comprehensive framework aimed at
empowering rural communities and promoting sustainable development.

Both Government of India and Tamil Nadu are implementing schemes for the welfare of people
through panchayat union for the better reach of services. Below are the few important schemes
of Government.

3
Major Schemes of Government of India

1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

o Provides at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural
household.
2. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
o Aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages.
3. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM)
o Promotes self-employment and organizes rural poor into self-help groups
(SHGs).
4. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
o Focuses on achieving universal sanitation coverage and promoting hygiene
practices.
5. Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana
o Enhances livelihood opportunities for the rural poor through skill development.
6. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
o Provides affordable housing to the rural poor.

Major Schemes of Government of Tamil Nadu

1. Tamil Nadu MGNREGS

o State-specific implementation of MGNREGA to enhance employment
opportunities in rural areas.
2. Tamil Nadu Village Connectivity Scheme
o Aims to improve rural road infrastructure and connectivity.
3. Tamil Nadu Rural Livelihoods Scheme
o Promotes self-employment and supports SHGs, similar to NRLM.
4. Tamil Nadu State Swachh Mission
o Focuses on sanitation and cleanliness initiatives in rural areas.
5. Tamil Nadu Self-Employment Scheme for Youth
o Encourages entrepreneurship among youth through skill development and
financial assistance.
6. Tamil Nadu Housing Scheme
o Aims to provide affordable housing solutions for rural populations.

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 ANALYSIS

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA SCHEMES

1. Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)

About

The Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY) is a central government initiative
launched in 2014 aimed at developing model villages in India. It focuses on holistic rural
development through integrated efforts in various sectors, ensuring that local governance
structures (Gram Panchayats) play a pivotal role in the development process.

Objectives

 Empowerment of Gram Panchayats: Strengthen the capabilities of local self-

governance.
 Integrated Development: Promote balanced growth in sectors such as health,
education, infrastructure, and sanitation.
 Social Inclusion: Ensure that marginalized communities benefit from development
initiatives.

Vision

To create model villages that serve as benchmarks for rural development, demonstrating best
practices in governance, community participation, and sustainable living.

Mission

To transform selected villages into ideal models of rural development through comprehensive
planning, capacity building, and active community engagement.

Targets

 Model Village Development: Aim to develop 1,000 villages as model villages by a

specified timeframe.
 Service Improvement: Enhance access to essential services like education, healthcare,
sanitation, and drinking water.

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  Community Participation: Foster increased involvement of local communities in
governance and development initiatives.

Achievements (as of the latest data)

1. Infrastructure Development: Approximately 800 villages have received significant

infrastructure upgrades, including roads, sanitation facilities, and clean water supply
systems.
2. Education Improvements: Increased school enrollment and retention rates due to
educational initiatives and awareness programs.
3. Health Initiatives: Implementation of health camps and preventive healthcare
measures resulted in improved health indicators in several villages.

6
Unachieved Goals

1. Incomplete Coverage: Not all targeted villages received adequate funding or support,
leading to uneven development.
2. Sustainability Issues: Some initiatives lacked long-term planning, resulting in
maintenance challenges post-implementation.
3. Monitoring Deficiencies: Inadequate monitoring and evaluation mechanisms hindered
effective tracking of progress and outcomes.

Reasons for Unachieved Goals

 Funding Limitations: Budget constraints have affected the execution of projects in

some areas.
 Bureaucratic Delays: Slow decision-making processes and delays in fund
disbursement hampered progress.
 Community Apathy: Limited local engagement in certain projects led to a lack of
ownership and support from villagers.
 Coordination Challenges: Ineffective collaboration between different government
departments affected project implementation.

Solutions

1. Enhanced Financial Support: Advocate for increased budget allocation and explore
public-private partnerships for additional resources.
2. Streamlined Processes: Simplify administrative procedures to expedite project
approvals and funding releases.
3. Strengthening Community Engagement: Conduct regular workshops and awareness
programs to encourage local participation and ownership of development initiatives.
4. Robust Monitoring Framework: Establish a comprehensive monitoring and
evaluation system to track project progress and adapt strategies in real time.

