EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport

Directorate A — Policy coordination
Unit A.3 — Economic Analysis & Better Regulation
Contact: Rolf Diemer, Romain Chabert
E-mail: MOVE-A3-SECRETARIAT@ec.europa.eu
rolf.diemer@ec.europa.eu
romain.chabert@ec.europa.eu

European Commission
B-1049 Brussels
 EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Transport in the European Union

Current trends and issues

June 2024

Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport

2024 EN
Manuscript completed in June 2024

This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the
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© European Union, 2021, photographer: Janis Laizans
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PDF ISBN 978-92-68-17676-4 doi:10.2832/131741 MI-02-24-640-EN-N

 Transport in the European Union

Foreword

5
 Transport in the European Union

Table of contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................................. 5

Table of contents ................................................................................................................ 6

Table of figures ................................................................................................................... 9

1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................11

1.1. Transport in the EU today .......................................................................................11

1.2. Overview and trends ...............................................................................................12

2. Sustainable mobility .................................................................................................15

2.1. Transition towards sustainable transport ................................................................17

2.1.1. Renewables and low carbon fuels .............................................................................. 17
2.1.2. Low and zero-emissions vehicles, vessels and aircrafts ............................................. 21
2.2. Alternatives for improved modal choices ................................................................25
2.2.1. New urban mobility framework and mobility patterns .................................................. 26
2.2.2. Passenger and freight rail transport ............................................................................ 28
2.2.3. Inland waterways freight transport ............................................................................. 29
2.3. External costs of transport ......................................................................................30

3. Smart mobility ...........................................................................................................37

3.1. Multimodal mobility .................................................................................................38

3.2. Digitalisation and innovative mobility ......................................................................38

3.2.1. Digitalisation of transport and logistics ........................................................................ 38
3.2.2. Automated mobility ..................................................................................................... 39
3.2.3. Drones regulatory framework ...................................................................................... 39

4. Resilient mobility ......................................................................................................41

4.1. Single European Transport Area.............................................................................41

4.1.1. Road transport ............................................................................................................ 41
4.1.2. Rail transport .............................................................................................................. 42
4.1.3. Waterborne transport .................................................................................................. 44
4.1.4. Air transport ................................................................................................................ 45

6
 Transport in the European Union

4.1.5. Common challenges ................................................................................................... 46

4.2. Transport infrastructure ...........................................................................................47
4.2.1. Trans-European Transport Network ............................................................................ 47
4.2.2. Investments needs...................................................................................................... 49
4.3. Safety and security of transport ..............................................................................52

5. Country factsheets ....................................................................................................53

5.1. Belgium ...................................................................................................................54

5.2. Bulgaria ...................................................................................................................58

5.3. Czechia ...................................................................................................................62

5.4. Denmark .................................................................................................................66

5.5. Germany .................................................................................................................70

5.6. Estonia ....................................................................................................................75

5.7. Ireland .....................................................................................................................79

5.8. Greece ....................................................................................................................83

5.9. Spain .......................................................................................................................87

5.10. France .....................................................................................................................91

5.11. Croatia ....................................................................................................................95

5.12. Italy .........................................................................................................................99

5.13. Cyprus ..................................................................................................................103

5.14. Latvia ....................................................................................................................107

5.15. Lithuania ...............................................................................................................111

5.16. Luxembourg ..........................................................................................................115

5.17. Hungary ................................................................................................................119

5.18. Malta .....................................................................................................................123

5.19. Netherlands...........................................................................................................127

5.20. Austria ...................................................................................................................131

5.21. Poland ...................................................................................................................136

5.22. Portugal.................................................................................................................140

7
 Transport in the European Union

5.23. Romania................................................................................................................144

5.24. Slovenia ................................................................................................................148

5.25. Slovakia ................................................................................................................152

5.26. Finland ..................................................................................................................156

5.27. Sweden .................................................................................................................161

8
 Transport in the European Union

Table of figures

12
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...................................13
.....................13
..........14
...........14
.14

......................................................................................................................16
....18
........................18
......................19
........................19
............20
...............................21
..........21
22

...................................................................................................................................22
...................................22
...................................23

............................................................................................................................................23

