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    Lecture Failure

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    Shiza Khan
    Reasons of failure of biomaterials

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    Lecture Failure

    Uploaded by

    Shiza Khan
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    Reasons of failure of biomaterials

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    lecture-failure

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    Reasons of failure of biomaterials

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views41 pages

    Lecture Failure

    Uploaded by

    Shiza Khan
    Reasons of failure of biomaterials

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Failure of Biomaterials

    Metal implants
    Failure of metals for biomedical
    devices:
    1.Corrosion
    2.Fatigue and fracture
    3.Metal Ion Release
    4.Wear
    Metallic biomaterials – importance of surface
    properties
    • Almost all interactions between cells/tissues and
    a metal implant occur at the implant surface
    – As such, the surface properties of metals implant
    materials are of great importance

    “The XPS analysis showed that dental implants


    surfaces consisted of oxidized titanium (mainly
    TiO2), carbon, oxygen, and…contaminants like
    N, P and Si…Some authors have reported that
    surface findings vary according to each
    manufacturer procedure technique…”

    Takeaway  metal ions not bound tightly


    within the lattice will want to react to lower
    Scanning electron their energy state!
    microscopy (SEM) image of
    a Ti dental implant
    Castilho AAC, et al. Brazilian J Phys,
    Corrosion of metal implant materials
    • The physiological environment contains dissolved
    gases, electrolytes, cells and proteins at 37°C.
    • In this environment, immersion of metals can lead
    to corrosion
    – Corrosion – the deterioration and removal of the metal by
    chemical reactions
    – Implants with “rough” surfaces as in the previous slide are
    especially susceptible!
    • Ions released from the implant:
    – Are potentially cytotoxic
    – Can reduce the biocompatiblity of the implant and
    jeopardize its function

    Hold onto this concept for a moment…


    Rust formation on metallic surfaces

    • A simple form of metallic corrosion that occurs naturally


    is rust formation
    • A very thin oxide film forms on the metal surface
    – For most metals/alloys, occurs naturally in air as long as some
    water vapor is present

    The primary reactions:

    Fe  Fe2+ + 2 e- (oxidation of Fe)

    O2 + 4e- + 2H2O  4 OH- (reduction of O)

    Fe2+ + OH-  Fe(OH)2 (acid-base rxn)

    Fe(OH)2  FeO + H2O (dehydration)


    Metallic biomaterials – surface
    passivation
    • Though rust formation is often undesired
    for aesthetic reasons (e.g., on bridges and
    other types of public infrastructure), how
    might it be useful for metal implant
    materials?
    • Surface passivation is purposely applied
    to metal implants to provide a “shielding
    layer” to prevent further corrosion!
    – Often is accomplished by immersion in acidic
    solution (for the oxidation step)
    – The resulting oxide surface is an electrical
    and thermal insulator
    • Alloys are generally more corrosion
    resistant after implantation because of Passivation of silicon using nitric
    the increased stability of the oxides acid
    formed through passivation (relative to
    pure metals)

    N. Grant and K. McIntosh, Austrailian National


    Orthopedic biomaterial degradation

    Corrosion, the gradual degradation of materials by electrochemical attack is of great


    concern particularly when a metallic implant is placed in the hostile electrolytic
    environment of the human body

    The implants face severe corrosion environment which includes blood and other
    constituents of the body fluid which encompass several constituents like water,
    sodium, chlorine, proteins, plasma, amino acids along with mucin in the case of
    saliva
    Corrosion/degradation
    Metals: Corrosion
    􀁺 Corrosion is continued degradation of metals to oxide, hydroxide or
    other compounds through chemical reactions.
    􀁺 The human body is an aggressive medium for inducing corrosion in
    metals: water, dissolved oxygen, proteins, chloride and hydroxide.

