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Universiti Teknologi Petronas

PEB3053 Reservoir Modeling & Simulation May 2011 Prof. Dr. Noaman El-Khatib

Geosciences and Petroleum Engineering Department ( GPED

Petroleum Engineering Programme Objectives


To

produce technically qualified, well-rounded petroleum engineers with the potential to become leaders of industry and the nation.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES Petroleum Engineering

A t the end of the programme, the graduates should be able to:


Apply the knowledge of mathematics and sciences in petroleum engineering domains. Formulate and solve petroleum engineering related problems using relevant tools and techniques. Design sustainable processes and systems for petroleum engineering applications. Communicate effectively in written and oral forms.

Work in multidisciplinary teams. n Act and network with people in related industries, ethically and professionally. Engage in lifelong learning and professional development. Demonstrate business acumen in petroleum and other related businesses. Perform effectively as an individual and in a team with the capacity to be a leader or manager.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Be able to describe what is meant by a simulation model, saying what analytical models and numerical models are. Be familiar with what specifically a reservoir simulation model is. Be able to describe the simplifications and issues that arise in going from the description of a real reservoir to a reservoir simulation model. Be able to describe why and in what circumstances simple or complex reservoir models are required to model reservoir processes. Be able to list what input data is required and where this may be found. Be able to describe several examples of typical outputs of reservoir simulations and say how these are of use in reservoir development. Be able to describe and discuss the main changes in reservoir simulation over the last 40 years from the 60's to the present - and say why these have occurred. Be able to compare the differences between what reservoir simulations can do at the appraisal and in the mature stages of reservoir development. Know all the types of reservoir simulation models and what type of problem or reservoir process each is used to model. Be able to work out the equations for the mass of a phase or component in a grid block for a black oil or compositional model.

Course Objectives
Understand The Basic Principles and Basic Equations Involved in Reservoir Simulation. Understand The Data Required For Conducting A Study. Understand The Different Types Of Models Understand and practice History Matching Understand the errors present in numerical simulators Understand scale-up andPseudo-functions

Simulation Objectives

Reservoir Simulation
Definition SIMULATION: To Give the Appearance Of...''

Scope Reservoir engineering attempts to describe what occurs in the wide open spaces of the reservoir between sparse points of observations - the wells.
L. Dake

Petroleum Reservoir System


As used here, the words petroleum reservoir system include the reservoir rock and fluids, aquifer, and the surface and subsurface facilities.

Overview

Reservoir + Modeling + Simulation

Reservoir
To form a commercial reservoir of hydrocarbons, a geological formation must possess three essential characteristics: Sufficient void space to contain hydrocarbons (porosity). Adequate connectivity of these pore spaces to allow transportation over large distances (permeability). A capacity to trap sufficient quantities of hydrocarbon to prevent upward migration from the source beds.

Reservoir

Rock Body Porous & Permeable Contains Oil (and/or) Gas + Water

Rock
Grains + Pores

Porosity (Continued)
A rock can be made up of small grains or large grains n but have the same porosity Porosity depends on grain packing, not the grain size n

Porosity - Definition

Pores
Porosity

Pore volume
Porosity = ----------------------

Bulk Volume Porosity : a measure of the storage capacity of the reservoir rock

Pore-Space Classification

Total porosity, t = Effective porosity e =

Total Pore Space Bulk Volume

Interconne cted Pore Space BulkVolume

Permeability
Permeability : the ability of the rock to transmit fluids through its pores Darcys Law

Pores

Fluids
Oil + Gas + Water Pore Volume = Oil Volume +Gas Volume +Water Volume Fluid Volume ---------------------Pore Volume

Fluid Saturation = So + Sw + Sg = 1

Pores

Hydrocarbons
Oil and Gas are Multi-Component Systems n
Composed mainly of Hydrocarbons n