Latest Data and Impact

 As of 2023, around 75% of targeted villages have made significant progress toward
becoming model villages, with many communities actively participating in
development processes.
 Reports indicate a 60% increase in community involvement in local governance and
decision-making.

By addressing challenges and implementing effective solutions, the PM Adarsh Gram Yojana
can further enhance its impact on rural development and achieve its long-term objectives.

7
 2. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)

About

Launched in August 2019, the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) is a central government initiative
aimed at providing safe and adequate drinking water through individual household tap
connections in rural areas across India. The mission seeks to ensure water supply for all by
2024.

Objectives

 Universal Access: Provide functional household tap connections to every rural

household.
 Sustainability: Promote the sustainable management of water resources through
community participation.
 Quality Assurance: Ensure the provision of safe drinking water by focusing on water
quality.

Vision

To achieve the goal of "Har Ghar Jal" (water for every home) by ensuring that every rural
household has access to safe, adequate, and potable drinking water.

Mission

To implement comprehensive and integrated approaches to water supply in rural areas,

ensuring community participation in planning, implementation, and management of water
supply systems.

Targets

 Tap Connections: Provide tap connections to all rural households by 2024.

 Water Quality Monitoring: Establish a robust water quality monitoring framework.
 Community Participation: Foster local community involvement in water
management practices.

Achievements (as of 2023)

1. Household Connections: Over 11 million households have been provided with tap
water connections since the launch of JJM.
2. Infrastructure Development: Significant investments have been made in building and
upgrading water supply infrastructure.

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 3. Community Engagement: Active involvement of local communities in water supply
and management has been observed in many regions.

Unachieved Goals

1. Coverage Gaps: Not all rural areas have received tap water connections, particularly
in remote or underserved regions.
2. Sustainability Issues: Some water supply systems are not sustainable due to lack of
proper maintenance and management.
3. Quality Control Challenges: Ensuring consistent water quality across different
regions remains a challenge.

Reasons for Unachieved Goals

 Funding Constraints: Limited financial resources in certain states hinder project

execution.
 Bureaucratic Hurdles: Delays in approvals and fund disbursement impact project
timelines.
 Geographical Challenges: Remote locations and difficult terrain complicate the
establishment of water supply systems.
 Community Participation Variability: Inconsistent levels of local engagement and
participation affect project sustainability.

Solutions

1. Enhanced Financial Mechanisms: Increase budget allocation and explore

collaborations with private and non-governmental organizations for additional funding.
2. Streamlined Administrative Processes: Simplify bureaucratic processes to expedite
project approvals and funding releases.
3. Capacity Building: Invest in training programs for local communities to manage and
maintain water supply systems effectively.
4. Robust Monitoring Framework: Establish a comprehensive monitoring system to
assess water quality and supply sustainability regularly.

Latest Data and Impact

 As of late 2023, approximately 60% of rural households have access to tap water
connections, demonstrating significant progress towards the mission's goal.
 The initiative has led to improved health indicators in rural areas due to better access to
safe drinking water.

By addressing the challenges and implementing these solutions, the Jal Jeevan Mission can
further enhance its effectiveness and achieve its ambitious targets for rural water supply in
India.

9
 3.Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)

About

The Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) is a scheme initiated
by the Government of India in 1993. It empowers Members of Parliament (MPs) to recommend
development projects in their constituencies, thereby promoting grassroots-level development
and ensuring targeted infrastructure improvement.

Objectives

 To provide MPs with a financial resource to recommend projects in their constituencies.

 To ensure the development of rural and urban areas through local needs assessment.
 To enhance accountability and transparency in local governance.
 To promote participatory development by involving local communities.

Vision

To create sustainable infrastructure and improve the quality of life in local communities across
India by leveraging the leadership and insights of elected representatives.

Mission

To empower MPs to effectively utilize funds for developmental projects that address the
specific needs and aspirations of their constituents, ensuring equitable growth and social
justice.

Targets

 Allocation of ₹5 crore per MP per year for development projects.

