Chap 10 : WAVE OPTICS

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 Nature of Light
Various theories about nature of light

1. Corpuscular theory of light (1675,

Newton, Tiny particles)

2. Wave theory of light (1678, Huygens)

3. Electromagnetic nature of light waves

(1873, Maxwell)

4. Planck’s quantum theory of light (Max

Plank, Light travels in small packets
called photons & in 1905 Albert Einstein
used this theory to explain Photo
electric effect)

This shows Dual Nature of Light

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 Wave fronts

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 Different Types of Wave fronts

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 Ray of Light

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 Huygen’s Principle of Secondary wavelets
Huygens’ principle is the basis of wave theory of light.

It tells how a wavefront propagates through a medium.

According to Huygens’ Principle

1. Each point on a wavefront acts as a fresh source
of new disturbance, called secondary waves or
wavelets.

2. The secondary wavelets spread out in all

directions with the speed of light in the given
medium.

3. The new wavefront at any later time is given by

the forward envelope (tangential surface in the
forward direction) of the secondary wavelets at
that time.

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 How to Construct new Secondary Wavelet by Huygen’s Principle
1. According to Huygens' principle, each
point on AB becomes a source of
secondary disturbance, which travels
with the same speed c. To find the
new wavefront after time t, we draw
spheres of radii Ct, from each point
on AB.

2. The forward envelope or the

tangential surface CD of the
secondary wavelets gives the new
wavefront after time t.

3. The lines aa', bb’, cc’, etc., are

perpendicular to both AB and CD.
Along these lines, the energy flows
from AB to CD. So these lines
represent the rays. Rays are always
normal to wavefronts.

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 Reflection on the Basis of Wave Theory

Consider a plane wavefront AB incident

on the plane reflecting surface XY, both the
wavefront and the reflecting surface being
perpendicular to the plane of paper.

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 Reflection on the Basis of Wave Theory

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 Reflection on the Basis of Wave Theory

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 Refraction on the Basis of Wave Theory

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 Refraction on the Basis of Wave Theory (Rarer to Denser )

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 Refraction on the Basis of Wave Theory (Rarer to Denser )

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 Effect on wavelength, Frequency & Speed during Refraction

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 Behavior of a Prism, Lens & Mirror
When a plane wave front is incident on it

Prism Convex Lens Concave Mirror

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 Q. Monochromatic light of wavelength 600 nm is incident from air
on a glass surface. What are the wavelength, frequency and speed
of refracted light ? Refractive index of glass 1.5. [NCERT]

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 Principle of Superposition of Waves
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒚𝒏

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 Interference of Light
❖ When two light waves of the same frequency and
having zero or constant phase difference travelling in
the same direction superpose each other, the intensity
in the region of superposition gets redistributed,
becoming maximum at some points and minimum at
others. This phenomenon is called interference of light.

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 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
❖ In 1801, Thomas Young was the first person
to demonstrate experimentally the
interference of light.

❖ Source ( Monochromatic Light) – Sodium

Vapour Lamp

❖ Slit width (S) - 1 mm wide

❖ S1 & S2 from S – 10 cm

❖ Separation b/w S1 & S2 – 2 mm

❖ Width of S1 & S2 – 0.3 mm

❖ Observation Screen – 2 m from two slits

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 Intensity at any point in interference pattern

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 Derivation: Intensity at any point in interference pattern

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 Derivation: Intensity at any point in interference pattern

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 Some More Formula for Intensity

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 Condition for Constructive Interference (Maxima)

Phase difference even multiple of 𝜋

Path difference even multiple of 𝜆/2

Path difference integral multiple of 𝜆

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 Derivation : Condition for Constructive Interference (Maxima)

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 Conditions for Destructive Interference (Minima)

Phase difference odd multiple of 𝝅

Path difference odd multiple of 𝝀/𝟐

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31
 Q. Find the intensity at a point on a screen in Young’s
double slit experiment where the interfering waves of
equal intensity have a path difference of
𝜆 𝜆
(i) and (ii)
4 3

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 Coherent & Incoherent Sources
Coherent Sources: Two sources of light
which continuously emit light waves of
same frequency (or wavelength) with a
zero or constant phase difference
between them, are called coherent
sources.

Incoherent Source: Two sources of light

which do not emit light waves with a
constant phase difference are called
incoherent sources.

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 Need of Coherent Sources
Need of coherent sources for the
production of interference pattern

𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝚽

The term 2 𝐼1 𝐼2 cos Φ is called

interference term.

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 Two independent sources cannot be coherent
Two independent sources cannot be coherent
This is because of the following reasons:

1. Light is emitted by individual atoms and not

by the bulk of matter acting as a whole.

2. Even a tiniest source consists of millions of

atoms, and emission of light by them takes
place independently.

3. Even an atom emits an unbroken wave of

about 10−8 second due to its transition from
a higher energy state to a lower energy
state.

The millions of atoms of a source cannot emit

waves in the same phase.