Paraffines n
Methane Propane

CH4

C3H8

Aromatics

Phase Diagram

Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir Temperature

Simulation Model Structure


Define problem dimension and fluid phases Define grid and rock properties: Volume discretization Define fluids properties and rock-fluids relationships Specify initial conditions in the reservoir Specify data to be outputted at each time step Specify operations schedule: prod, inj, workover
controls, targets, constraints Time stepping (time discretization)

fundamental equations of reservoir engineering

Rock Properties (Por, Perm) with varying boundary conditions

Basic Steps of a Simulation Study


Setting objectives Selecting the model and approach Gathering, collecting and preparing the input data Planning the computer runs, in terms of history matching and/or performance prediction Analyzing, interpreting and reporting the results

Uses of Reservoir Simulators

Darcys Law

Flow Potential

Flow Potential

Continuity Equation

[Mass

in] - [Mass out] = [Net change in mass content]

Continuity Equation

Production System

Total Production System

Purpose of Reservoir Simulation & Reservoir Management

Reservoir Simulation

Simulators

Modeling Procedure

Benefits of Simulation
Golden Rule
You can only produce once You can simulate many times Relative merits of different recovery mechanisms Maximizing HC recovery Type of water flooding Well location and spacing Production versus hydrocarbon recovery Gas deliverability Best completion schemes for wells Section of the reservoir from which oil is produced

Benefits of Reservoir Simulation


1-Examine the performance of a given reservoir under depletion, water injection or gas cycling. 2-Judge the most effective type of water flooding: Relative merits of flank water injection pattern water flooding. 3-Estimate the effect of well location and spacing and number of wells.

Benefits of Simulation
4-Estimate the effect of production rate on the hydrocarbon recovery and economics. 5-Maximize the hydrocarbon recovery. 6-Find optimal methods of field development and production schemes. 7-Assess possible enhanced oil recovery (EOR) schemes and their implementation.

Benefits of Simulation
Assess laboratory and field data requirements and their effect on the performance predictions. Investigate the reason why the reservoir behavior deviates from the earlier predictions. Establish the best completion schemes for wells. Identify the section of reservoir from which the hydrocarbon is produced.

Typical Simulation Problems


How Many Wells What Rate Infill Drilling Perforation Work-over Pressure Maintaince Water or Gas Injection Pattern Flood Peripheral Flood

Objectives of Simulation Study


1.

To gather all information available 2. To augment/replace basic methods 3. To history match past performance 4. To predict future performance 5. To determine what is important 6. To examine effects of variation in data 7. To compare scenarios 8. To investigate problem areas 9. To understand the reservoir requirements for simulation

Data Needed
1. Permeability 2. Porosity 3. Thickness 4. Elevation 5. Initial Saturation for Each Phase 6. Initial Pressure 7. Fluid Properties (oil, water, gas) B, , Rs, Rv 8. Rock Properties Kr vs. S, Pcow , Pcgo , Cf 9. Grid Dimensions

Additional Data
1. Well Producing Interval and Productivity 2. Pressure Loss in Tubing and Flow Lines 3. Aquifer Description 4. Historical Oil, Water, and Gas Production 5. Observed Pressure versus Time

fundamental equations of reservoir engineering

Rock Properties (Por, Perm)

Darcys Law

KA P Q= L

Darcy's law

flow rate, rock permeability, darcies cross-sectional area to flow, cm2 flowing pressure difference, atm fluid viscosity, cp flow length, cm

cm3/sec

where, = q = k = A = ?p = = L

DARCYs (EXPERIMENTAL) LAW

Darcys Law Single Phase Flow


1-D Horizontal Flow

3-D - 1 Phase Flow with Gravity

where gc is a conversion constant, note z is n positive down

DARCY'S LAW FOR INCLINED FLOW

dP/ds = pressure gradient along s, atm/cm ? = fluid density, gm/cm3 g = acceleration of gravity, 981 cm/s2 1 atm = 1.0133x106 dynes/cm2

q = volumetric flow rate, cm3/s k = absolute permeability of the porous medium, darcy A = total area of the medium normal to the flow direction, cm2 = fluid viscosity, centipoise P = absolute pressure, atm s = distance in the direction of flow and is always positive, cm

