Part 1
Part 1
Part 1
PEB3053 Reservoir Modeling & Simulation May 2011 Prof. Dr. Noaman El-Khatib
produce technically qualified, well-rounded petroleum engineers with the potential to become leaders of industry and the nation.
Work in multidisciplinary teams. n Act and network with people in related industries, ethically and professionally. Engage in lifelong learning and professional development. Demonstrate business acumen in petroleum and other related businesses. Perform effectively as an individual and in a team with the capacity to be a leader or manager.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Be able to describe what is meant by a simulation model, saying what analytical models and numerical models are. Be familiar with what specifically a reservoir simulation model is. Be able to describe the simplifications and issues that arise in going from the description of a real reservoir to a reservoir simulation model. Be able to describe why and in what circumstances simple or complex reservoir models are required to model reservoir processes. Be able to list what input data is required and where this may be found. Be able to describe several examples of typical outputs of reservoir simulations and say how these are of use in reservoir development. Be able to describe and discuss the main changes in reservoir simulation over the last 40 years from the 60's to the present - and say why these have occurred. Be able to compare the differences between what reservoir simulations can do at the appraisal and in the mature stages of reservoir development. Know all the types of reservoir simulation models and what type of problem or reservoir process each is used to model. Be able to work out the equations for the mass of a phase or component in a grid block for a black oil or compositional model.
Course Objectives
Understand The Basic Principles and Basic Equations Involved in Reservoir Simulation. Understand The Data Required For Conducting A Study. Understand The Different Types Of Models Understand and practice History Matching Understand the errors present in numerical simulators Understand scale-up andPseudo-functions
Simulation Objectives
Reservoir Simulation
Definition SIMULATION: To Give the Appearance Of...''
Scope Reservoir engineering attempts to describe what occurs in the wide open spaces of the reservoir between sparse points of observations - the wells.
L. Dake
Overview
Reservoir
To form a commercial reservoir of hydrocarbons, a geological formation must possess three essential characteristics: Sufficient void space to contain hydrocarbons (porosity). Adequate connectivity of these pore spaces to allow transportation over large distances (permeability). A capacity to trap sufficient quantities of hydrocarbon to prevent upward migration from the source beds.
Reservoir
Rock Body Porous & Permeable Contains Oil (and/or) Gas + Water
Rock
Grains + Pores
Porosity (Continued)
A rock can be made up of small grains or large grains n but have the same porosity Porosity depends on grain packing, not the grain size n
Porosity - Definition
Pores
Porosity
Pore volume
Porosity = ----------------------
Bulk Volume Porosity : a measure of the storage capacity of the reservoir rock
Pore-Space Classification
Permeability
Permeability : the ability of the rock to transmit fluids through its pores Darcys Law
Pores
Fluids
Oil + Gas + Water Pore Volume = Oil Volume +Gas Volume +Water Volume Fluid Volume ---------------------Pore Volume
Fluid Saturation = So + Sw + Sg = 1
Pores
Hydrocarbons
Oil and Gas are Multi-Component Systems n
Composed mainly of Hydrocarbons n
Paraffines n
Methane Propane
CH4
C3H8
Aromatics
Phase Diagram
Reservoir Pressure
Reservoir Temperature
Darcys Law
Flow Potential
Flow Potential
Continuity Equation
[Mass
Continuity Equation
Production System
Reservoir Simulation
Simulators
Modeling Procedure
Benefits of Simulation
Golden Rule
You can only produce once You can simulate many times Relative merits of different recovery mechanisms Maximizing HC recovery Type of water flooding Well location and spacing Production versus hydrocarbon recovery Gas deliverability Best completion schemes for wells Section of the reservoir from which oil is produced
Benefits of Simulation
4-Estimate the effect of production rate on the hydrocarbon recovery and economics. 5-Maximize the hydrocarbon recovery. 6-Find optimal methods of field development and production schemes. 7-Assess possible enhanced oil recovery (EOR) schemes and their implementation.
