Reearch Methodology Group 3

A SUMMARY
“Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, and Hypothesis

Formulation.”
Dr. Erni, M.Hum

Research Methodology
Fadli Ramdani 2205112863

Meysi Cahya Dumyati 2205113219
Rahma Layla Setiani 2205112861
Syabrina Laela Albana 2205113221
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITAS RIAU
2024
A. The Definition of Theory
Theory is a flow of logic or reasoning, which is a set of concepts, definitions, and
propositions that are arranged systematically. In general, theory has three functions,
namely to explain (explanation), predict (prediction), and control (control) a symptom.
Theory has 3 levels: Micro level theory, meso-level theory and macro level theory. And
the theory used for the formulation of hypotheses that will be tested through data
collection is substantive theory, because this theory is more focused on the object to be
studied.
B. Levels and Focus of Theory

Theories are categorized into different levels based on their scope and focus.
Micro-level theory examines small-scale interactions, focusing on specific moments in
time, space, or groups of individuals. The concepts used in micro-level theories are
often more concrete and less abstract, providing a closer look at interpersonal dynamics
and everyday experiences. On the other hand, meso-level theory operates at an
intermediate level, connecting micro and macro perspectives. It explores organizations,
social movements, and specific communities, showing how larger societal forces
influence smaller groups and vice versa. This middle ground helps link individual
behaviors with broader social structures. At the highest level, macro-level theory
addresses large-scale social systems such as institutions, entire cultures, or whole
societies. These theories use more abstract concepts to understand the functioning and
interaction of these massive aggregates, often exploring how they shape social norms,
values, and structures. Within these frameworks, substantive theory focuses on specific
social issues like delinquency, strikes, divorce, or race relations. Substantive theories
are often used to develop hypotheses that can be tested through data collection, as they
apply directly to the topic being studied.
In contrast, formal theory deals with broader sociological themes such as deviance,
socialization, or power structures. These theories are more abstract and general, aiming
to explain a wide range of phenomena across different contexts. Middle-range theory
bridges the gap between specific hypotheses and abstract concepts. It is slightly more
abstract than empirical generalizations and can be either formal or substantive. Middle-
range theories guide empirical research, especially in sociology, by providing a
framework for understanding how theoretical concepts play out in real-world scenarios.
C. The Uses Theory in Research

According to “William Wiersma (1986)” and “Cooper and Schindler (2003)” we
conclude that Theories play a crucial role in research by providing a clear direction and
focus, helping to identify key areas of study and potential gaps that need further
investigation. They offer a framework for organizing and classifying data meaningfully,
summarizing existing knowledge, and predicting new findings. By guiding research
approaches and suggesting testable ideas, theories enhance the overall understanding of
the subject and facilitate practical applications in real-life situations and future studies.
In quantitative research, the theory used must be clear to clarify the problem,
formulate hypotheses, and develop research instruments.
1. Clarify Scope: Theory helps to make the research focus and variables clearer.
2. Guide Hypotheses and Tools: Theory helps to create hypotheses and research tools
because hypotheses are predictions.
3. Analyze Results: Theory is used to review and discuss research results and to
suggest solutions to problems.
D. The Description of Theory

In research methodology, theory serves as a framework that helps guide the study
by providing a foundation for understanding and interpreting phenomena. It explains the
relationships between concepts, variables, and observations, offering a lens through
which data can be understood. In essence, theory provides researchers with a structured
way to pose questions, form hypotheses, and analyze results.
E. Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is a model that explains how theory relates to various
important factors in research. It clarifies the relationships between independent and
dependent variables, and if there are moderator or intervening variables, their inclusion
must also be explained. These relationships are then formulated into a research
paradigm. A conceptual framework is necessary when the research involves two or
more variables, providing theoretical descriptions and arguments for the variations in
the variables studied.
This is how to make a conceptual framework:
1. Determine the variables to be studied: Identify the key variables for your
research.
2. Read books and research findings: Gather information from relevant literature
and previous studies.
3. Describe theory and research findings: Summarize the theoretical background
and findings from past research.
4. Critical analysis of theory and research findings: Evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of the existing theories and research.
5. Comparative analysis of theory and research findings: Compare different theories
and research results to find commonalities and differences.
6. Synthesize conclusions: Combine insights from the analysis to draw meaningful
conclusions.
7. Conceptual framework: Develop a model that explains the relationships between
the variables.
8. Hypothesis: Formulate a testable prediction based on the conceptual framework.
F. Hypotheses
1. Definition of hypothesis
The hypothesis is a temporary answer to the formulation of research problems,
where the formulation of research problems has been stated in the form of a
question sentence. Research that formulates a hypothesis is research that uses a
quantitative approach.
In qualitative research, no hypothesis is formulated, but instead a hypothesis is
expected to be found. Furthermore, the hypothesis will be tested by researchers
using a quantitative approach.
In this case, it is necessary to distinguish the notion of research hypothesis and
statistical hypothesis. The definition of a research hypothesis as stated above.
Furthermore, the statistical hypothesis exists, if the research works with a sample. If
the research does not use a sample, then there is no statistical hypothesis.
2. Forms of hypothesis
a) Descriptive hypothesis is a temporary answer to descriptive problems,
namely those related to independent variables.
b) Comparative hypothesis is a temporary answer to the formulation of
comparative problems. In this formulation, the variables are the same but the
population or sample is different, or the situation occurs at different times.
c) Associative hypothesis is a temporary answer to the formulation of an
associative problem, which asks about the relationship between two
or more variables.
3. Research paradigm, problem formulation and hypothesis
With the research paradigm, researchers can use it as a guide to formulate
problems and research hypotheses, which can then be used to guide data
collection and analysis. In each research paradigm there is at least one
formulation of research problems, namely descriptive problems.
4. Characteristics of a good hypothesis
1) It is a conjecture about the state of an independent variable, a comparison
of the state of variables in various samples, and a conjecture about the
relationship between two or more variables. (In general, descriptive
hypotheses are not formulated)
2) Expressed in clear sentences, so as not to cause various interpretations.
3) Can be tested with data collected by scientific methods.

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A SUMMARY

“Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, and Hypothesis

Dr. Erni, M.Hum

Fadli Ramdani 2205112863

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

B. Levels and Focus of Theory

C. The Uses Theory in Research

D. The Description of Theory

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