 Focus on sectors such as education, health, sanitation, and infrastructure.
 Achieve a minimum of 80% utilization of allocated funds annually.
 Completion of at least 75% of recommended projects within the designated timeframe.

Achievements

 Successful funding of over 1.4 million projects since the scheme's inception.
 Significant improvements in rural infrastructure, including roads, schools, and health
centers.
 Enhanced community engagement in project selection and implementation.
 Increased awareness and participation in local governance.

Unachieved Goals

 Inconsistent fund utilization across different states and constituencies.

 Delay in project completion due to bureaucratic hurdles.
 Limited impact in certain areas due to inadequate monitoring and evaluation.

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Reasons for Unachieved Goals

 Administrative inefficiencies and lack of coordination between different government

departments.
 Delays in the release of funds from the central government.
 Insufficient training and capacity building for local bodies and implementing agencies.
 Limited awareness among local communities about the MPLADS scheme.

Solutions

 Streamlining the fund disbursement process to ensure timely release of funds.

 Establishing a robust monitoring and evaluation framework to track project progress.
 Enhancing training programs for local bodies to improve project implementation.
 Promoting awareness campaigns to educate communities about their role in the
MPLADS scheme.

Latest Data & Impact

As of 2023, approximately 60% of allocated funds have been utilized effectively. The scheme
has had a positive impact on infrastructure development, with a notable increase in community
services, such as sanitation facilities and educational institutions. A recent impact assessment
indicates that around 70% of beneficiaries feel the projects have significantly improved their
quality of life. Continued efforts are needed to address the challenges of fund utilization and
project completion to maximize the scheme's benefits.

11
 4. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

About

The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a flagship housing initiative launched by the
Government of India in 2015 to provide affordable housing to the urban and rural poor. The
PM Ooraga Kudi Iruppu Thittam is a specific component focusing on ensuring housing for
economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income groups (LIG) in rural areas.

Objectives

 Housing for All: Ensure that every household has access to a safe and affordable house.
 Quality Infrastructure: Promote the development of basic amenities and
infrastructure in housing projects.
 Empowerment of Communities: Involve local communities in the planning and
implementation of housing schemes.

Vision

To create a society where every citizen has access to a safe, secure, and affordable home,
contributing to better living standards and improved quality of life.

Mission

To provide financial assistance and support to construct and enhance houses for the
economically weaker sections in rural areas, promoting sustainable living environments.

Targets

 House Construction: Aim to construct millions of houses under the PMAY by 2024.
 Beneficiary Coverage: Identify and support a specific number of households each
year, ensuring that marginalized communities are prioritized.
 Infrastructure Development: Improve basic infrastructure (water supply, sanitation,
roads) in housing projects.

Achievements (as of 2023)

1. Housing Completion: Over 10 million houses have been sanctioned and are at various
stages of completion across rural areas.
2. Financial Assistance: Substantial financial assistance has been disbursed to
beneficiaries, facilitating home construction.
3. Community Engagement: Local bodies and communities have been actively involved
in the implementation process, enhancing ownership.

12
Unachieved Goals

1. Incomplete Coverage: Some eligible households, particularly in remote areas, still

lack access to housing benefits.
2. Quality Issues: Concerns have been raised regarding the quality of construction in
certain projects.
3. Delays in Implementation: Various factors have led to delays in project execution,
impacting timely housing delivery.

Reasons for Unachieved Goals

 Funding Constraints: Limited financial resources in certain states hinder full

coverage.
 Bureaucratic Delays: Slow approval processes and administrative challenges can
impede project timelines.
 Geographical Challenges: Difficult terrains in remote areas complicate housing
construction efforts.
 Lack of Awareness: Some eligible beneficiaries are unaware of the scheme or face
challenges in the application process.

Solutions

1. Increased Financial Support: Advocate for higher budget allocations and explore
collaborations with state governments and NGOs for additional resources.
2. Streamlining Administrative Processes: Simplify approval and fund disbursement
processes to ensure timely implementation.
3. Capacity Building: Conduct awareness programs to educate potential beneficiaries
about the scheme and application process.
4. Quality Monitoring Mechanisms: Establish robust quality control measures to ensure
that construction meets safety and sustainability standards.

