CHAPTER 2

PSYCHROMETRY
AVS-AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTLATION SYSTEMS

ENGR. PAOULO H. DE VEGA, ME

INSTRUCTOR III
 SESSION OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

In this session, you will get to know more about

psychrometry. By the end of this session, you should be
able to:
1. Define psychrometry
2. Find properties of air in a psychrometric chart
3. Identify psychrometry of air conditioning process
 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

Psychrometry is the science

of studying the thermodynamic
properties of moist air and the
use of these properties to
analyze conditions and
processes involving moist air,
for example air conditioning,
drying processes, flue gas
condensation.
 DEFINITIONS
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

• Atmospheric Air contains many gaseous

components as well as water vapor and
miscellaneous contaminants (e.g., smoke,
pollen, and gaseous pollutants not normally
present in free air far from pollution
sources)

• Dry Air is atmospheric air with all water

vapor and contaminants removed.
AIR COMPOSITION
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY
 DEFINITIONS
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

• Moist Air is the mixture of dry air and

water vapor.

• Dry Air is the non-condensable

component of moist air.

• Water Vapor is the condensable

component of moist air.
STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC COND.
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

At sea level, h = 0
𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 15℃
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎

At a certain elevation, h
𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 15 − 0.0065ℎ ℃
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 1 − 2.25577𝑥10−5 ℎ 5.2559 𝑘𝑃𝑎
PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

The following are thermodynamic

properties of air namely as:

a)TEMPERATURE
b)PRESSURE
c) SPECIFIC VOLUME
d)HUMIDITY
e)ENTHALPY
f) ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY
 TEMPERATURE
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE
The actual temperature of the air
that is measured by an ordinary
thermometer.

WET-BULB TEMPERATURE
The temperature of air if it is
saturated, which is measured by
thermometer whose bulb is wrapped with
wetted wick or cloth and exposed to a
current of rapidly moving air.
SLING PSYCHROMETER
 PRESSURE
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

-states that in any mixture of miscible gases, the
pressure exerted by gases on its container is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of the gases.
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝒂 + 𝑷𝒗

𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝒂 = 𝑽𝒗

𝒕𝑻 = 𝒕𝒂 = 𝒕𝒗
 SPECIFIC VOLUME
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

- volume of a unit mass

of dry air

𝑽𝒂 𝒎𝟑
𝒗=
𝒎𝒂 𝒌𝒈𝒅.𝒂.
 HUMIDITY
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

HUMIDITY RATIO RELATIVE HUMIDITY

(moisture content or specific is the ratio of the partial
humidity) is the amount of pressure of water vapor to the
water vapor actually present saturation pressure of water at
in the air per kg of dry air. a given dry-bulb temperature.

𝒎𝒗 𝒌𝒈𝒗 𝑷𝒗
𝝎= 𝑹𝑯 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒂 𝒌𝒈𝒅.𝒂. 𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝑷𝒗
𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝒗 = 𝑷𝑾𝑩 − 𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑷𝒕 𝑫𝑩 − 𝑾𝑩 ; (𝑾𝑩 ≥ 𝟎)
𝑷𝒕 − 𝑷𝒗
𝑷𝒗 = 𝑷𝑾𝑩 − 𝟓. 𝟗𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑷𝒕 𝑫𝑩 − 𝑾𝑩 ; (𝑾𝑩 < 𝟎)
 ENTHALPY
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY
Enthalpy of moist air is the sum of the enthalpy of dry air and the
𝑘𝐽
enthalpy of the water vapor.
𝑘𝑔𝑑.𝑎.

ASHRAE Formula IHVE Formula

(American Society of Heating, (Institute of Heating and Ventilating
Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers)
Engineers)
𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 + 𝝎 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝒕
𝒉 = 𝑪𝒑 𝒕 + 𝝎𝒉𝒈 for t (DB) = 0°C to 60°C

𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒕 + 𝝎 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝒕

for t (DB) = -10°C to 0°C
 ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

DEW-POINT TEMPERATURE PERCENT SATURATION

-is the temperature at which - is the ratio of the air humidity ratio,
condensation of water vapor in a 𝜔, to the humidity ratio, 𝜔𝑠 , of
space begins. It is the saturation saturated air at the same temperature
temperature corresponding to the and pressure.
vapor partial pressure. 𝜔
𝑈= 𝑥 100
𝜔𝑠

𝑷𝒕 − 𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝑼 = 𝑹𝑯
𝑷𝒕 − 𝑷𝒗
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

1. Calculate the moisture

content of a moist air at 22°C
DB, 15°C WB and 90 kPa
barometric pressure.

𝑘𝑔𝑣
ANS: 9.0130 X 10-3
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

2. Calculate the humidity ratio

of a moist air at 65% RH and
35°C DB when the barometric
pressure is 101.5 kPaa.
Determine the enthalpy.

𝑘𝑔𝑣 𝑘𝐽
ANS: 0.0232 , 94.98
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

3. What is the specific volume

of an air-vapor mixture at
30°C and a relative humidity
of 50% at 101.5 kPa
barometric pressure?

