1.

LESSON 6 : TEST & MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS

2. LEARNING OUTCOME

3. SYNOPSIS

4. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

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LEARNING OUTCOME
6.1 Motor Fitness Test
a. 50 M Standing Start,
b. 600 M Run/Walk,
c. Sit & Reach,
d. Partial Curl Up,
e. Push Ups (Boys),
f. Modified Push Ups (Girls),
g. Standing Broad Jump,
h. Agility – 4x10 M
i. Shuttle Run

6.2 Measurement of Cardio Vascular Fitness

a. Harvard Step Test
b. Rockport Test -

6.3 Computation of Fitness Index

6.4 Rikli & Jones - Senior Citizen Fitness Test

1.Chair Stand Test for lower Body Strength
2. Arm Curl Test for Upper Body Strength
3. Chair Sit & Reach Test for lower body flexibility
4. Back Scratch Test for Upper Body Flexibility
5. Eight Foot Up & Go Test for Agility
6. Six Minute Walk Test for Aerobic Endurance

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6.1 MOTOR FITNESS TEST

6.1.1 50 M STANDING START

A standing start for sprints is used by many young athletes who are
too young to attempt, or have not yet been taught, a crouch or block start.

Procedure: "on your marks"

1. Stand with one foot forward and one foot back; it doesn’t matter which
one.(Whichever is comfortable for the athlete).
2. Make sure that the front foot is pointed forward. It should be behind and
not touching the starting line.
3. Ensure that the back foot is also pointed forward, with the heel raised off
the ground.
4. The toes of the back foot should be about one foot-length behind the heel
of the front foot.
5. The feet should be shoulder-width apart, rather than one directly behind
the other.
6. Look forward to the finish line.
7. The arms can be relaxed in this stance.

Procedure : "Get Set"

1. Flex at the hips and knees, weight evenly distributed over both feet.
2. Look downwards towards the front foot.
3. Place the opposite arm and leg forward.

Procedure : "GO"
1. Push off with both feet, springing away from the starting line.
2. Drive with a big, strong arm action.
3. Keep the eyes down so that all of the power is being directed through the
top of the ahead.Push, push, push!
4. Gradually rise up to the full sprinting position.

6.1.2 : 600M Run and Walk

Procedure : "On Your MArks Get Set Go"

The subject takes the position of standing right behind the starting line.
At the signal of “Ready” and “Go” the subject starts running 600-yard
distance. During the course of running he may walk. In this test, many
students can run at the same time. Time is recorded in minutes and
seconds.

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6.1.3 : Sir and REach Test
Procedure : " On Your MArks, Get set Go"
This test is used for measuring flexibility. It is a very simple test to administer. After
proper warming-up students sit with their legs extended in front of them. The distance
of the feet should be according to the width of shoulders. From this position they
reach forward with their palms facing downward flexing at their waist. The purpose
is to reach as forward as possible. Note down the distance they cover beyond their
toes in centimetres.

6.1.4 : Partial Curl - Up

Procedure : " On Your MArks, Get set Go"
The student lies on the back with legs in flexed position i.e., in bent knee position. His/
her hands should be behind the neck. Elbows must touch the knees while doing sit-ups.
The total number of repetitions of sit-ups is noted in one minute only.

6.1.5 : Push Ups Boys : " On Your MArks, Get set Go"
Procedure :
This test measures the total number of repetitions done without taking rest on a
horizontal bar. The total number of pull-ups are noted. In this test, the chin must reach
above the bar while doing pull-ups.

6.1.6 : Modified Push Ups (Girl) : " On Your MArks, Get set Go"
Procedure :
The subject lies face down on the mat. The test begins by clapping the hands together
behind the back once, then the hands are brought back to the standard position
next to the shoulders and a normal straight-leg push-up is completed with elbows
completely straight in the up position. One hand is then used to touch the back of
the other hand before lowering the body again. The subject ends the cycle back in
the face-down position on the mat. The timing starts when the subject first claps their
hands behind their back, then continues for 40 seconds.