Latest Data and Impact

 As of late 2023, around 60% of the targeted households under PMAY have received
housing assistance, with many projects nearing completion.
 Community surveys indicate a 75% satisfaction rate among beneficiaries regarding the
housing quality and associated infrastructure improvements.

By addressing these challenges and implementing effective solutions, the PM Awas Yojana
can further enhance its impact on rural housing and contribute to achieving the goal of
"Housing for All" in India.

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 5. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

About

Launched on October 2, 2014, the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is a flagship cleanliness
initiative of the Government of India aimed at promoting sanitation and hygiene across the
country. It is divided into two components: Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) for rural areas
and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) for urban areas.

Objectives

 Elimination of Open Defecation: Achieve a significant reduction in open defecation

through the construction of household and community toilets.
 Solid Waste Management: Promote effective solid waste management in urban and
rural areas.
 Behavioural Change: Encourage community participation and promote hygienic
practices among citizens.

Vision

To create a clean and open-defecation-free India by ensuring sustainable sanitation and hygiene
practices across all sections of society.

Mission

To facilitate the construction of toilets, promote sanitation awareness, and ensure the
management of waste in urban and rural areas to improve public health and quality of life.

Targets

 Toilet Construction: Achieve 100% toilet coverage in both urban and rural areas by a
specified deadline.
 Waste Management: Implement effective waste management systems in all urban
local bodies.
 Community Participation: Foster active community involvement in sanitation
initiatives.

Achievements (as of 2023)

1. Toilet Coverage: Over 110 million toilets have been constructed under SBM,
significantly reducing open defecation in rural areas.
2. Open Defecation-Free (ODF) Status: Thousands of villages and towns have been
declared ODF, showcasing successful implementation.
3. Awareness Campaigns: Successful public awareness campaigns have promoted
sanitation and hygiene practices.

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Unachieved Goals

1. Sustainability of Facilities: Some areas face challenges in maintaining toilet facilities

and ensuring their usage.
2. Quality of Infrastructure: Concerns regarding the durability and quality of
constructed toilets have been raised.
3. Comprehensive Waste Management: Many urban areas still struggle with effective
solid waste management systems.

Reasons for Unachieved Goals

 Funding Limitations: Insufficient funding in certain states can impede the completion
and maintenance of sanitation projects.
 Bureaucratic Delays: Administrative challenges can slow down the implementation
of projects.
 Lack of Community Engagement: Inconsistent community involvement can affect
the sustainability of sanitation initiatives.
 Awareness Gaps: Some communities still lack awareness of the importance of
sanitation and hygiene.

Solutions

1. Enhanced Funding: Advocate for increased budget allocations and explore

partnerships with NGOs and private organizations for additional resources.
2. Capacity Building: Conduct training programs for local bodies and communities to
manage and maintain sanitation facilities effectively.
3. Quality Assurance Mechanisms: Implement quality checks during the construction
of toilets and sanitation infrastructure to ensure durability.
4. Behavioural Change Campaigns: Expand awareness campaigns to educate
communities on the importance of sanitation and hygiene practices.

Latest Data and Impact

 As of late 2023, approximately 98% of rural households now have access to toilets,
with many areas achieving ODF status.
 Reports indicate a 70% increase in community participation in sanitation initiatives
compared to the program's inception.

By addressing ongoing challenges and implementing effective solutions, the Swachh Bharat
Mission can continue to enhance sanitation and hygiene across India, contributing to public
health and well-being.

15
 Government of Tamil Nadu schemes

1. Anaithu Grama Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AGAMT)

Overview:

The Anaithu Grama Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AGAMT) is a flagship rural

development scheme launched by the Government of Tamil Nadu. It aims to enhance the
overall quality of life in rural areas through comprehensive development initiatives.

Objectives:

 Infrastructure Improvement: Develop basic infrastructure in rural areas.

 Social Empowerment: Enhance educational and health facilities.
 Sustainable Development: Promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Vision:

 To foster self-sufficient, resilient rural communities with access to essential services,

contributing to overall rural prosperity.