.................................................................................25
...............25
..27
27
..........................................................28
.............................................................28
..................................................................28
...............................................29

9
 Transport in the European Union

..............................................29
...........................29
......................................................32

..................................................................................................................................33

............................................................................................................................33
...35
.....................................43
..........................48
.............................................51
...........................................................52
...........................................................52

10
 Transport in the European Union | Introduction

1. Introduction

1.1. Transport in the EU

today

1 European Commission. Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy.

11
 Transport in the European Union | Introduction

1.2. Overview and trends

2 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

3 Eurostat. Final consumption expenditure of households by consumption purpose.
4 World Bank. The Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators (2023).

12
 Transport in the European Union | Introduction

5 European Commission. Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) - Addressing labour
shortages and skills gap in the EU (2023).
6 International Road Transport Union. Global driver shortages: 2023 year in review.
7 Eurostat. Extra-EU trade since 2000 by mode of transport, by HS2-4-6.

13
Transport in the European Union | Introduction

14
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

2. Sustainable mobility

8 European Commission. Press release. Commission welcomes completion of key ‘Fit for 55’ legislation,
putting EU on track to exceed 2030 targets (Brussels, 9 October 2023).

15
Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

16
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

2.1. Transition towards

sustainable transport

2.1.1. Renewables and low

carbon fuels

9 European Commission. Energy Performance of Buildings Directive adopted to bring down energy bills and
reduce emissions (12 April 2024).
10 European Commission. Commission welcomes agreement on strong EU targets to reduce CO2 emissions
from new trucks and urban buses (18 January 2024).
11 Council of the European Union. Euro 7: Council adopts new rules on emission limits for cars, vans and
trucks (12 April 2024).

17
Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

18
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

12 Directive 2018/2001/EU (RED II). To be replaced by Directive (EU) 2023/2413 (RED III) in 2025.
13 Eurostat. Share of renewables in transport increased slightly in 2022.

19
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

14 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical pocketbook (2023).

15 IRG-rail. 12th Annual Market Monitoring Document (March 2024). No data available on this indicator for
Czechia, Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Slovenia.
16 European Alternative Fuels Observatory.
17 European Maritime Safety Agency. Sustainable shipping.

20
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

2.1.2. Low and zero-

emissions vehicles,
vessels and aircrafts

18 ITF - OECD. The Potential of E-fuels to Decarbonise Ships and Aircraft.

19 European Environment Agency. Monitoring of CO2 emissions from passenger cars, 2022 – Final data.

21
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

20 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

22
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

21 International Energy Agency. Global electric car stock.

23
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

22 European Maritime Safety Agency. Alternative technologies.

23 European Maritime Safety Agency. EMSA Guidance on the Safety of Battery Energy Storage Systems on
board ships.
24 European Maritime Safety Agency. Study on the use of fuel cells in shipping.

24
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

2.2. Alternatives for

improved modal
choices

25 European Alternative Fuels Observatory. Alternative fuelled aircrafts.

25
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

2.2.1. New urban mobility

framework and
mobility patterns

26 Special Eurobarometer 495 showed that the majority of car users are ready to switch to more
environmentally friendly forms of transport for their daily mobility. An alternative that is just as fast or a
similar price would influence respondents towards a more environmentally friendly solution for long-
distance travel.
27 COM(2021) 811 final.
28 European Commission. EU Missions. 100 climate-neutral and smart cities.

26
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

29 European Commission. Study on New Mobility Patterns in European Cities.

30 Service which allows the passenger to ask for a car and driver to come immediately and take you
somewhere.
31 Arrangement through websites or mobile apps, in which a passenger travels in a private vehicle driven by
its owner, heading in the same direction for a fee or for free.

27
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

2.2.2. Passenger and

freight rail transport

32 High speed lines include principal railway lines allowing traffic at speeds on the main segments equal to or
greater than 200 km/h on upgraded lines and 250 km/h on specially built lines. Dedicated high-speed
railway line is a line specially built to allow traffic at speeds equal to or greater than 250 km/h for the main
segments.