Benefits of Simulation
Assess laboratory and field data requirements and their effect on the performance predictions. Investigate the reason why the reservoir behavior deviates from the earlier predictions. Establish the best completion schemes for wells. Identify the section of reservoir from which the hydrocarbon is produced.
To gather all information available 2. To augment/replace basic methods 3. To history match past performance 4. To predict future performance 5. To determine what is important 6. To examine effects of variation in data 7. To compare scenarios 8. To investigate problem areas 9. To understand the reservoir requirements for simulation
Data Needed
1. Permeability 2. Porosity 3. Thickness 4. Elevation 5. Initial Saturation for Each Phase 6. Initial Pressure 7. Fluid Properties (oil, water, gas) B, , Rs, Rv 8. Rock Properties Kr vs. S, Pcow , Pcgo , Cf 9. Grid Dimensions
Additional Data
1. Well Producing Interval and Productivity 2. Pressure Loss in Tubing and Flow Lines 3. Aquifer Description 4. Historical Oil, Water, and Gas Production 5. Observed Pressure versus Time
Darcys Law
KA P Q= L
Darcy's law
flow rate, rock permeability, darcies cross-sectional area to flow, cm2 flowing pressure difference, atm fluid viscosity, cp flow length, cm
cm3/sec
where, = q = k = A = ?p = = L
dP/ds = pressure gradient along s, atm/cm ? = fluid density, gm/cm3 g = acceleration of gravity, 981 cm/s2 1 atm = 1.0133x106 dynes/cm2
q = volumetric flow rate, cm3/s k = absolute permeability of the porous medium, darcy A = total area of the medium normal to the flow direction, cm2 = fluid viscosity, centipoise P = absolute pressure, atm s = distance in the direction of flow and is always positive, cm
Darcy units n
Field Units n
Dimensions of K
Darcy Unit
Permeability Tensor
Darcys Law
Permeability Tensor
Special Cases
Along Principle Axes n
Review of Mathematics
Review of Mathematics
Example n
the gradient of pres sure in the z (or k) direction is 5 the gradient of pres sure in the y (or j) direction is 3 the gradient of pres sure in the x (or i ) direction is 1
Gradient
Divergence
Review of Mathematics
If u is a vector, then u (divergence n of u) is a scalar n
Review of Mathematics
Review of Mathematics
Special case: If P and f are scalars, then the n divergence of f times the gradient of P is a scalar
fp = f
p p p i+ f j+ f j x y z
Review of Mathematics
For the special case where f = 1, we n get the Laplacian of P
Laplacian
Darcys Law
Permeability Tensor
Darcys Law
Darcys Law
Darcys Law-General
Anisotropy&Heterogeneity
Axes Rotation
Principal Axes
Rotation of Axes
Anisotropic
Conservation Laws
Conservation of: n Mass : Material (Mass) Balance Continuity Equation Momentum : Momentum Balance Equation of Motion (Darcy Law) Energy : Energy Balance Energy ( Heat ) Equations
Conservation Laws