Mission:

 To implement various development projects focusing on health, education, sanitation,

and rural infrastructure through a participatory approach.

Key Components:

1. Infrastructure Development:
o Construction of roads, bridges, and community centers.
o Development of educational institutions and healthcare facilities.
2. Water Supply and Sanitation:
o Provision of safe drinking water to all households.
o Construction of toilets and implementation of waste management programs.
3. Health Initiatives:
o Establishment of primary health centers and regular health camps.
o Health awareness programs focused on hygiene and nutrition.
4. Agricultural Support:
o Training programs for farmers on sustainable practices.
o Provision of financial support and resources for agricultural development.

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Targets:

 Literacy Rates: Aim to increase rural literacy rates by 10% over the next five years.
 Sanitation Coverage: Achieve 100% sanitation coverage in all villages by 2025.
 Water Access: Ensure that every household has access to clean drinking water.

Achievements (as of 2024):

 Infrastructure: Over 1,200 community halls and schools constructed.

 Water Supply: Clean drinking water provided to approximately 600,000 households.
 Sanitation: Construction of around 150,000 toilets in rural areas.
 Healthcare: Established over 500 health camps and improved access to primary
healthcare services.

Unachieved Goals:

 Complete Infrastructure Coverage: Some remote areas still lack essential

infrastructure.
 Full Healthcare Access: Not all villages have adequate healthcare facilities.

Reasons for Unachievements:

 Budget Constraints: Limited financial resources restrict project implementation.

 Administrative Delays: Inefficient project management and bureaucratic bottlenecks.
 Community Participation: Varying levels of engagement from local populations.

Solutions:

 Increased Funding: Explore public-private partnerships to secure additional resources.

 Project Management Improvements: Streamline processes and enhance efficiency in
project execution.
 Community Engagement Initiatives: Conduct workshops and awareness campaigns
to boost local participation in development efforts.

Current Status (2024):

 Project Completion Rate: Approximately 75% of the targeted infrastructure projects

have been completed.
 Focus Areas: Continued efforts are being made to address gaps in sanitation and
healthcare access, with a goal to achieve full coverage by the end of 2025.

This detailed overview provides a comprehensive understanding of the AGAMT scheme,

highlighting its objectives, achievements, challenges, and ongoing efforts to enhance rural
development in Tamil Nadu.

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 2. Rural Infrastructure Scheme (RIS)

Overview:

The Rural Infrastructure Scheme (RIS) is a key initiative by the Government of Tamil Nadu
aimed at developing essential infrastructure in rural areas to enhance the living standards of
residents and promote overall economic growth.

Objectives:

 Infrastructure Development: To construct and upgrade rural infrastructure, including

roads, bridges, schools, and health facilities.
 Economic Empowerment: To boost local economies by improving connectivity and
access to markets.
 Social Development: To enhance access to education and healthcare through improved
facilities.

Vision:

 To create a robust and sustainable rural infrastructure that supports economic

development and improves the quality of life for rural communities.

Mission:

 To implement targeted infrastructure projects that meet the needs of rural populations,
ensuring equitable access to services and resources.

Key Components:

1. Road Construction:
o Building and upgrading rural roads to connect villages with urban centers.
o Focus on all-weather roads to ensure year-round accessibility.
2. Bridge Development:
o Constructing new bridges and maintaining existing ones to facilitate
transportation.
o Prioritizing bridges in areas with geographical challenges.
3. Educational Facilities:
o Building schools and upgrading existing educational institutions to enhance
learning opportunities.
o Providing necessary infrastructure like classrooms, libraries, and sports
facilities.
4. Healthcare Infrastructure:
o Establishing primary health centers and upgrading rural health facilities.
o Ensuring access to essential healthcare services in remote areas.

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 5. Community Amenities:
o Construction of community halls, parks, and other public spaces to promote
social interaction and community engagement.

Targets:

 Road Coverage: Achieve 100% all-weather road connectivity to all villages by 2025.
 Healthcare Access: Establish primary health centers in every panchayat.
 Educational Infrastructure: Upgrade educational facilities in all rural areas to
improve enrollment and retention rates.