28
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

2.2.3. Inland waterways

freight transport

29
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

•
2.3. External costs of
transport

33 SWD(2020) 331 final.

34 European Commission. Study Sustainable Transport Infrastructure Charging and Internalisation of
Transport Externalities (June 2019).
35 The average cost is driven, for all modes, by the occupancy factor. For cars, this is on average equal to
about 1.6 passenger/vehicle. Increasing the number of passengers per vehicle could lead to a significant
cost reduction.
36 Motorcycles are actually the passenger mode with the highest external costs per passenger-kilometre, due
to high accident and noise costs. However, the total cost of motorcycles is limited due to their low modal
share.
37 These costs are already included in EUR 900 billion figure. They include climate change, air pollution, noise
and habitat damage costs.

30
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

38 Eurostat. Person killed in road accidents.

39 U.S. Department of Transportation. Overview of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes in 2021. Own calculations
based on the population estimates from the United States Census Bureau.
40 World Health Organization. Estimated road traffic death rate per 100 000 population.
41 European Environment Agency. Premature deaths due to exposure to fine particulate matter in Europe.
42 European Environment Agency. Europe’s air quality status 2023.
43 European Environment Agency. Emissions of air pollutants from transport in Europe (18 December 2023).

31
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

44 Regulation (EU) 2023/1805.

32
Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

33
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

45 Regulation (EU) 2015/757.

46 COM(2024) 151.
47 European Environment Agency. Environmental noise in Europe – 2020.
48 European Commission. State of play of Internalisation in the European Transport Sector (2019).
49 European Commission. Handbook on the External Costs of Transport - Version 2019.

34
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

50 Assuming a carbon price of EUR 75 per tonne.

51 Assuming a carbon price of EUR 75 per tonne.

35
 Transport in the European Union | Sustainable mobility

52 Directive (EU) 2023/959. 2025: surrender of 40% of emissions reported in 2024; 2026: surrender of 70% of
emissions reported in 2025; 2027 onwards: surrender of 100% of reported emissions.
53 European Commission. Total taxation share in the end consumer price for Euro-Super 95 and Diesel Oil
(bulletin of the 8th of January 2024).
54 European Commission. Revision of the Energy Taxation Directive (ETD): Questions and Answers (14 July
2021).
55 European Commission. Taxes in the field of aviation and their impact – Final report (2019).

36
 Transport in the European Union | Smart mobility

3. Smart mobility

37
 Transport in the European Union | Smart mobility

3.2. Digitalisation and

innovative mobility

3.2.1. Digitalisation of
transport and
logistics

3.1. Multimodal mobility

56 European Commission. Sustainable transport: rules to boost intelligent transport systems for safer and
more efficient transport agreed (June 2023).
57 Ares(2021)6062336. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council addressing
market challenges hampering the development of Multimodal Digital Mobility Services (MDMS).

38
 Transport in the European Union | Smart mobility

3.2.3. Drones regulatory

3.2.2. Automated mobility framework

39
 Transport in the European Union | Smart mobility

58 End June 2023, there were over 1.3 million registered UAS operators in the EU and over 1.2 million remote
pilot certificates had been issued. Source: ENCASIA - European Network of Civil Aviation Safety
Investigation Authorities.

40
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

4. Resilient mobility

4.1. Single European

Transport Area

4.1.1. Road transport

41
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

4.1.2. Rail transport

59 SWD(2017) 358 final.

42
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

60 COM(2023) 443/2.
61 European Commission. Green Deal: Greening freight for more economic gain with less environmental
impact.
62 SWD(2023) 288 final.

43
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

4.1.3. Waterborne
transport

63 COM(2023) 510 final.

64 COM(2012) 752 final.
65 Regulation (EU) 2017/352.
66 Regulation (EU) 2019/1239

44
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

4.1.4. Air transport

67 COM(2024) 33 final.
68 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by reporting country.
69 Eurocontrol. European Aviation Overview (29 January – 04 February 2024).
70 Council of the European Union. Single sky reform: Council and Parliament strike a deal to improve
efficiency of air space management in the EU (6 March 2024).

45
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

4.1.5. Common challenges

71 Council Directive 2009/13/EC

72 European Court of Justice. Judgment of 14 September 2017, Sandra Nogueira and Others v Crewlink
Ireland Ltd and Miguel José Moreno Osacar v Ryanair Designated Activity Company, Joined cases C-
168/16 and C-169/16.