Darcy units n

Field Units n

Dimensions of K

Darcy Unit

Permeability Tensor

Darcys Law

Permeability Tensor

Special Cases
Along Principle Axes n

Review of Mathematics

Review of Mathematics
Example n

the gradient of pres sure in the z (or k) direction is 5 the gradient of pres sure in the y (or j) direction is 3 the gradient of pres sure in the x (or i ) direction is 1

Gradient

Divergence

Review of Mathematics
If u is a vector, then u (divergence n of u) is a scalar n

Review of Mathematics

Review of Mathematics
Special case: If P and f are scalars, then the n divergence of f times the gradient of P is a scalar

fp = f

p p p i+ f j+ f j x y z

Review of Mathematics
For the special case where f = 1, we n get the Laplacian of P

Laplacian

Darcys Law

Permeability Tensor

Darcys Law

Darcys Law

Darcys Law-General

Special Cases Isotropic


Kxx = Kyy = Kzz = K

Anisotropy&Heterogeneity

Axes Rotation

K xx = Kmax cos2 + Kmin sin 2

K yy = K max sin 2 + Kmin cos 2


K xy = ( K min Kmac ) sin cos

Principal Axes

Rotation of Axes

Anisotropic

Conservation Laws
Conservation of: n Mass : Material (Mass) Balance Continuity Equation Momentum : Momentum Balance Equation of Motion (Darcy Law) Energy : Energy Balance Energy ( Heat ) Equations

Conservation Laws
Conservation of : Mass ---> Continuity Equation Momentum -- Equation of Motion Energy -- Energy (Heat) Equation Change = IN - OUT

Continuity Equation
Change = IN - OUT (+Generation) n
Mass balance is applied to :

Mass Moles Volume At the same reference state


(Standard Conditions)

The Continuity Equation

The Continuity Equation

(Av)1

(Av)2

& m = (A v )1 (Av )2

Continuity Equation

[Mass

in] - [Mass out] = [Net change in mass content]

Mass Balance
V t ( ) = + + A A A
z y x

[ [ (

v
z

) )

)
z

v
z

) )

)
z

] ] + Q

Bulk Volume of Element= x y z Pore Volume of Element = x y z y z

Volume of Fluid = Pore Volume = x Mass of Fluid = x y z

Change of mass ={ ( )t +t - ( )t}

x y z

Mass Balance
Net mass Flow in x-direction = (A x v x)x -(Ax v x)x+ x in y-direction = (A y v y)y -(Ay vy)y+?y in z-direction = (A z vz)z -(Az vz)z+?z

( ) = Ax [(vx ) x (vx )x +x ] t + Ay [(v y ) y (vy ) y +y ] + Az [(vz ) z (vz ) z+z ] + Q

Mass Balance
Change = IN - OUT n { ( )t +t - ( )t} y x z = {(A x v x )x -(A x v x )x+? x + (A y v y )y -(A y vy )y+?y + (A z vz )z -(A z vz )z+?z } t
Dividing by

t x y z y z Az = xy Ay = x z

Ax =

{ ( )t +t - ( )t} ( v x)x - ( v x)x+x ----------------------- = -------------------t x


y )y+y

( v y)y - ( v + -------------------y ( v z)z - ( vz)z+z +


--------------------------------------

Taking Limit as t 0 x 0 z 0 We get

y 0

( ) = ( vx + vy + vz ) t x y z

Conservation of mass
The mass balance for the control element is then written as:

Dividing by x , and taking the limit as x goes to zero, we get the conservation of mass, or continuity equation:

For 3-dimensional Cartesian system (x,y,z)