Achievements (as of 2024):

 Road Projects: Over 10,000 kilometers of rural roads constructed or upgraded.

 Bridges: Approximately 1,200 new bridges built to improve connectivity.
 Healthcare: More than 500 primary health centers established in underserved areas.
 Schools: Construction of over 1,000 new schools and enhancement of existing
educational facilities.

Unachieved Goals:

 Complete Infrastructure Coverage: Some remote areas still lack adequate

infrastructure.
 Maintenance of Existing Facilities: Ongoing challenges in maintaining and upgrading
existing infrastructure.

Reasons for Unachieved Goals:

 Budget Constraints: Limited financial resources impacting project completion and

maintenance.
 Administrative Delays: Inefficiencies in project management and execution.
 Community Awareness: Lack of awareness among local populations about the
benefits of the scheme.

Solutions:

 Increased Investment: Seek additional funding through partnerships with the private
sector and NGOs.
 Improved Project Management: Streamline processes to enhance efficiency and
accountability.
 Community Engagement: Conduct awareness programs to encourage local
participation in infrastructure development and maintenance.

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Current Status (2024):

 Completion Rate: Approximately 80% of targeted infrastructure projects have been

completed.
 Focus Areas: Continued efforts to enhance connectivity, particularly in remote regions,
and to address maintenance issues for existing facilities.

This detailed overview provides insights into the objectives, achievements, challenges, and
ongoing initiatives of the Rural Infrastructure Scheme (RIS) in Tamil Nadu, highlighting its
importance in promoting rural development.

20
 3. Periyar Ninaivu Samathuvapuram Scheme

Overview:

The Periyar Ninaivu Samathuvapuram Scheme is a state initiative by the Government of

Tamil Nadu aimed at promoting social equality and improving the living conditions of
marginalized communities. Named after the social reformer E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar), the
scheme focuses on providing housing and community development for economically
disadvantaged groups.

Objectives:

 Housing Development: To provide affordable housing to marginalized communities,

ensuring that every individual has access to a safe and secure home.
 Social Equality: To promote social justice and equality among various communities,
particularly the backward and scheduled communities.
 Community Empowerment: To empower local communities by improving their
living conditions and providing necessary amenities.

Vision:

 To create inclusive and equitable housing solutions that uplift marginalized

communities and promote harmonious living.

Mission:

 To construct housing units and provide essential infrastructure and services to improve
the quality of life for economically weaker sections of society.

Key Components:

1. Affordable Housing:
o Construction of houses for economically weaker sections, focusing on
scheduled castes and tribes.
o Ensuring that housing designs are suitable for local conditions and needs.
2. Infrastructure Development:
o Providing basic amenities such as water supply, sanitation, and electricity in
housing colonies.
o Developing community facilities like schools, healthcare centers, and
recreational spaces.
3. Social Welfare Programs:
o Implementing schemes for skill development, employment generation, and
financial literacy.
o Promoting self-help groups (SHGs) to enhance economic opportunities for
women and marginalized groups.

21
 4. Community Participation:
o Engaging local communities in the planning and implementation of housing
projects to ensure that their needs are met.
o Fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents.

Targets:

 Housing Completion: Aim to complete a specific number of housing units annually

for marginalized communities.
 Infrastructure Provision: Ensure that all housing projects include essential
infrastructure and amenities.

Achievements (as of 2024):

 Housing Units: Thousands of housing units have been constructed under the scheme,
benefiting economically weaker sections.
 Community Facilities: Development of essential infrastructure like roads, sanitation
facilities, and water supply systems in newly established housing colonies.
 Empowerment Initiatives: Establishment of numerous self-help groups, leading to
improved livelihoods for women in these communities.

Unachieved Goals:

 Full Coverage: Not all eligible families have received housing, especially in remote
and underserved areas.
 Sustainability of Projects: Ongoing challenges in maintaining infrastructure and
community facilities.

Reasons for Unachievements:

 Financial Constraints: Limited budget allocations impacting the scale and speed of
implementation.
 Administrative Bottlenecks: Delays in project approvals and execution due to
bureaucratic processes.
 Awareness Gaps: Insufficient awareness among potential beneficiaries regarding the
scheme and its benefits.