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 Two coherent sources can be obtained from a Single Parent Source

1. In Young's double slit experiment, the two sources S1

and S2 get light from the same source S. Whatever
phase changes occur in S1, the same phase changes
occur in S2. The relative phase difference between and
S1 & S2 remains constant with time. So they act as
coherent sources.

2. In Fresnel's biprism method, two coherent sources

are obtained from the same parent source, by
refraction.

3. In Lloyd's mirror method, a source and its reflected

image act as two coherent sources.

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 Theory of Interference Fringes

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 Theory of Interference Fringes

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 Fringe Width / Angular width

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 Q. In Young's double slit experiment, the slits are
separated by 0.5 mm and screen is placed 1.0 m
away from the slit. It is found that the 5th bright
fringe is at a distance of 4.13 mm from the 2nd
dark fringe. Find the wavelength of light used.

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 Q. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 5200 Å and 6500 Å is used to
obtain slit experiment 1Å = 10−10 𝑚 . The distance between the slits is 2.0 mm
and the distance between the plane of the slits and the screen is 120 cm.

(i) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central
maximum for the wavelength 6500 Å.
(ii) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright
fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide?

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 Sustained interference pattern
❖ The interference pattern, in which the positions of maxima and
minima of intensity on the observation screen do not change with
time, is called a sustained or permanent interference pattern.

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 Conditions for sustained interference
1. The two sources of light should be coherent.

2. For a better contrast between maxima and minima of intensity,

the amplitudes of the interfering waves should be equal.

3. The two sources should be narrow, otherwise interference will

occur between waves of different parts of the same source and
contrast will be poor.

4. The interfering waves must travel nearly along the same

direction.

5. The sources should be monochromatic.

6. To have sufficient fringe width d must be small & D must be

large.

7. The interfering waves should be in the same state of

polarisation.
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 Intensity Distribution Curve for Interference

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 Comparison of Intensities at Maxima & Minima

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 Interference Pattern with White Light

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 Q. In a Young’s double slit experimental set-up,
the intensity of the light waves from two
coherent sources are in the ratio of 9 : 1. Find
the ratio of intensity of bright and dark fringes
in the interference pattern.

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 Diffraction of Light

❖ The phenomenon of bending of light

around the corners of small
obstacles or apertures and its
consequent spreading into the
regions of geometrical shadow is
called diffraction of light.

❖ Example: Colours that we

see when a CD is viewed is
due to diffraction effects.

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 Experiment

Diffraction through Razor Blades & laser Light

Hold two blades so that their edges are parallel and

form a narrow slit in between. Look through the slit on the
straight filament of a clear glass bulb. With slight
adjustment of the slit, a diffraction pattern of alternate
bright and dark bands is seen.

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 Size of aperture or obstacle for observing diffraction

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 Diffraction at a Single Slit

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 Derivation: Diffraction at a Single Slit

Let M be the midpoint of the slit LN.

A straight line MO perpendicular to
LN meets the screen at O. We wish to
find intensity at any point P on the
screen. The rays LP, MP and NP can
be treated as parallel, making angle
𝜃 with MO.

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 Derivation: Position of Central Maxima in Diffraction
At the central point O, the
secondary wavelets from the
corresponding points of two halves
LM and MN of the slit have zero
path difference i.e., they are in same
phase.

They add up constructively to

produce a central bright fringe.

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 Derivation: Position of minima in Diffraction

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 Derivation: Position of secondary maxima in Diffraction

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 Angular/Linear widths

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 Intensity Distribution

❖ The intensities of secondary maxima

relating to the intensity of central
maximum are in ratio,
1 1 1
1: : : :…
21 61 121

❖ Thus the intensity of the first secondary

maximum is just 4% of that of the central
maximum.

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 Q. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is
incident normally on a slit of width ‘a’. If the distance
between the slit and the screen is 0.8 m and the
distance of 2nd order maximum from the centre of the
screen is 1.5 mm, calculate the width of the slit.

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 Interference VS. Diffraction
S.no. Interference Diffraction
1. It is the result of superposition of It is the result of superposition of
secondary waves starting from two secondary waves starting from different
different wavefront originating from two parts of the same wavefront.
coherent sources.
The width of central bright fringe is
2. All bright and dark fringes are of equal twice the width of any secondary
width. maximum.

3. Intensity of bright fringes decreases as

All bright fringes are of same intensity. we move away from central bright fringe
on either side.

4. Regions of dark fringes are perfectly Regions of dark fringes are not perfectly
dark. dark.

5. At an angle of 𝜆/𝑑, we get a bright At an angle of 𝜆/𝑎, we get the first dark
fringe in the interference pattern of two fringe in the diffraction pattern of a
narrow slits separated by a distance d. single slit of width a.
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 Total 771 (Q. Videos)
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2. NCERT All Exercise Video solutions
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Yeh Kafi hain 4. Last 10 Years PYQ's Video Solutions (selected)
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