( ) = ( vx + vy + vz ) t x y z

( ) = ( u ) t

Combining Darcys Law with Material Balance


We substitute for u x for the 3-D with n Gravity

Continuity Equation

Combining Darcys Law with Material Balance


We substitute for u x for the 3-D with Gravity

Steady-State Flow
Steady-State

(u) = (
Linear

K ) = 0 ) = 0 x

K ( x

Horizontal

d K dP ( )= 0 dx dx

Incompressible Flow
For Incompressible Flow

= Constant
Homogeneous K=Constant Isothermal

d K ( dx

dP ) = 0 dx
= Constant

d dP d 2 P ( )= 2 =0 dx dx dx

Pressure Distribution
d 2P =0 dx 2 Solution

P(x) = c1x + c2
To determine c1 , c2 We Use the Boundary Conditions At x=0 P = P 1 At x=L P= P 2 C2 = P 1 .1

c1 =

P2 P 1 L

Flow Equation
P ( x ) = P1
u = K

P x L
dP dx
dP P = dx L

This is a linear Relation

u =

K P L

Q = uA
KA P L

Q =

Conditions for Validity


Steady State Linear Horizontal Incompressible Homogeneous Isothermal

Q=

KAP L

Compressible Flow
Linear flow - Ideal Gas Other Conditions same as Liquid Steady State Linear Horizontal Homogeneous Isothermal , (p)

Ideal Gas
d dP ( ) = 0 dx dx
For ideal gas

d dP (P ) = 0 dx dx
d 1 dP 2 1 d2 2 ( )= 2 (P ) = 0 dx 2 dx 2 dx

Pressure Distribution
Iinear in P 2

(P2 P22 ) P ( x) = P 1 x 1 L Flow Equation


2 2

dP ( P2 P22 ) = 1 dx 2 PL
u= K dP K ( P 2 P22 ) 1 = dx 2 PL

Ideal Gas Flow


KA dP KA ( P2 P22 ) 1 Q = Au = = dx 2PL

KA ( P2 P22 ) 1 QP = = Constan t 2L

QP = Q 1P1 =Q2P2 = QmPm

Flow Rate at Mean Pressure


Qm Pm = KA ( P P2 )(P1 + P2 ) 1 2L

Pm =

(P + P2 ) 1 2

Qm =

KAP L

Polar Coordinates (r,,z)

Radial Flow Control Volume :