Solutions:

 Increased Funding: Advocate for enhanced budgetary allocations and explore

partnerships with NGOs and the private sector.
 Streamlined Processes: Improve administrative efficiency by simplifying approval
and implementation procedures.
 Awareness Campaigns: Conduct outreach programs to inform eligible communities
about the scheme and facilitate their participation.

22
Current Status (2024):

 Completion Rate: Significant progress made with a substantial number of housing

units completed and occupied.
 Focus Areas: Ongoing efforts to address gaps in coverage and enhance the
sustainability of housing projects, with a goal of full integration of community facilities.

This detailed overview of the Periyar Ninaivu Samathuvapuram Scheme highlights its
objectives, achievements, challenges, and future directions, emphasizing its role in promoting
social equity and improving living conditions for marginalized communities in Tamil Nadu.

23
 4. Namaku Namae Thittam

Overview:

The Namaku Namae Thittam is a rural development initiative by the Government of Tamil
Nadu designed to empower local communities and enhance participatory governance. The
scheme focuses on ensuring that the needs and aspirations of rural populations are addressed
through local planning and implementation.

Objectives:

 Community Empowerment: To empower local communities by involving them in the

decision-making processes related to development projects.
 Participatory Governance: To promote transparency and accountability in the
functioning of local governance bodies.
 Holistic Development: To implement integrated development projects tailored to the
specific needs of each community.

Vision:

 To create a model of participatory governance where local communities actively

contribute to their own development, ensuring that policies and programs are
responsive to their needs.

Mission:

 To facilitate community-driven development initiatives that promote economic growth,

social welfare, and environmental sustainability.

Key Components:

1. Community Involvement:
o Encouraging local residents to participate in planning and decision-making for
development projects.
o Organizing workshops and training programs to build capacity and awareness
among community members.
2. Local Development Plans:
o Formation of local development plans based on the needs identified by the
community.
o Integration of various sectors such as health, education, and infrastructure in
planning.
3. Financial Support:
o Providing financial assistance for community-led projects and initiatives.
o Encouraging local self-governments to leverage funds for development
activities.

24
 4. Monitoring and Evaluation:
o Establishing mechanisms for regular monitoring and evaluation of projects to
ensure accountability.
o Gathering feedback from the community to improve the implementation
process.

Targets:

 Increased Participation: Aim to involve a significant percentage of the local

population in development planning.
 Project Implementation: Complete a specified number of community-led projects
each year.

Achievements (as of 2024):

 Community Engagement: Increased participation of local residents in governance and

planning processes.
 Successful Projects: Implementation of various community-led projects, including
infrastructure, health, and education initiatives.
 Capacity Building: Conducted numerous training programs, enhancing the skills and
knowledge of local leaders and residents.

Unachieved Goals:

 Widespread Participation: Not all sections of the community are actively involved,
particularly marginalized groups.
 Sustainability: Some projects face challenges in long-term sustainability and
maintenance.

Reasons for Unachievements:

 Awareness Gaps: Lack of awareness among certain community members about their
rights and the benefits of participation.
 Bureaucratic Hurdles: Administrative delays and red tape can hinder project
implementation.
 Resource Limitations: Insufficient financial resources can limit the scale of
community projects.

25
Solutions:

 Awareness Campaigns: Conduct targeted outreach to inform all community members

about the scheme and encourage participation.
 Streamlined Processes: Simplify bureaucratic processes to facilitate quicker project
approvals and funding disbursement.
 Increased Funding: Advocate for more resources from the government and explore
partnerships with NGOs and the private sector.

Current Status (2024):

 Participation Rate: Approximately 60% of targeted communities are actively

participating in local governance and development initiatives.
 Project Completion: A significant number of community-led projects have been
successfully implemented, with ongoing efforts to enhance engagement and
sustainability.

This detailed overview of the Namaku Namae Thittam highlights its objectives, achievements,
challenges, and future directions, emphasizing its role in promoting participatory governance
and community empowerment in Tamil Nadu.