46
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

4.2. Transport
infrastructure

4.2.1. Trans-European
Transport Network

47
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

•
•

48
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

4.2.2. Investments needs

73 European Commission. DG MOVE. Provisional agreement on more sustainable and resilient trans-
European transport network brings Europe closer together (19 December 2023).
74 Eurostat. Investment share of GDP by institutional sectors.

49
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

75 Connecting Europe. A transport funding and financing that is adapted to the challenges ahead. TEN-T
Coordinators’ Position Paper (April 2024).
76 European Commission. Connecting Europe Facility 2021-2027 adopted.

50
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

77 SWD(2023) 68 final. Expressed in 2022 prices.

78 World Bank. The Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators (2023).
79 OECD Data. Infrastructure investments (2021 or latest available).

51
 Transport in the European Union | Resilient mobility

4.3. Safety and security of

transport

52
 Transport in the European Union | Country factsheets

5. Country factsheets

53
 Transport in the European Union | Belgium

5.1. Belgium

80 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
81 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

54
 Transport in the European Union | Belgium

82 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Belgium.

83 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Belgium.

55
 Transport in the European Union | Belgium

84 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.

85 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

56
 Transport in the European Union | Belgium

86 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Belgium (2023).
87 SWD(2021) 631.

57
 Transport in the European Union | Bulgaria

5.2. Bulgaria

88 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
89 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

58
 Transport in the European Union | Bulgaria

90 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Bulgaria.

91 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Bulgaria.

59
 Transport in the European Union | Bulgaria

92 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.

93 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
94 Annex to the Council Implementing Decision amending Implementing Decision of 4 May 2022 on the

approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Bulgaria.
95 Annual report of the Railway Administration Executive Agency 2022.

60
 Transport in the European Union | Bulgaria

96 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Bulgaria (2023).
97 SWD(2021) 631.

61
 Transport in the European Union | Czechia

5.3. Czechia

98 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).

62
 Transport in the European Union | Czechia

99 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Czechia.

100 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Czechia.

63
 Transport in the European Union | Czechia

101 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
102 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

64
Transport in the European Union | Czechia

65
 Transport in the European Union | Denmark

5.4. Denmark

103 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
104 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

66
 Transport in the European Union | Denmark

105 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Denmark.
106 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Denmark.

67
 Transport in the European Union | Denmark

107 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
108 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

68
 Transport in the European Union | Denmark

109 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Denmark (2023).
110 SWD(2021) 631.

69
 Transport in the European Union | Germany

5.5. Germany

111 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
112 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

70
 Transport in the European Union | Germany

113 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Germany.
114 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Germany.
115 Including multipliers set out by the recast Renewable Energy Directive.

71
 Transport in the European Union | Germany

116 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
117 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
118 Bundesnetzagentur. Report: Railway Market Analysis Germany 2022.

72
 Transport in the European Union | Germany

119 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Germany (2023).
120 SWD(2021) 631.

73
Transport in the European Union | Germany

74
 Transport in the European Union | Estonia

5.6. Estonia

121 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
122 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

75
 Transport in the European Union | Estonia

123 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Estonia.
124 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Estonia.

76
 Transport in the European Union | Estonia

125 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
126 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
127 Estonian Competition Authority. Overview of the railway market (2022).

77
 Transport in the European Union | Estonia

128 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Estonia (2023).

78
 Transport in the European Union | Ireland

5.7. Ireland

129 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
130 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

79
 Transport in the European Union | Ireland

131 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Ireland.
132 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Ireland.
133 WEM: With existing measures.
134 WAM: With additional measures.

80
 Transport in the European Union | Ireland

135 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
136 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

81
 Transport in the European Union | Ireland

137 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Ireland (2023).

82
 Transport in the European Union | Greece

5.8. Greece

138 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
139 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

83
 Transport in the European Union | Greece

140 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Greece.
141 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Greece.

84
 Transport in the European Union | Greece

142 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
143 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
144 IRG Rail 11th market monitoring report, 2023.

85
 Transport in the European Union | Greece

145 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Greece (2023).

