Sorting Methods:

Quick Sort:

1. Problem Statement
A computer science society of a college asks students to register for a workshop organized by them.
The final list of registered students consists of College ID.

Anand, the organizer needs to sort that list using Quick Sort and print the PIVOT element after every
sorting pass. Also, some of the students have registered more than once. So he needs to remove the
duplicate IDs as well (Remove the duplicate after sorting).Help Anand to complete this task.

Input format :

The first line contains an integer n, the number of students.

The next n lines contain integers, each representing the IDs of the students.

Output format :

For each pass of the Quick Sort algorithm, output the pivot used in that pass.

After sorting and removing duplicates, output the final array

Refer to the sample output for formatting specifications.

Code constraints :

2 ≤ n ≤ 50

Sample test cases :

Input 1 :

2
1

Output 1 :

Pivot for pass 1: 1

Pivot for pass 2: 4

Pivot for pass 3: 2

Final array: 1 2 3 4 5

Input 2 :

Output 2 :

Pivot for pass 1: 1

Pivot for pass 2: 1

Final array: 1

o help Anand with the task, we need to implement the Quick Sort algorithm while printing the pivot
used in each pass. After sorting, we'll also remove duplicates from the final sorted list.

Here's a step-by-step guide on how to achieve this:

Step-by-Step Implementation

1. Read Input:

o Read the number of students.

o Read the student IDs and store them in a list.

2. Quick Sort Algorithm:

o Implement the Quick Sort algorithm with an additional feature to print the pivot used
during each partitioning pass.

o The Quick Sort algorithm involves selecting a pivot, partitioning the list around the pivot,
and then recursively sorting the sublists.

3. Remove Duplicates:

o After sorting, remove duplicates from the list.

4. Print Results:
 o Print the pivot used in each pass.

o Print the final sorted list without duplicates.

Here’s the code that accomplishes the above steps:

def quick_sort(arr, low, high):

if low < high:

# Partition the array and get the pivot index

pivot_index = partition(arr, low, high)

# Print the pivot element

print(f'Pivot: {arr[pivot_index]}')

# Recursively apply quick sort to the sub-arrays

quick_sort(arr, low, pivot_index - 1)

quick_sort(arr, pivot_index + 1, high)

def partition(arr, low, high):

# Choosing the rightmost element as the pivot

pivot = arr[high]

i = low - 1

for j in range(low, high):

if arr[j] < pivot:

i += 1

arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i]

arr[i + 1], arr[high] = arr[high], arr[i + 1]

return i + 1

def remove_duplicates(arr):

return list(sorted(set(arr)))
# Read input

n = int(input().strip())

ids = [int(input().strip()) for _ in range(n)]

# Sort the list using quick sort

quick_sort(ids, 0, len(ids) - 1)

# Remove duplicates and print the final sorted list

final_list = remove_duplicates(ids)

print('Final Sorted List:', ' '.join(map(str, final_list)))

Explanation of the Code:

1. quick_sort Function:

o This function handles the recursive sorting of the array. It calls the partition function to
get the pivot index and prints the pivot.

2. partition Function:

o This function partitions the array around the pivot (chosen as the rightmost element).
Elements less than the pivot are moved to the left, and elements greater are moved to
the right. Finally, it places the pivot in its correct position and returns the pivot index.

3. remove_duplicates Function:

o This function removes duplicates by converting the list to a set and then back to a sorted
list.

4. Input Reading and Output:

o The input is read from the standard input, the Quick Sort algorithm is applied, and the
final list is printed after removing duplicates.
2. Problem Statement

Imagine you are managing a car rental service, and you have a list of booking time intervals for all
the cars you want to rent out. Each interval consists of a start time and an end time. You want to
figure out the minimum number of cars required to fulfill all these bookings without any overlaps.
For instance, let's say you have three bookings with intervals [1, 3], [2. 4], and [5, 6]. In this case, you
would need at least two cars, as the first two bookings overlap in time and cannot be fulfilled by the
sarne car. Your task is to write a program that takes in the list of booking time intervals and outputs
the minimum number of cars required to fulfill all the bookings without any overlaps.

Input format:

The first line contains a single integer n, the number of bookings. The following n lines each contain
two space separated integers s and e representing the start and end times of the i-th booking.