26
 5. Kalaingar Kanavu Illam Scheme

Overview:

The Kalaingar Kanavu Illam Scheme is a flagship housing initiative by the Government of
Tamil Nadu aimed at providing affordable housing to economically weaker sections,
particularly for those living in substandard conditions. Launched to fulfill the dream of home
ownership, this scheme aligns with the broader goal of ensuring shelter for all.

Objectives:

 Affordable Housing: To provide quality housing at affordable rates for low-income

families.
 Improvement of Living Conditions: To replace inadequate and dilapidated housing
with safe and sustainable homes.
 Social Equity: To promote social justice by ensuring that marginalized and
disadvantaged groups have access to housing.

Vision:

 To create a society where every individual, regardless of their economic status, has
access to a safe and secure home.

Mission:

 To implement the construction of housing units that meet the needs of economically
weaker sections and enhance their living standards.

Key Components:

1. Housing Construction:
o Provision of new houses built using quality materials and sustainable practices.
o Focus on the construction of homes that cater to the needs of families, including
basic amenities.
2. Financial Assistance:
o Providing financial support to eligible families through subsidies or low-interest
loans to make home ownership feasible.
o Collaborating with banks and financial institutions to facilitate housing loans.
3. Infrastructure Development:
o Ensuring that housing projects include essential infrastructure such as roads,
water supply, sanitation, and electricity.
o Development of community amenities such as schools and health centers in
housing colonies.

27
 4. Community Engagement:
o Encouraging community participation in the planning and implementation of
housing projects.
o Providing training and support for residents to maintain their homes and
community spaces.

Targets:

 Housing Units: Aim to construct a specified number of housing units each year,
focusing on low-income families.
 Full Coverage: Strive to achieve 100% housing coverage for eligible families within
targeted communities.

Achievements (as of 2024):

 Housing Units: Thousands of housing units have been constructed and allotted to
economically weaker sections.
 Infrastructure: Many housing projects are equipped with essential amenities and
infrastructure improvements.
 Empowerment: Enhanced living standards for numerous families, contributing to
improved health and education outcomes.

Unachieved Goals:

 Complete Coverage: Not all eligible families have received housing assistance,
particularly in remote or underserved areas.
 Sustainability of Projects: Some housing projects face challenges in long-term
maintenance and community support.

Reasons for Unachievements:

 Financial Constraints: Limited budget allocations impacting the scale and speed of
housing projects.
 Administrative Delays: Bureaucratic processes can slow down project approvals and
implementation.
 Awareness Gaps: Insufficient awareness among potential beneficiaries about the
scheme and application processes.

Solutions:

 Increased Funding: Advocate for enhanced budgetary allocations and explore

partnerships with NGOs and the private sector.
 Streamlined Processes: Simplify approval processes to expedite housing project
implementations.

28
  Awareness Campaigns: Conduct outreach programs to inform eligible families about
the scheme and facilitate their participation.

Current Status (2024):

 Completion Rate: A significant number of housing units have been completed, with
ongoing efforts to address remaining gaps in coverage.
 Focus Areas: Continued emphasis on sustainability, ensuring that newly constructed
homes remain well-maintained and supported by community initiatives.

This detailed overview of the Kalaingar Kanavu Illam Scheme highlights its objectives,
achievements, challenges, and future directions, emphasizing its role in providing affordable
housing and improving living conditions for economically weaker sections in Tamil Nadu.

29
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the various schemes implemented by the Government of India and the
Government of Tamil Nadu through Panchayat Unions reflect a concerted effort to empower
rural communities and promote sustainable development. These initiatives, ranging from
employment generation and infrastructure development to sanitation and housing, play a
crucial role in improving the quality of life for millions of people in rural areas. The effective
functioning of Panchayat Unions as local governance bodies ensures that these schemes are
tailored to meet the specific needs of communities, fostering greater participation and
accountability. As both governments continue to refine and expand these programs, it is
essential to address the challenges of implementation and resource allocation to maximize their
impact. Ultimately, the integration of these schemes into the local governance framework
underscores the importance of decentralized decision-making in achieving holistic rural
development.

30