86
 Transport in the European Union | Spain

5.9. Spain

146 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
147 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

87
 Transport in the European Union | Spain

148 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Spain.
149 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Spain

88
 Transport in the European Union | Spain

150 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
151 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

89
 Transport in the European Union | Spain

152 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Spain (2023).

90
 Transport in the European Union | France

5.10. France

153 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
154 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

91
 Transport in the European Union | France

155 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of France.
156 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for France.
157 It is not clear if this 15% is calculated applying the methodology set out in the Directive (EU) 2018/2001.

92
 Transport in the European Union | France

158 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
159 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
160 Autorité de régulation des transports. Marché français du transport ferroviaire. Premiers chiffres 2022.

93
 Transport in the European Union | France

161 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – France (2023).

94
 Transport in the European Union | Croatia

5.11. Croatia

162 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
163 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

95
 Transport in the European Union | Croatia

164 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Croatia.
165 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Croatia.
166 The explanation for setting it at 13.2% is not clear.

96
 Transport in the European Union | Croatia

167 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
168 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
169 HZ Infrastructura. The Croatian railway network.

97
 Transport in the European Union | Croatia

170 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Croatia (2023).

98
 Transport in the European Union | Italy

5.12. Italy

171 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
172 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

99
 Transport in the European Union | Italy

173 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Italy.
174 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Italy.

100
 Transport in the European Union | Italy

175 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
176 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

101
 Transport in the European Union | Italy

177 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile – Italy (2023).

102
 Transport in the European Union | Cyprus

5.13. Cyprus

178 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
179 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

103
 Transport in the European Union | Cyprus

180 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Cyprus.
181 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Cyprus.
182 30% if the project of electricity interconnector is achieved.

183 Without accounting for the applicable multipliers or caps

104
 Transport in the European Union | Cyprus

184 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
185 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Cyprus (2023).

105
 Transport in the European Union | Cyprus

186 SWD(2021) 631.

106
 Transport in the European Union | Latvia

5.14. Latvia

187 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
188 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

107
 Transport in the European Union | Latvia

189 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Latvia.
190 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Latvia.

108
 Transport in the European Union | Latvia

191 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
192 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

109
 Transport in the European Union | Latvia

193 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Latvia (2023).

110
 Transport in the European Union | Lithuania

5.15. Lithuania

194 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
195 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

111
 Transport in the European Union | Lithuania

196 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Lithuania.
197 eFTI: electronic freight transport information.
198 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Lithuania.

112
 Transport in the European Union | Lithuania

199 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
200 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

113
 Transport in the European Union | Lithuania

201 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Lithuania (2023).

114
 Transport in the European Union | Luxembourg

5.16. Luxembourg

202 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).

115
 Transport in the European Union | Luxembourg

203 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Luxembourg.
204 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Luxembourg.

116
 Transport in the European Union | Luxembourg

205 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
206 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

117
 Transport in the European Union | Luxembourg

207 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Luxembourg (2023).

118
 Transport in the European Union | Hungary

5.17. Hungary

208 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).

119
 Transport in the European Union | Hungary

209 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Hungary.
210 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Hungary.

120
 Transport in the European Union | Hungary

211 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
212 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

121
 Transport in the European Union | Hungary

213 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Hungary (2023).

122
 Transport in the European Union | Malta

5.18. Malta

214 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
215 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

123
 Transport in the European Union | Malta

216 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Malta.
217 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Malta.

124
 Transport in the European Union | Malta

218 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
219 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Malta (2023).

125
 Transport in the European Union | Malta

220 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

126
 Transport in the European Union | Netherlands

5.19. Netherlands

221 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
222 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

127
 Transport in the European Union | Netherlands

223 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of the Netherlands.
224 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for the Netherlands.

128
 Transport in the European Union | Netherlands

225 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
226 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
227 European Commission. Rail Market Monitoring Report 2022.

129
 Transport in the European Union | Netherlands

228 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Netherlands (2023).

130
 Transport in the European Union | Austria

5.20. Austria

229 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).

131
 Transport in the European Union | Austria

230 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Austria.
231 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Austria.