𝑚3
ANS: 0.8751
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY
4. A mixture of dry air and water vapor is at
a temperature of 20°C under a barometric
pressure of 101.3 kPaa. The dew-point
temperature is 15°C. Find:
a) The partial pressure of water vapor
b) The relative humidity
c) The humidity ratio
d) The enthalpy
e) The specific volume
f) The degree of saturation

𝑘𝑔𝑣
ANS: 1.71 kPa, 72.9%, 0.0106
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
𝑘𝐽 𝑚3
47.14 , 0.8443 , 72.43%,
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2: PSYCHROMETRY

ANS:

RH=72.9%,
𝑘𝑔
ω = 0.0106 𝑘𝑔 𝑣
𝑑𝑎
𝑘𝐽
h= 47.14 𝑘𝑔 ,
𝑑𝑎
𝑚3
𝜗 = 0.8443
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
THANK YOU
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

The basic processes of air conditioning are at practically constant

pressure and can be illustrated by lines on a psychrometric chart.

0 to 1: Sensible Heating
0 to 2: Sensible Cooling
3
0 to 3: Humidifying 5
7
0 to 4: Dehumidifying
0 to 5: Heating and Humidifying
2 0 1
0 to 6: Cooling and Dehumidifying
0 to 7: Cooling and Humidifying
0 to 8: Heating and Dehumidifying 6 8
4
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

SENSIBLE HEATING
- is an air conditioning process that
involves heating without changing
the moisture content (humidity
ratio) of air.
1 2 𝜔

DB1 DB2
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

SENSIBLE COOLING
- is the process that involves
cooling without changing the
humidity ratio of the air. The final
temperature cannot be below the
initial dew-point temperature.
2 1 𝜔

DB2 DB1
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

HUMIDIFYING
- is the process of increasing the
humidity ratio without changing the
dry-bulb temperature.
2 ω2

1 ω1

DB
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

DEHUMIDIFYING
- is a process of decreasing the
humidity ratio without changing the
dry-bulb temperature of air.
1 ω1

2 ω2

DB
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

HEATING and HUMIDIFYING

- is a process of simultaneous
heating and humidifying of air by 2
either drawing it through spray or 𝜔2
over trays of hot or warm water.
The water must be heated during 1 𝜔1
the process in order to supply the
latent heat needed for evaporation.
DB1 DB2
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

COOLING and DEHUMIDIFYING

- is a process of simultaneous
cooling and dehumidifying of air
1
passing through a cooling coil or 𝜔1
air washer. The air is chilled below
its dew-point temperature, thus
condensing out moisture. 2 𝜔2

DB2 DB1
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

COOLING and HUMIDIFYING

- is a process of simultaneous
cooling and humidifying of air
passing through a spray of water. 2
The process is known as adiabatic 𝜔2

saturation.
𝜔1
1

DB2 DB1
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

HEATING and DEHUMIDIFYING

or CHEMICAL DEHUMIDIFYING
- is a simultaneous heating and
dehumidifying. Air can be 1
dehumidified by passing the air 𝜔1

over a chemical that has an affinity

for moisture.
𝜔2
2

DB1 DB2
BASIC AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

HEATING and DEHUMIDIFYING

or CHEMICAL DEHUMIDIFYING
- is a simultaneous heating and
dehumidifying. Air can be 1
dehumidified by passing the air 𝜔1

over a chemical that has an affinity

for moisture.
𝜔2
2

DB1 DB2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

1. Determine the heat required to

raise 0.50 m³/s of air at 10°C and
80% RH to 32°C. What is the
final relative humidity?

ANS.: 13.7 kW; 21%

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

1. Determine the heat required to

raise 0.50 m³/s of air at 10°C and
80% RH to 32°C. What is the
final relative humidity?

ANS.: 13.7 kW; 21%

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

2. Calculate the load on a heater

battery which heats 1.5 m³/s of
moist air, initially at a state of
21°C DB, 15°C WB and 101.325
kPa barometric pressure, by 20
degrees. If low pressure hot
water at 85°C is used and leaves
at 75°C, calculate the flow
necessary, in kg/s, of water.

ANS.: 35.80 kW; 0.860 kg/s

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

3. Calculate the load on a cooler

coil which cools the moist air
mentioned in problem no. 2 by 5
degrees. What is the flow rate of
chilled water necessary to this
cooling if flow and return
temperatures of 10°C and 15°C,
respectively?

ANS.: 9.0 kW, 0.43 kg/s

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

4. How many tons of refrigeration

is required to cool 472.3 Lps of
air from 35°C DB and 26°C WB
to 27°C DB and 50% RH?

ANS.: 3.63 TR
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

4. How many tons of refrigeration

is required to cool 472.3 Lps of
air from 35°C DB and 26°C WB
to 27°C DB and 50% RH?

ANS.: 3.63 TR
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
CHAPTER 2.2: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

5. Air at 24°C DB and 15°C WB

enters a humidifier and leaves at
41°C DB and 21°C WB. How
much moisture has been added
per kg d.a?

𝑘𝑔𝑣
ANS.: 2.50 x 10-4
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
THANK YOU