Conservation of : Mass ---> Continuity Equation Momentum -- Equation of Motion Energy -- Energy (Heat) Equation Change = IN - OUT
Continuity Equation
Change = IN - OUT (+Generation) n
Mass balance is applied to :
(Av)1
(Av)2
& m = (A v )1 (Av )2
Continuity Equation
[Mass
Mass Balance
V t ( ) = + + A A A
z y x
[ [ (
v
z
) )
)
z
v
z
) )
)
z
] ] + Q
x y z
Mass Balance
Net mass Flow in x-direction = (A x v x)x -(Ax v x)x+ x in y-direction = (A y v y)y -(Ay vy)y+?y in z-direction = (A z vz)z -(Az vz)z+?z
Mass Balance
Change = IN - OUT n { ( )t +t - ( )t} y x z = {(A x v x )x -(A x v x )x+? x + (A y v y )y -(A y vy )y+?y + (A z vz )z -(A z vz )z+?z } t
Dividing by
t x y z y z Az = xy Ay = x z
Ax =
y 0
( ) = ( vx + vy + vz ) t x y z
Conservation of mass
The mass balance for the control element is then written as:
Dividing by x , and taking the limit as x goes to zero, we get the conservation of mass, or continuity equation:
( ) = ( vx + vy + vz ) t x y z
( ) = ( u ) t
Continuity Equation
Steady-State Flow
Steady-State
(u) = (
Linear
K ) = 0 ) = 0 x
K ( x
Horizontal
d K dP ( )= 0 dx dx
Incompressible Flow
For Incompressible Flow
= Constant
Homogeneous K=Constant Isothermal
d K ( dx
dP ) = 0 dx
= Constant
d dP d 2 P ( )= 2 =0 dx dx dx
Pressure Distribution
d 2P =0 dx 2 Solution
P(x) = c1x + c2
To determine c1 , c2 We Use the Boundary Conditions At x=0 P = P 1 At x=L P= P 2 C2 = P 1 .1
c1 =
P2 P 1 L
Flow Equation
P ( x ) = P1
u = K
P x L
dP dx
dP P = dx L
u =
K P L
Q = uA
KA P L
Q =
Q=
KAP L
Compressible Flow
Linear flow - Ideal Gas Other Conditions same as Liquid Steady State Linear Horizontal Homogeneous Isothermal , (p)
Ideal Gas
d dP ( ) = 0 dx dx
For ideal gas
d dP (P ) = 0 dx dx
d 1 dP 2 1 d2 2 ( )= 2 (P ) = 0 dx 2 dx 2 dx
Pressure Distribution
Iinear in P 2
dP ( P2 P22 ) = 1 dx 2 PL
u= K dP K ( P 2 P22 ) 1 = dx 2 PL
KA ( P2 P22 ) 1 QP = = Constan t 2L
Pm =
(P + P2 ) 1 2
Qm =
KAP L
Polar-cylindrical
Radial Flow
Radial Flow
Polar-cylindrical
Radial Flow
Same Conditions but Radial At r= rw P = Pw at r = rr P = P e
1 d r dr
(r
dp dr
) = 0
dp dr
= c1
dp =
c1 ln rw + c2 = Pw
c1 dr r
p(r) = c1 lnr + c2
c1 ln re + c2 = Pe
In Matrix form n
ln rw ln re
1 c1 Pw = 1 c 2 Pe
pw 1 p 1 c1 = e ln rw 1 ln re 1
ln rw p w ln r p e e c2 = ln r w 1 ln r 1 e
Pressure Distribution
Logarithmic Distribution
P ( r ) = P
w
ln(
p w ln( re ) rw
r ) rw
Flow Equation
u = K dP dr
dP ( r ) pe pw 1 = r dr ln( e ) r rw
u (r ) =
K ( pe pw) 1 r r ln( e ) rw
Q=Au =2 rhu
Q =
2 Kh ( p e p w ) r ln( e ) rw
Field Units
Q= 7.08Kh( pe pw ) r ln( e ) rw
Radial Flow
1 d r dr
(r
dp dr
) = 0
dp dr
= c1
dp =
p(r) = c1 lnr + c2
c1 dr r
c1 ln re + c2 = Pe
c1 ln rw + c2 = Pw
In Matrix form n
ln rw ln re
1 c1 Pw = 1 c 2 Pe
pw 1 p e 1 c1 = ln rw 1 ln re 1
ln rw p w ln r p e e c2 = ln r w 1 ln r 1 e
Pressure Distribution
Logarithmic Distribution Flow Equation n
u = K dP dr
P ( r ) = Pw +
Q=
Q=