Control Volume is n bounded by; Rad. Flow Geometry n

Radii r and n r+r Angle n Thickness h, n Porosity n

The radial equation is

Polar-cylindrical

Radial Flow

Radial Flow

Polar-cylindrical

Radial Flow
Same Conditions but Radial At r= rw P = Pw at r = rr P = P e

1 d r dr

(r

dp dr

) = 0

dp dr

= c1

dp =

c1 ln rw + c2 = Pw

c1 dr r

p(r) = c1 lnr + c2

c1 ln re + c2 = Pe

In Matrix form n

ln rw ln re

Using Cramers Rule n

1 c1 Pw = 1 c 2 Pe

pw 1 p 1 c1 = e ln rw 1 ln re 1

ln rw p w ln r p e e c2 = ln r w 1 ln r 1 e

Pressure Distribution
Logarithmic Distribution
P ( r ) = P
w

ln(

p w ln( re ) rw

r ) rw

Flow Equation
u = K dP dr

dP ( r ) pe pw 1 = r dr ln( e ) r rw

u (r ) =

K ( pe pw) 1 r r ln( e ) rw

Q=Au =2 rhu

Q =

2 Kh ( p e p w ) r ln( e ) rw

Field Units
Q= 7.08Kh( pe pw ) r ln( e ) rw

Radial Flow

Radial model for cylindrical reservoir , constant thickness, h

Same Conditions but Radial n At r= rw P = Pw at r = rr P = P e n

1 d r dr

(r

dp dr

) = 0

dp dr

= c1

dp =

p(r) = c1 lnr + c2

c1 dr r

c1 ln re + c2 = Pe

c1 ln rw + c2 = Pw

In Matrix form n

ln rw ln re

Using Cramers Rule n

1 c1 Pw = 1 c 2 Pe

pw 1 p e 1 c1 = ln rw 1 ln re 1

ln rw p w ln r p e e c2 = ln r w 1 ln r 1 e

Pressure Distribution
Logarithmic Distribution Flow Equation n
u = K dP dr

P ( r ) = Pw +

pe pw r ln( ) re rw ln( ) rw dP ( r ) pe pw 1 = r dr ln( e ) r rw

Average Area-Radial Flow


Q= 2Kh( pe pw ) r ln( e ) rw

Q=

2h(re rw ) K( pe pw ) r (re rw ) ln( e ) rw

Q=

( Ae Aw ) K ( pe pw ) KAlm P = Ae r ln( ) ( re rw ) Aw

Radial Flow

Radial Flow- Darcy Units


u (r ) = K ( pe pw ) 1 r r ln( e ) rw

Q=Au =2 rhu

Q =

2 Kh ( p e p w ) r ln( e ) rw

Radial Flow- Darcy Units

Field Units
Q = 7 . 08 Kh ( p ln(
e

re ) rw

Radial Flow - Ideal Gas


Pressure Distribution n P 2 (r ) = P 2 w + p 2e p 2 w r ln( ) re rw ln( ) rw Flow Equation n

2 2 Kh ( p e2 p w ) Q = r 2 P ln( e ) rw

Average Permeability
Beds in Series Beds in Parallel n

Linear Flow- Series

Average Permeability

Continuous Change
For large number of Beds n
L dx Ltot X i = = 0 K ( x) Kav i=1 Ki From Continuity Equation

d K dP ( ) = 0 dx dx K dP Q = C = u = dx A

Average Permeability
A Q
Q=

p2

p1

dp =

dx A Ptot = K ( x )Q

dx K (x)

L A Ptot dx / 0 K (x)

Q =

K av A Ptot L

L = K av

dx K ( x)

Average Permeability
Example n K=a+bX
Linear Permeability Distribution

a= K0

b= (KL K0)/L n

L dx L dx L 1 a + bL = = = ln[ ] Kav 0 K(x) 0 a + bx b a

K av =

bL K K0 K L K0 = L = a + bL K ln K L ln K 0 ln[ ] ln[ L ] a K0

Average Permeability
Kav = bL K K K K = L 0= L 0 a +bL K lnKL lnK0 ln[ ] ln[ L ] a K0

Log-mean Average n

Kav =

K L K0 = Klm ln K L ln K0

K av = K lm

Averaging

Average Permeability
If permeability is not a constant function of space (heterogeneity), we can calculate the average permeability Common, simple flow cases are considered here
Linear, Parallel (cores, horizontal permeability) Linear, Serial (cores, vertical permeability) Radial, Parallel (reservoirs, horizontal layers) Radial, Serial (reservoir, damage or stimulation)

Average permeability should represent the correct flow capacity For a specified flow rate, average permeability results in same pressure drop (and vice versa)

Linear Flow, Pressure Profile


Pressure profile is a linear n function for homogeneous properties slope depends on flow rate
n
p1

p
A q 1 L 2

p(x)

p2

0 0 x L

Average Permeability
Example K = a + b X Linear Permeability Distribution
a= K0 b= (KL K0)/L

L dx L dx L 1 a + bL = = = ln[ ] 0 K ( x) 0 a + bx Kav b a

K av =

bL K K0 KL K0 = L = a + bL K ln[ ] ln[ L ] ln K L ln K 0 a K0

Average Permeability
Kav = bL K K K K = L 0= L 0 a+bL K lnKL lnK0 ln[ ] ln[ L ] a K0

