ch4-l4-activity-sheet-answers

Activity Sheet Answers
Chapter 4, Lesson 4
Energy Levels, Electrons, and Covalent Bonding
EXPLAIN IT WITH ATOMS & MOLECULES
1. Write a short caption under each picture to describe the process of covalent
bonding.
Two hydrogen atoms TT The electron from The attractions bring the
are near each other. each hydrogen atom two hydrogen atoms
feels an attraction together and the
from the proton in the electrons are shared by
other atom. both atoms making a
covalent bond.
2. What are two conditions atoms must have to form covalent bonds with one
another?
There has to be strong enough attraction by the protons in each atom for the electrons
in the other atom. And there must be room for the electrons on the outer energy level
of both atoms.
3. Why is a hydrogen molecule (H2) more stable than two individual hydrogen atoms?
The electrons form a covalent bond which means that each electron can be near two
protons instead of just 1. In a covalent bond, the electrons are shared between the
two atoms.
4. Why can’t a third hydrogen atom join the H2 molecule to make H3?
A hydrogen molecule (H2) is made up of two hydrogen atoms sharing two electrons on
the first energy level. If another hydrogen atom comes along, the electron from that
hydrogen atom cannot be shared on the first energy level because there is no room. It
would have to be further away from the nucleus and would not feel a strong enough
attraction. Also, the electrons in the H2 molecule would not feel a strong enough
attraction to that one proton to move further away from the two protons they are
attracted to.
www.acs.org/middleschoolchemistry 1 ©2023 American Chemical Society

5. Write a short caption beside each picture to describe the process of covalent
bonding.
Two hydrogen atoms and one

oxygen atom are near each other.
The electrons in each hydrogen atom

feel the attraction of the protons in the
oxygen atom.
And the electrons on the outer energy

level of oxygen feel the attraction for
the proton from hydrogen.
The attractions bring the

atoms together in a
covalent bond.
6. Why can’t a third hydrogen atom join the water molecule (H20) to make H3O?
If another hydrogen atom comes along, the electron from that hydrogen atom cannot
be shared on the second energy level of oxygen because there is no room. It would have
to be further away from the nucleus and would not feel a strong enough attraction.
Also, the electrons already in the H2O molecule would not feel a strong enough
attraction to that one proton to move further away from the protons they are already
attracted to.

ACTIVITY
7. What were the bubbles made out of in this activity?

The bubbles that formed in the solution were Hydrogen gas (H2) and Oxygen gas (O2).
8. Why was there more hydrogen gas produced than oxygen gas?
HINT: Look back at the drawings showing the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms
that bond to form a water molecule.
More hydrogen gas was produced because each water molecule contains more
hydrogen than it does oxygen. In one water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms,
while there is only one oxygen atom.
TAKE IT FURTHER
9. Briefly describe the process of covalent bonding between two oxygen atoms to make
an oxygen molecule. Be sure to mention attractions between electrons and protons
and the number of electrons in the outer energy level for the atoms in the final
molecule.
Each oxygen atom has 6 Electrons from each The attractions bring
electrons in its outer oxygen atom feel an the two oxygen atoms
energy level. attraction from together to make a
protons in the other double covalent bond
atom. which forms an oxygen
molecule from the two
oxygen atoms.

10. Briefly describe the process of covalent bonding between the carbon and the four
hydrogen atoms to make a methane molecule. Be sure to mention attractions
between electrons and protons and the number of electrons in the outer energy
level for the atoms in the final molecule.
Initially, each Hydrogen atom has a The attractions bring the atoms
single outermost electron, while the together to form four covalent
carbon atom has four outermost bonds. Each hydrogen atom now
electrons. has 2 electrons in its outer energy
level, while the carbon atom has 8
Electrons within the hydrogen atoms electrons in its outer energy level.
and the central carbon atom feel an
attraction from protons in the other
atom.

11. Briefly describe the process of covalent bonding between the carbon and the two
oxygen atoms to make a carbon dioxide molecule. This molecule has two double
bonds. Be sure to mention attractions between electrons and protons and the number
of electrons in the outer energy level for the atoms in the final molecule.
Initially, each oxygen atom has 6

The attractions bring the atoms
outermost electrons, while the carbon
together to form two double
atom has four outermost electrons.
covalent bonds. Each atom now
Electrons within the oxygen atoms and has 8 electrons in its outer energy
the carbon atom feel an attraction level.
from protons in the other atom.

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Activity Sheet Answers

EXPLAIN IT WITH ATOMS & MOLECULES

www.acs.org/middleschoolchemistry 1 ©2023 American Chemical Society

Two hydrogen atoms and one

The electrons in each hydrogen atom

And the electrons on the outer energy

The attractions bring the

www.acs.org/middleschoolchemistry 2 ©2023 American Chemical Society

7. What were the bubbles made out of in this activity?

www.acs.org/middleschoolchemistry 3 ©2023 American Chemical Society

www.acs.org/middleschoolchemistry 4 ©2023 American Chemical Society

Initially, each oxygen atom has 6

www.acs.org/middleschoolchemistry 5 ©2023 American Chemical Society

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