132
 Transport in the European Union | Austria

232 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
233 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

133
 Transport in the European Union | Austria

234 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Austria (2022).
235 SWD(2021) 631.

134
Transport in the European Union | Austria

135
 Transport in the European Union | Poland

5.21. Poland

236 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
237 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

136
 Transport in the European Union | Poland

238 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Poland.
239 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Poland.

137
 Transport in the European Union | Poland

240 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
241 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

138
 Transport in the European Union | Poland

242 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Poland (2022).

139
 Transport in the European Union | Portugal

5.22. Portugal

243 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
244 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.
 Transport in the European Union | Portugal

245 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Portugal.
246 The initial Portuguese RRP dedicated EUR 690 million for infrastructures, out of which 580 million for
transport infrastructures. The updated RRP devotes EUR 790 million for infrastructures, without
specifying the exact breakdown.
247 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Portugal.

141
 Transport in the European Union | Portugal

248 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
249 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

142
 Transport in the European Union | Portugal

250 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Portugal (2022).

143
 Transport in the European Union | Romania

5.23. Romania

251 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
252 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

144
 Transport in the European Union | Romania

253 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Romania.
254 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Romania.

145
 Transport in the European Union | Romania

255 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
256 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
257 Annual report of the Competition Council of Romania, 2022.

146
 Transport in the European Union | Romania

258 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Romania (2022).

147
 Transport in the European Union | Slovenia

5.24. Slovenia

259 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
260 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

148
 Transport in the European Union | Slovenia

261 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Slovenia.
262 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Slovenia.

149
 Transport in the European Union | Slovenia

263 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
264 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

150
 Transport in the European Union | Slovenia

265 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Slovenia (2022).

151
 Transport in the European Union | Slovakia

5.25. Slovakia

266 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).

152
 Transport in the European Union | Slovakia

267 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Slovakia.
268 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Slovakia.

153
 Transport in the European Union | Slovakia

269 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
270 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

154
 Transport in the European Union | Slovakia

271 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Slovakia (2022).

155
 Transport in the European Union | Finland

5.26. Finland

272 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
273 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

156
 Transport in the European Union | Finland

274 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Finland.
275 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Finland.

157
 Transport in the European Union | Finland

276 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
277 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.
278 Finnish Rail Regulatory Body - Rail Market

158
 Transport in the European Union | Finland

279 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Finland (2022).
280 SWD(2021) 631.

159
Transport in the European Union | Finland

160
 Transport in the European Union | Sweden

5.27. Sweden

281 Eurostat. Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country (departing, arriving & transit).
282 Eurostat. Gross weight of goods handled in all ports by direction.

161
 Transport in the European Union | Sweden

283 European Commission. Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Sweden.
284 European Commission. Commission assessment of the final NECP for Sweden.

162
 Transport in the European Union | Sweden

285 European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Calculations based on TomTom data.
286 European Commission. EU Transport in Figures. Statistical Pocketbook 2023.

163
 Transport in the European Union | Sweden

287 European Road Safety Observatory. National Road Safety Profile - Sweden (2022).
288 SWD(2021) 631.

164
Transport in the European Union

165
 Getting in touch with the EU

In person
All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct centres.
You can find the address of the centre nearest you online (european-
union.europa.eu/contact-eu/meet-us_en).

On the phone or in writing

Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European
Union. You can contact this service:
– by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for
these calls),
– at the following standard number: +32 22999696,
– via the following form: european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/write-us_en.

Finding information about the EU

Online
Information about the European Union in all the official languages of the EU is
available on the Europa website (european-union.europa.eu).

EU publications
You can view or order EU publications at op.europa.eu/en/publications.
Multiple copies of free publications can be obtained by contacting Europe
Direct or your local documentation centre (european-union.europa.eu/contact-
eu/meet-us_en).

EU law and related documents

For access to legal information from the EU, including all EU law since 1951
in all the official language versions, go to EUR-Lex (eur-lex.europa.eu).

EU open data
The portal data.europa.eu provides access to open datasets from the EU
institutions, bodies and agencies. These can be downloaded and reused for
free, for both commercial and non-commercial purposes. The portal also
provides access to a wealth of datasets from European countries.
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