Output format:

The output prints the minimum number of cars required to fulfill all the bookings without any
overlaps

Refer to the sample output for formatting specifications.

Code constraints:

1 n 100

1s 12

The start and end times are integers, measured in hours.

Sample test cases:

Input 1:

13

24

56

Output 1:

The minimum number of cars required 2

 Input 2:

12

13

14

Output 3

The minimum number of cars required 2

Steps to Solve the Problem

1. Read the Input:

o Read the number of bookings.

o Read each booking interval, which consists of a start and end time.

2. Convert the Problem to a Timeline Analysis:

o We need to track how many cars are needed at any given time. To do this, we can use
the "sweep line" algorithm with event points.

3. Use Event Points to Track Overlaps:

o Create two types of events: start and end of bookings.

o Sort these events, and process them to determine the maximum number of overlapping
intervals at any time.

4. Calculate the Maximum Overlaps:

o Traverse the sorted events and maintain a count of current overlaps to find the
maximum number of overlapping intervals.

Detailed Implementation

def min_cars_required(bookings):

events = []

# Collect all start and end events

for start, end in bookings:

events.append((start, 'start'))

events.append((end, 'end'))
 # Sort events, with 'start' events before 'end' events if they are at the same time

events.sort(key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1] == 'start'))

current_cars = 0

max_cars = 0

# Traverse through the sorted events

for event in events:

if event[1] == 'start':

current_cars += 1

if current_cars > max_cars:

max_cars = current_cars

else:

current_cars -= 1

return max_cars

# Read input

n = int(input().strip())

bookings = [tuple(map(int, input().strip().split())) for _ in range(n)]

# Calculate and output the result

print(min_cars_required(bookings))

Explanation of the Code:

1. Collect Events:
 o We collect all start and end times as events. Each event is tagged with its type ('start' or
'end').

2. Sort Events:

o We sort events primarily by time. If two events have the same time, 'start' events come
before 'end' events. This ensures that if a booking starts and ends at the same time, we
consider the start event first.

3. Traverse and Count Overlaps:

o Traverse through the sorted events. For each 'start' event, increment the count of
current cars in use. For each 'end' event, decrement the count. Track the maximum
count of cars required during this traversal.

4. Print Result:

o The maximum count of overlapping bookings during the traversal gives us the minimum
number of cars required.

Example

For bookings [1, 3], [2, 4], and [5, 6]:

 Events are: [(1, 'start'), (3, 'end'), (2, 'start'), (4, 'end'), (5, 'start'), (6, 'end')]

 Sorted events: [(1, 'start'), (2, 'start'), (3, 'end'), (4, 'end'), (5, 'start'), (6, 'end')]

 Maximum overlaps occur between [(1, 'start'), (2, 'start')], which requires 2 cars

3. Problem Statement

Imagine you are a project manager and you have a list of developers with different coding speeds and
code quality scores. You want to form a team of at most k developers to maximize the productivity of the
project. The productivity of a team is defined as the product of the minimum code quality score among
the developers in the team and the sum of their coding speeds.You need to choose at most k developers
from the available developers such that the productivity of the team formed by these developers is
maximized.

Example 1:

Input: n = 6 speed = [2, 10, 3, 1, 5, 8] efficiency = [5, 4, 3, 9, 7, 2] k = 2

Output: 60

Explanation:

We have the maximum performance of the team by selecting engineer 2 (with speed 10 and
efficiency=4) and engineer 5 (with speed-5 and efficiency=7). That is, performance = (10 + 5) * min(4, 7)
60

Example 2:

Input: n = 6, speed = [2,10,3,1,5,8], efficiency = [5,4,3,9,7,2], k = 3

Output: 68

Explanation:

This is the same example as the first but k = 3. We can select engineer 1, engineer 2 and engineer 5 to
get the maximurn performance of the team. That is, performance = (2+10+5) min (5, 4, 7) = 68.

Company Tags: Amazon

Input format:

The first line of input consists of an integer n representing the number of developers.

The second line consists of an integer k representing the maximum number of developers that can be
chosen for the team.

The third line consists of n space-separated integers representing the coding speeds of the developers.