    Chuter, Seminar in Vascular Surery 2009;22:102


    Tissueobstruction

    Pannus formation due to non-hemocompatibility of the valve leaflets surface


    • Corrosion: „Redox“-Chemistry
    • Reduction and Oxidation:

    • (reduction of oxidation number)


    Corrosion: Basic Reactions

    Ionization: Direct formation of metalic cations under acidic or


    • reducing (i.e. oxygen poor) conditions.
    • M → M+ + e-
    Oxidation: Direct reaction of metal with oxygen.
    • M + O2 → MO2
    Hydroxylation: The reaction of water under alkaline (basic) or
    • oxidizing conditions to yield a hydroxide or hydrated oxide.
    • 2M + O2(aq) + 2H2O → 2M(OH)2
    Corrosion

    • Galvanic Crevice

    Stress-Corrosion Cracking Fretting


    Galvanic Corrosion
    • Galvanic corrosion Occurs when two dissimilar
    metallic materials are in contact within an electrolyte
    resulting in current to flow between the two Depends
    on passivity of oxide layers Galvanic corrosion can be
    greater for dental implants than orthopedic implants
    Galvanic Corrosion

    • Electrochemical circuit between two dissimilar metals


    • Anodic material is more basic and oxidizes (corrodes)
    • Cathodic material is more noble and is protected

    S. Waldman MECH 393


    oFretting:
    Refers to corrosion damage at the small area of
    contact surface due to repeated load and
    most frequently happens in hip joint prostheses
    Fretting corrosion Occurs when there is micromotion and

    Fretting rubbing contact within a corrosive environment Along


    implant body and support interphase

    Corrosion products due to fretting on 316L immersed in extracellular


    tissue fluid are oxides containing chromic chloride and potassium
    dichromate as well as variable amounts of calcium, chloride, and
    phosphorous, with nickel and manganese being absent, indicating
    preferential release of these metal ions into the surrounding solution.

    These results indicate that for 316L implant surfaces, nickel and manganese
    are depleted in the oxide film and that the surface oxide composition
    changes to mostly chromium and iron oxide with a small percentage of
    molybdenum oxide in the human body.
    Pitting:
    It is a localized form of corrosion by which cavities or "holes" are
    produced in the material.

    Pitting is the most common form of corrosion arising from the


    breakdown of the passivating oxide film, which can be enhanced by the
    presence of proteins in the tissue fluid and serum.
    2. Fatigue and Fracture:
    Mostly metallic implants leads to fatigue fracture
    when subjected to cyclic loading inside human body. The
    behavior of metallic implants depends upon following factors:

    • Microstructure
    • Frequency of the cyclic loading
    • Design of the implant
    • Type of the fluid medium of implant.

    • Ultrasonic frequency was used in


    corrosive
    • medium in order to evaluate the fatigue
    • corrosion of metallic implant
    Fatigue

    Fatigue and cleavage decoherence


    due to post operational malpractice
    Biologic considerations Toxicity Refers to
    Metal Ion Release: primary degradation products of a material
    • High strength alloys possess good mechanical strength but has
    relatively poor corrosion resistance properties
    • In most situations it is worst if metal ion release follow corrosion
    process which can be a toxic contaminant inside human body
    What is Metallic Wear?
    • The deterioration of metal surfaces is known as the
    Metallic Wear. Wear is the result of erosion, abrasion,
    impact, metal-to-metal contact, oxidation, oxidation
    and corrosion or a corrosion, combination of these.
    Wear
    • Wear is the gradual removal of material obtained at contacting
    surfaces in relative motion
    • Wear phenomena are intimately linked to frictional processes
    • Lubricants are used to separate contacting surfaces in relative motion
    and thus to reduce wear.
    • Lubricants may completely separate the surfaces, as in fluid film
    lubrication
    Wear

    Metal-on-metal implants failed much more quickly,


    with a five-year revision rate of 6.2%, compared with 2.3% for
    ceramic-on-ceramic implants and 1.7% for metal-on-plastic types
    (National Joint Registry of England and Wales).

