CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL BIOLOGY: WORKBOOK

Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Workbook answers
Chapter 12
Exam-style questions
1 a
Statement Glycolysis Link Krebs Oxidative
reaction cycle phosphorylation
NAD is reduced ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
FAD is oxidised ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓
decarboxylation occurs ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗
occurs in the cytoplasm ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗

1 mark for each correct row                [5]

immediate donor of energy / equivalent ;
b  continues to fall between additions of
readily hydrolysed to release energy ; ADP / accept converse ; [2]
small ; water-soluble ; is constantly broken
down and resynthesised / interconverted ; ii 
H+ ions / protons diffuse through
universal intermediary molecule ; [max 4] UCP-1 ; from intermembrane space
to matrix ; no ATP is produced / ADP
 [Total: 9] is not needed ; (idea of) continuous
2 1.56(4) (μm) ; ; (accept between 1.5–
a  oxidative phosphorylation / electron
1.6 μm). 1 mark for a number divided by movement / proton diffusion ;
62 000 [2] energy released as heat ; without need
for shivering / muscle contraction /
b more (once) oxidative phosphorylation / animal activity / equivalent ; [max 5]
electron transport chain ; more oxidation  [Total: 11]
of reduced NAD / FAD ; (more) ATP ;
reference to H+ gradient ; reference to 4 a 0.7 ; [1]
ATPase / ATP synthase ; [max 4]
b i 
any two of: age / body mass / fitness /
 [Total: 6] previous diet / hydration / named lifestyle,
3 ADP was a limiting factor / equivalent ;
a  e.g. smoking / sex / muscle type ; [1]
ADP + Pi → ATP ; H+ / protons flow both drop then increase ; reference to
ii 
through protein channel / into the matrix 30 W ; fed student is always higher than
/ from intermembrane space ; electron fasted ; fasted continues to increase from
passes from electron transport chain / 120 to 150 and fed stays same / slight
protein / cytochrome ; to combine with decrease ; [max 3]
oxygen to make water ; reference to
ATPase / ATP synthase ; [max 4] iii 
fed student is using more aerobic
respiration of carbohydrate ;
b i 
brown fat oxygen drops to zero faster fasted student has lower glycogen
/ liver mitochondria require three reserve so is utilising more fat ; both
additions of ADP / accept converse ; use a mixture of carbohydrate and fat
brown fat oxygen concentration (ignore references to protein) ; both

1 Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology – Jones & Parkin © Cambridge University Press 2020
 CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL BIOLOGY: WORKBOOK

begin utilising aerobic respiration of c pyruvate is reduced by reduced NAD /

carbohydrates ; the increase may be accepts hydrogen / electrons / pyruvate
due to increasing use of carbohydrate oxidises reduced NAD ; NAD (then)
/ proteins or anaerobic respiration ; as used in glycolysis ; generating a net gain
intensity increases anaerobic respiration of 2 ATP ; [3]
increases / aerobic decreases ; [max 4]  [Total: 13]
iv 
saturated lipids / oils / fats have high
hydrogen content / equivalent ; (idea
of) more hydrogen equates to more
energy ; saturated fat weighs less / idea
of more calories for less mass ; allows
flight and energy reserve for long
distances ; [max 3]
 [Total: 12]
5 a 
anchoring roots – prevents washing away /
stabilises soil / equivalent ; nutritive roots
take up mineral ions / named mineral
ion ; (by) active transport ; requiring
ATP / energy ; pneumatophores obtain
oxygen ; as waterlogged soil has few air
spaces / anaerobic ; so aerobic respiration
can take place in root tissues ; [max 5]
growing taller ; to keep stomata out of
b 
water ; aerenchyma tissue in stem ; allows
diffusion of oxygen throughout the plant ;
hydrophobic / corrugated leaves trap air ;
roots undergo anaerobic respiration ; have
high levels of alcohol dehydrogenase ;
breaking down ethanol ; [max 5]
 [Total: 10]
6 a i Y CO2 ; Z acetyl Coa ; [2]
ii A – glycolysis, B – link reaction,
C – Krebs / citric acid cycle ; [1]
iii matrix of mitochondria ; [1]
b i hydrogen / electrons passed
onto electron transport chain /
cytochromes ; in cristae/ inner
membrane of mitochondria ; electron
movement generates proton / H+
gradient ; reference to H+ diffusion
through protein channel into matrix /
equivalent ; reference to ATPase /
ATP synthase ; ADP + Pi → ATP ;
oxygen acts as final electron acceptor ;
 [max 5]
ii 32 [1]

2 Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology – Jones & Parkin © Cambridge University Press 2020