( Ae Aw ) K ( pe pw ) KAlm P = Ae r ln( ) ( re rw ) Aw
Radial Flow
Q=Au =2 rhu
Q =
2 Kh ( p e p w ) r ln( e ) rw
Field Units
Q = 7 . 08 Kh ( p ln(
e
re ) rw
2 2 Kh ( p e2 p w ) Q = r 2 P ln( e ) rw
Average Permeability
Beds in Series Beds in Parallel n
Average Permeability
Continuous Change
For large number of Beds n
L dx Ltot X i = = 0 K ( x) Kav i=1 Ki From Continuity Equation
d K dP ( ) = 0 dx dx K dP Q = C = u = dx A
Average Permeability
A Q
Q=
p2
p1
dp =
dx A Ptot = K ( x )Q
dx K (x)
L A Ptot dx / 0 K (x)
Q =
K av A Ptot L
L = K av
dx K ( x)
Average Permeability
Example n K=a+bX
Linear Permeability Distribution
a= K0
b= (KL K0)/L n
K av =
bL K K0 K L K0 = L = a + bL K ln K L ln K 0 ln[ ] ln[ L ] a K0
Average Permeability
Kav = bL K K K K = L 0= L 0 a +bL K lnKL lnK0 ln[ ] ln[ L ] a K0
Log-mean Average n
Kav =
K L K0 = Klm ln K L ln K0
K av = K lm
Averaging
Average Permeability
If permeability is not a constant function of space (heterogeneity), we can calculate the average permeability Common, simple flow cases are considered here
Linear, Parallel (cores, horizontal permeability) Linear, Serial (cores, vertical permeability) Radial, Parallel (reservoirs, horizontal layers) Radial, Serial (reservoir, damage or stimulation)
Average permeability should represent the correct flow capacity For a specified flow rate, average permeability results in same pressure drop (and vice versa)
p
A q 1 L 2
p(x)
p2
0 0 x L
Average Permeability
Example K = a + b X Linear Permeability Distribution
a= K0 b= (KL K0)/L
L dx L dx L 1 a + bL = = = ln[ ] 0 K ( x) 0 a + bx Kav b a
K av =
bL K K0 KL K0 = L = a + bL K ln[ ] ln[ L ] ln K L ln K 0 a K0
Average Permeability
Kav = bL K K K K = L 0= L 0 a+bL K lnKL lnK0 ln[ ] ln[ L ] a K0
Log-mean Average
Kav =
KL K0 = Klm ln KL ln K0
K av = K lm
Averaging
h = h1 + h 2 + h 3 =
p1 - p 2 = ? p = ? p 1 = ? p 2 = ? p 3
Total flow rate is summation of flow rate for all layers
q = q1 + q 2 + q 3 =
i
n
q=
kwh ?p ; A = w h L
q=
kwh k w h1 k w h2 k w h3 ?p = 1 ?p + 2 ?p + 3 ?p L L L L
Rearranging,
k=
hi
L = L1 + L2 + L 3 =
q = q1 = q 2 = q 3
Total pressure drop is summation of pressure drop across layers
p1 p 2 = ? p 1 + ? p 2 + ? p 3 =
?p
i
n
p1 - p 2 =
qL ; A = wh kwh
p
pw
q
0 rw r re
ln(r)
rw
re
h = h1 + h 2 + h 3 =
pe - pw = ? p = ? p1 = ? p 2 = ? p 3
Total flow rate is summation of flow rate for all layers
q = q1 + q 2 + q 3 =
i
n
q=
2p k h ?p ln(r e /r w )
q=
Rearranging,
k=
hi
re rw = ? r1 + ? r 2 =
q = q1 = q 2
?r
pe p w = ? p1 + ? p 2 =
?p
i
n
pe - pw =
q ln(r e /r w ) 2p k h
pe - pw =
Rearranging,
k=
pw
pe
dp
rw
re
q=
q=
2p k h (pe pw ) ln(re/rw )
k=
ln(re/rw ) re dr rw r K (r)
vs =
Beginning with the differential form of Darcys Law This approach can be extended to other cases Any term that varies as a function of pressure can be included in the dp integral Any term that varies along flow path can be included in the ds integral