    Tiny metal ions are thought to break off from the implants and leak
    into the blood, with fears this causes muscle and bone damage
    (osteolysis) as well as neurological issues.
    Wear:
    • Together with corrosion process, wear is among the surface
    degradation that limits the use of metallic implant
    • Removal of dense oxide film which naturally formed on the
    surface of the metallic implant in turn caused wear process
    • A common method to measure the wear behavior of metallic
    implant is by pin on disc method which enables lubrication with
    artificial human body fluid

    osteolysis
    Wear  Factors to consider:

     Material Selection
    Select more wear resistant materials (e.g. Co-Cr >> Ti)
    Develop surface modifications (e.g. TiN)

     Materials Combinations
    Same (metal-on-metal)
    Mixed (metal-on-plastic)

     Contact Mechanics
    Loads (magnitude, static, dynamic)
    Mechanical properties of materials
    Geometry of contacting bodies
    Wear
    • Factors to consider:
    • Lubrication
    Lubricant properties
    Mechanism of lubrication (e.g. elastohydrodynamic)

    • Surface Finish
    2nd body wear (n two-body abrasion a hard surface
    rubs against a softer one), 3rd body wear (hard
    particles, trapped between two surfaces, grind one
    or both of them)

    • Kinematics of Articulation
    Velocity, rolling/sliding

    • Biological Response
    Bulk versus particulate debris
    S. Waldman MECH 393
    Material Combinations (THRs)
    Femoral Head Material Acetabular Material Result
    Stainless Steel PTFE Wearing out, tissue reaction to
    wear products
    Stainless Steel Silica-filled PTFE Abrasion of femoral head and
    wear of cup
    Co-Cr-Mo Co-Cr-Mo High friction, high levels of
    metal ions in tissue
    Co-Cr-Mo Cartilage Satisfactory
    Co-Cr-Mo UHMWPE Low rate of wear
    UHMWPE Cartilage Severe wear of UHMPE and
    cartilage
    UHMWPE Co-Cr-Mo Wear of femoral head

    Ti-6Al-4V UHMWPE High rate of cup wear

    Zirconia UHMWPE Limited experience


    Alumina UHMWPE Low rate of wear
    Alumina Alumina Low rate of wear

    S. Waldman MECH 393


    Mechanisms of Wear
    • Flat surfaces, even those polished
    to a mirror finish, are not truly flat
    on an atomic scale. They are
    rough, with sharp, rough or
    rugged outgrowth peak.
    • Under compression, the
    sharpness deform, leading to
    increased contact area (lower
    stresses) with higher coefficients
    of friction (µs, µd).

    • Depending on how the sharpness


    interact under relative motion,
    different wear mechanisms can
    occur.
    • Fatigue, Adhesive, Abrasive
    • Stimulator, rotation
    Mechanisms of Wear
    • Fatigue
    • Primarily related to one material (UHMWPE)
    • Cyclic subsurface tension and compression

    • Adhesive
    • Related to two materials (metal & UHMWPE)
    • Surface energy between materials in contact

    • Abrasive
    • Related to three materials (metal, UHMWPE and debris)
    • Hard, rough material removes soft material

    • Combinations of above can occur

    S. Waldman MECH 393


    • Screening tests are typically used to reproduce the
    mechanisms of wear observed in retrieved
    implants in a controlled environment.

    • Stimulators
    • Pros: actual implants used
    • Cons: difficult to model actual biomechanics
    Wear Testing
    • Rotating Pin-on-Flat
    • Pros: simpler model than simulator
    • Cons: does not actually model kinematics/dynamics

    • Reciprocating Pin-on-Flat
    • Pros: sliding motion modeled well (good for THRs)
    • Cons: does not actually model knee kinematics/dynamics

    S. Waldman MECH 393


    Consequences of Wear
    • Excessive wear can lead to premature failure of the component; however,
    there can also be a biological response to the generated wear debris, such as
    inflammation and/or osteolysis.

    • Osteolysis refers to the active resorption of bone tissue as part of a biological


    reaction to wear particles generated from artificial joint replacements. This
    process ultimately results in implant loosening and eventually requiring
    revision surgery.

    • The magnitude of the osteolytic response is dependent on the nature of the


    wear particles generated:
    • chemical composition
    • size (smaller particles have greater effect)
    • shape (shaper particles have greater effect)
    To avoid corrosion:
    • – Consider the composition of the biological invironment (ions, pH,
    • oxygen pressure, etc.)
    • – Use appropriate metals.
    • – Avoid implantation of dissimilar metals.
    • – Minimize pits and crevices.
    • – Avoid transfer of metal from tools to the implant during surgery.

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