The fourth line consists of n space-separated integers representing the code quality scores of the
developers.

Output format:

The output prints an integer representing the maximum possible productivity of the team.

Refer to the sample output for formatting specifications.

Sample test cases

Input 1

2 10 3 1 5 8
543972

Output 68

Input 2

2 10 3 1 5 8

543972

Output 72

Input 3:

2 10 3 1 5 8

543972

To solve the problem of forming a team of developers to maximize productivity, we need to focus on
efficiently selecting up to k developers such that the product of the minimum code quality score and the
sum of coding speeds is maximized. Here's a structured approach to achieve this:

Approach

1. Understand the Problem:

o Productivity = (Sum of Coding Speeds) × (Minimum Code Quality Score) for the selected
developers.

o We need to maximize this productivity by selecting up to k developers.

2. Plan the Solution:

o Sort Developers by Efficiency: First, sort developers based on their efficiency in

descending order. This helps in considering the highest efficiency first which contributes
to maximizing productivity.

o Use a Min-Heap for Speed Calculation: Use a min-heap to maintain the k highest speeds
efficiently. This will help in quickly calculating the sum of the top k speeds.
 o Iterate through Developers: For each developer (starting from the highest efficiency),
calculate the productivity by maintaining the sum of the top k speeds and the current
efficiency.

Detailed Steps and Code

1. Sort Developers by Efficiency:

o Pair each developer’s speed and efficiency, then sort the list of pairs by efficiency in
descending order.

2. Calculate Productivity:

o Use a min-heap to keep track of the speeds of the top k developers while iterating
through the sorted list.

o For each developer, add their speed to the min-heap and adjust the heap to ensure it
contains at most k speeds.

o Calculate productivity with the current efficiency and the sum of speeds in the heap.

Here is the Python code implementing this approach:

import heapq

def max_productivity(n, k, speeds, efficiencies):

# Combine speeds and efficiencies into a list of tuples

developers = list(zip(speeds, efficiencies))

# Sort developers by efficiency in descending order

developers.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)

# Initialize variables

max_productivity = 0

current_speed_sum = 0

min_heap = []

# Iterate through sorted developers

for speed, efficiency in developers:

 # Add the current developer's speed to the min-heap

heapq.heappush(min_heap, speed)

current_speed_sum += speed

# If the heap exceeds size k, remove the smallest speed

if len(min_heap) > k:

current_speed_sum -= heapq.heappop(min_heap)

# Calculate productivity with the current efficiency

current_productivity = current_speed_sum * efficiency

max_productivity = max(max_productivity, current_productivity)

return max_productivity

# Read input

n = int(input().strip())

k = int(input().strip())

speeds = list(map(int, input().strip().split()))

efficiencies = list(map(int, input().strip().split()))

# Calculate and print the maximum productivity

print(max_productivity(n, k, speeds, efficiencies))

Explanation of the Code

1. Input Reading:

o Read the number of developers, maximum number of developers k, their speeds, and
efficiencies.

2. Sorting:

o Developers are paired and sorted based on efficiency in descending order to maximize
productivity potential from the most efficient developers.
 3. Using a Min-Heap:

o Maintain a min-heap of size up to k to efficiently manage the sum of the top k speeds.

o For each developer, calculate the potential productivity and update the maximum
productivity if the current value is higher.

4. Output:

o Print the maximum productivity obtained.

This approach ensures that we efficiently find the optimal set of developers to maximize productivity by
leveraging sorting and heap operations

Explanation of the Code

1. Input Reading:

o Read the number of developers (n), the maximum number of developers (k), and their
respective speeds and efficiencies.

2. Sorting:

o Developers are sorted based on their efficiency in descending order. This ensures that
we maximize the minimum quality score used in the productivity calculation.

3. Heap Operations:

o Use a min-heap to manage the top k speeds efficiently. Adding a new speed and
maintaining the heap size ensures that we always have the top k speeds for productivity
calculation.

4. Productivity Calculation:

o For each developer, compute the productivity using the sum of speeds from the heap
and the current minimum efficiency. Update the maximum productivity if the current
value is higher.

This code efficiently determines the maximum possible productivity by using sorting and a heap-based
approach to handle the constraints.