Log-mean Average

Kav =

KL K0 = Klm ln KL ln K0

K av = K lm

Averaging

Linear, Parallel Flow


Permeability varies across several horizontal layers (k1 ,k2 ,k3 )
Discrete changes in permeability
i
n n

h = h1 + h 2 + h 3 =

Same pressure drop for each layer

p1 - p 2 = ? p = ? p 1 = ? p 2 = ? p 3
Total flow rate is summation of flow rate for all layers

q = q1 + q 2 + q 3 =

i
n

Average permeability results in correct total flow rate

q=

kwh ?p ; A = w h L

Linear, Parallel Flow


Substituting,

q=

kwh k w h1 k w h2 k w h3 ?p = 1 ?p + 2 ?p + 3 ?p L L L L

Rearranging,

k=

hi

Average permeability reflects flow capacity of all layers

Linear, Serial Flow


Permeability varies across several vertical layers (k1 ,k2 ,k3 )
Discrete changes in permeability
i
n n

L = L1 + L2 + L 3 =

Same flow rate passes through each layer

q = q1 = q 2 = q 3
Total pressure drop is summation of pressure drop across layers

p1 p 2 = ? p 1 + ? p 2 + ? p 3 =

?p

i
n

Average permeability results in correct total pressure drop

p1 - p 2 =

qL ; A = wh kwh

Radial Flow, Pressure Profile


Pressure profile is a linear n function of ln(r) for homogeneous properties slope depends on flow rate
n
pe p(r)

p
pw

q
0 rw r re

ln(r)

rw

re

Radial, Parallel Flow


Permeability varies across several (3) horizontal layers (k1 ,k2 ,k3 )
Discrete changes in permeability
i
n n

h = h1 + h 2 + h 3 =

Same pressure drop for each layer

pe - pw = ? p = ? p1 = ? p 2 = ? p 3
Total flow rate is summation of flow rate for all layers

q = q1 + q 2 + q 3 =

i
n

Average permeability results in correct total flow rate

q=

2p k h ?p ln(r e /r w )

Radial, Parallel Flow


Substituting,

q=

2p k h ?p ln(r e /rw ) 2 p k1 h1 2p k 2 h 2 2p k 3 h 3 = ?p + ?p + ?p ln(r e /rw ) ln(r e /r w ) ln(r e /rw )

Rearranging,

k=

hi

Average permeability reflects flow capacity of all layers

Radial, Serial Flow


Permeability varies across two vertical concentric cylindrical layers [k(r wrr2 ) = k1 , k(r2 rre = k2 ]

R1 of this figure is r2 of equations

re rw = ? r1 + ? r 2 =
q = q1 = q 2

?r

Discrete changes in permeability


i

Same flow rate passes through each layer

Total pressure drop is summation of pressure drop across layers

pe p w = ? p1 + ? p 2 =

?p

i
n

Average permeability results in correct total pressure drop

pe - pw =

q ln(r e /r w ) 2p k h

Radial, Serial Flow


Substituting (r w=r1 , r2 ,re=r3 ),

pe - pw =

q ln(r e /r w ) q ln(r 2 /r w ) q ln(r e /r 2 ) = + 2p k h 2p k 1 h 2p k 2 h


ln(r e /r w ) (ln(r i + 1 /r i ) ki All Layers

Rearranging,

k=

Radial Flow, Pressure Profile


Steady State Incompressible Horizontal (=p) Darcys Law:
q k dp = A ds q k dr = dp 2p rh rw dr 2p h q = r k(r) re 2p h ( Pe Pw ) q= rw dr r k(r) re 2p k h q= (p e p w ) ln(r e /r w ) vs =

pw

pe

dp

rw

re

q=

2p h (Pe Pw) dr r k(r) re


rw

q=

2p k h (pe pw ) ln(re/rw )

k=

ln(re/rw ) re dr rw r K (r)

Integration of Darcys Law


q k dp = A ds

vs =

Beginning with the differential form of Darcys Law This approach can be extended to other cases Any term that varies as a function of pressure can be included in the dp integral Any term that varies along flow path can be included in the ds integral

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