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    Neural Control and Coordination

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    yashupadhyay10706

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    Neural Control and Coordination

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    yashupadhyay10706
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    2 views7 pages

    Neural Control and Coordination

    Uploaded by

    yashupadhyay10706

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    CHAPTER 8

    NEURAL CONTROL AND


    COORDINATION
    Coordination- Interactions b/w organs, in order to
    complement the function of one another.
    Neurons- Specialized cells forming the neural
    system which can detect, receive and transmit
    different kinds of stimuli.
    Organisms Neural System
    Hydra Network of neurons
    Insects Brain + ganglia + neural tissue
    Vertebrate Developed neural system
    Human neural system

    Central Neural system Peripheral Neural system


    (CNS) (PNS)
    Site of information
    processing and control. Somatic NS Autonomic NS
    Includes- Impulses Impulses from CNS
    from CNS to involuntary
    Brain Spinal cord to skeletal organs and smooth
    muscles muscles.
    Types
    Sympathetic
    Parasympathetic
    Visceral Nervous system-
    Also a part of PNS, consisting of nerves, fibres, ganglia
    & plexus travelling from CNS to viscera.

    Neuron- (Structural & functional unit of Neural System)


    Cell body- Cytoplasm Organelles (+)
    Nissl's granules
    Dendrites- Fibres projecting out of cell body helps
    transmitting impulses.
    Nissl's granules (+)
    Axon- Long fibre; branched at distal end.
    Ends into synaptic knob (contains synaptic
    vesicles), storing neurotransmitters.

    NEURON Diagram

    Types of AXON-

    Myelinated Non- Myelinated


    Enveloped with schwann Enclosed by schwann
    cells (from myelin sheath). cells but don't form
    Gaps b/w adjacent myelin myelin sheath.
    sheath- node of Ranvier. Present in autonomous &
    Present in spinal & cranial somatic neural system.
    nerves.
    Types of NEURONS-

    Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar


    1 axon only 1 axon + 1 dendrite 1 axon + many
    In embryo In eye retina dendrites
    In cerebral cortex

    Generation of Nerve Impulse


    No Impulse (Axon membrane) Concentration
    i.e. resting stage Permeable- K⁺ gradient
    Impermeable- Na+, across the
    -vely charged proteins membrane

    (Axon membrane) Maintained by Na-K pump


    Outer surface= +ve charged (3Na⁺ → outward)
    Inner surface= -ve charged (2K⁺ → inside the cell)
    Polarized
    Resting potential- The electrical potential difference across
    the resting plasma membrane

    Depolarization:
    Stimulus applied at (Axon membrane)
    the site on polarized Permeable- K⁺
    membrane. Impermeable- Na+

    Polarity reversed Outside=-ve charge


    (depolarized) Inside=+ve charge

    Repolarization: Stimulus-induced permeability


    increases for Na+ for very short period of time; followed
    permeability for K+, restoring the resting potential.
    Impulse Transmission
    SYNAPSE- An area of functional contact formed by the
    membranes of pre-synaptic neuron & post synaptic
    neuron.
    Gap = Synaptic cleft

    Types of SYNAPSE

    Electrical Synapse Chemical Synapse


    Pre & post synaptic Proper synaptic cleft(+)
    membranes very Involve neurotransmitters;
    close. binding to specific
    Electric current flows receptors
    directly. Transmission via synaptic
    Fast and rare. vesicles

    Central Nervous System- BRAIN


    Central information processing organ and is the
    'command & control system'.
    Protected by skull; covered by cranial meninges
    BRAIN Diagram-
    Corpus
    Cerebrum callosum Parietal lobe

    Frontal lobe

    Thalamus Occipital lobe


    Hypothalamus
    Temporal lobe Cranial meninges
    Pituitary gland Duramater
    Medulla oblongata Arachnoid
    Cerebellum Piamater

    BRAIN

    Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

    Cerebrum Diencephalon Pons Cerebellum Medulla


    My Cerebrum is
    Thalamus Hypothalamus the largest part of
    my brain!
    CEREBRUM:
    Cerebral hemisphere (divided by cleft, connected
    by corpus callosum, covered by cerebral cortex)
    Cerebral hemisphere

    Gray matter White matter


    -Consist of cerebral -Inner part consisting
    cortex (folds). of fibres/tracts covered
    -High concentration of by myelin sheath
    cell bodies of neurons.
    Gray matter contains-

    Motor area Sensory area Association area


    (Memory, communication)

    THALAMUS:
    Major coordination centre for sensory & motor
    signalling.
    Cerebrum wraps around it.
    HYPOTHALAMUS:
    Present at base of thalamus.
    Controls body temperature, urge of eating etc.
    Secrets hormones.

    MIDBRAIN
    Location- b/w thalamus (forebrain) & pons
    (hindbrain)
    Cerebral aqueduct- Canal passing via midbrain.
    Corpora quadrigemina- 4 round swellings at dorsal
    part.
    Functions-
    Maintains consciousness.
    Generates somatic motor responses.
    Process visual & auditory data.

    HINDBRAIN
    Pons- Fibres that interconnect different parts of brain.
    Cerebellum- Convoluted surface; maintains muscle
    tone & body balance.
    Medulla oblangata- Connected to spinal cord; major
    pathway for impulses that enter skull.
    Centres of medulla oblangata control respiration,
    cardiovascular refluxes, gastric secretions.
    Brain stem= Mid brain + Pons + Medulla oblongata

    REFLEX ACTION
    The involuntary response to a peripheral nervous stimulation.
    Sensory Organ Afferent neuron Dorsal nerve root
    Effector Efferent neuron CNS

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