Programming Languages
and Program Development
(Part 2)
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Your Turn
Write an Algorithm & Flowchart to Swap Two Numbers using
Temporary Variable
6 13
temp
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Steps
Step-1 Start
Step-2 Input Two Numbers Say NUM1,NUM2
Step-4 TEMP = NUM1 Step-5 NUM1 = NUM2
Step-6 NUM2 = NUM1
Step-7 Display NUM1,NUM
Step-8 Stop
start
Input Num1 ,
Num2
Temp=Num1
Num1=Num2
Nume2=Temp
Input Num1 ,
Num2
end
Algorithm & Flowchart to Swap Two Numbers
without using temporary variable
A B
Steps
6 13
Step-1 Start
Step-2 Input Two Numbers Say A,B A 6+13=19
Step-3 Display Before Swap Values A, B B 19-13=6
Step-4 A=A+B
A 19-6=13
Step-5 B=A-B
Step-6 A=A-B
Step-7 Display After Swap Values A, B
Step-8 Stop Perpered by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the previous Algorithm.
Algorithm & Flowchart to find Even number
between 1 to 50
DECISION STRUCTURES
IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
The structure is as follows
If condition then
true alternative
else
false alternative
endif
Decision Logic Structure
yes no
1 2
Your Turn
Write an Algorithm and a Flowchart to read cost price
and selling Price and to find profit or loss.
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Example
Assume your are calculating pay at an hourly
rate, and overtime pay(over 40 hours) at 1.5
times the hourly rate.
IF the hours are greater than 40, THEN the
pay is calculated for overtime, or ELSE the
pay is calculated in the usual way.
Example Decision Structure
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If Then and simple Loop
Example 8
Finding Average Problem
Read a sequence of number, find the average of the number
and print the average.
Solution: Stepwise Analysis of Average Problem
◼ Start the processing
◼ Read a number
◼ Add the number
◼ Repeat reading until last data
◼ Calculate the average
◼ Print the average
◼ Stop the processing
Example 8
START
X
COUNTER
=
AVERAGE = TOTAL
READ NUMBER COUNTER
PRINT AVERAGE
TOTAL = TOTAL + NUMBER
COUNTER = COUNTER + 1
STOP
END OF
DATA
X
NESTED IF/THEN/ELSE INSTRUCTIONS
Multiple decisions.
Instructions are sets of instruction in which
each level of a decision is embedded in a level
before it.
NESTED IF/THEN/ELSE INSTRUCTIONS
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The Loop Logic Structure
Repeat structure
To solve the problem that doing the same task
over and over for different sets of data
Types of loop:
WHILE loop
Do..WHILE loop
Automatic-Counter Loop
WHILE loop
WHILE loop
Do the loop body if the condition is true.
Example: Get the sum of 1, 2, 3, …, 100.
Algorithm:
◼ Set the number = 1
◼ Set the total = 0
◼ While (number <= 100)
◼ total = total + number
◼ number = number + 1
◼ End While
◼ Display total
WHILE loop
Start
Set number = 1
Set total = 0
No
number <= 100
Yes
Display total
total =
total + number
End
number =
number + 1
DO…WHILE Loop
The body of the loop will process first
before check the condition.
Example: Get the sum of 1, 2, 3, …100.
Automatic Counter Loop
Use variable as a counter that starts counting at
a specified number and increments the variable
each time the loop is processed.
The beginning value, the ending value and the
increment value may be constant. They should
not be changed during the processing of the
instruction in the loop.
Automatic-Counter Loop
Terminator
for the
loop
Terminator for
the flowchart
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Automatic-Counter Loop
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NESTED LOOP
Suppose you have two counter R and C , for each R you need to
Write three values of C. Write A flow chart assume R varies from
0 to 1 and c from 0 to 2
Counter R=0
C=0
C=1
C=2
Counter R=1
C=0
C=1
C=2
Counter R=2
C=0
C=1
C=2
NESTED LOOP
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NESTED LOOP
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Your Turn
Write an algorithm and a Flowchart of multiplication
table for a given number N
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The Case Logic Structure
Made up of several or many sets of instructions, only one
of which will be selected by the user and executed by the
computer
Algorithm:
CASE OF VARIABLE
= constant1:
actions for VARIABLE = constant1
= constants2:
actions for VARIABLE = constant2
…
OTHERWISE:
Actions for VARIABLE = anything else
END-OF-CASE
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Case Logic Structure
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Case Logic Structure
Example: A company has four different medical plans. The programmer
has given each plan a code corresponding to the beginning initial of the
company: Plan 1 = F, Plan 2 = B, Plan 3 = K, Plan 4 = E.
The company pays for all of Plan 1. The individual has to pay for part of
the others.
The payroll deduction for Plan 2 = 4.65, for Plan 3 = 7.85, and for Plan 4
= 5.50.
Any other codes are considered in error. Write the algorithm and draw the
flowchart for a module to determine the payroll deduction.
Example of Case Logic Structure
NESTED IFS
One of the alternatives within an IF–THEN–
ELSE statement
may involve further IF–THEN–ELSE statement
EXAMPLE
• Write an algorithm that reads three numbers and prints
the value of the largest number.
Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3
Step 2: if (N1>N2) then
if (N1>N3) then
MAX ← N1 [N1>N2, N1>N3]
else
MAX ← N3 [N3>N1>N2]
endif
else
if (N2>N3) then
MAX ← N2 [N2>N1, N2>N3]
else
MAX ← N3 [N3>N2>N1]
endif
endif
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Step 3: Print “The largest number is”, MAX
Problem 3
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to
a) read an employee name (NAME), overtime
hours worked (OVERTIME), hours absent
(ABSENT) and
b) determine the bonus payment (PAYMENT).
Problem 3
Bonus Schedule
OVERTIME – (2/3)*ABSENT Bonus Paid
>40 hours $50
>30 but 40 hours $40
>20 but 30 hours $30
>10 but 20 hours $20
10 hours $10