6.1.7 : Standing Board Jump ": " On Your MArks, Get set Go"
Procedure :
A take-off line is marked on the ground. Subject stands just behind the take-off line
with the feet several inches apart. The subject swings the arms and bends the knees
to take jump in the long jump pit. Three trials are given to the subject. The distance
is measured from the take-off line to the heel or other part of the body that touches
the ground nearest to the take-off line. All jumps are measured and the best one is
recorded. The measurement is noted in feet and inches.

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 6.1.8 :AGILITY 4X 10" " On Your MArks, Get set Go"
Procedure :
Mark two lines 10 meters apart using marking tape or cones. The two blocks
are placed on the line opposite the line they are going to start at. On the
signal "ready", the participant places their front foot behind the starting line.
On the signal, "go!" the participant sprints to the opposite line, picks up a
block of wood, runs back and places it on or beyond the starting line. Then
turning without a rest, they run back to retrieve the second block and carry it
back across the finish line. A total of 40m is covered. Two trials are performed.

6.1.9 : Shuttle Run : " On Your MArks, Get set Go"

Procedure :
Two blocks of wood 2 × 2 × 4 inches are used in this test. Two parallel lines
are marked on the ground 30 feet apart. The two blocks are placed behind
one of the lines. The subject starts race behind the other line. On declaring
start, the subject runs to the blocks, picks one of them, runs back to the starting
line, places the box behind the line, then runs back and picks up the second
block, which he carries back to the starting line. The time is noted down. Two
trials may be allowed. The best time of the two trials is noted down for record.

6.2 MEASUREMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS : "ON YOUR MARKS, GET SET,

GO"

6.2.1 HARVARD STEP TEST

HARVARD STEP TEST : is a cardiovascular fitness test. It is also called Aerobic
Fitness Test. It was developed by Brouha and others in 1943. It is used to
measure the cardiovascular fitness or aerobic fitness by checking the recovery
rate.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED - A gym bench or box of 20 inches high for men and
16 inches for women, a stopwatch and cadence tape.
PROCEDURE
The athlete stands in front of the bench or box. On the command ‘Go’ the
athlete steps up and down on the bench or box at a rate of 30 steps per
minute (one second up one second down) for 5 minutes (150 steps). Stopwatch
is switched on simultaneously at the start of the stepping. After that the athlete
sits down immediately after completion of the test, i.e., after 5 minutes. The total
number of heartbeats are counted between 1 to 1.5 minutes after completion
of the last step. The heartbeats are counted for 30 seconds period. Again the
heartbeats are noted for 30 seconds after the finishing of the test. After that,
for the third time, the heartbeats are noted after 3 minutes of completion of
the test for 30 seconds period. The same foot must start the step up each time,
and an erect posture must be assumed on the bench.

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 6.2.2 Rockport One Mile Test
Procedure
Rockport One Mile Test is also known as Rockport Fitness Walking Test. This
test is suitable for sedentary individual. The objective of this test is to check or
observe the development of the individual’s VO2 max i.e., maximum volume
of oxygen. Equipment Required. 400 m track, stopwatch, and weighing scale.
Procedure While conducting or administering this test, it should be a windless
day. First of all, take the body weight of the individual on a perfect weighing
machine. The weight should be taken with minimum clothes on body of the
individual. Then mark the starting point on a 400 m track (one mile = 1,609
metres). The individual has to run the distance of one mile i.e., 1,609 metres in
minimum time. So, record the time of one mile with a stopwatch. Immediately
after finishing the one mile walk/run, record the heart rate (beats per minute)
with manual or monitor method. The monitor or ECG/EEG can be used to get
a more accurate heart rate.

Calculation of VO2 max

The calculation of VO2 max can be determined with the help of the following
formula.
= 132.853 – (0.0769 × Body weight) – [0.3877 × Age + (6.135 × Gender)
– 3.2649 × Time] – (0.1565 × Heart rate)
where ,
Body weight is in pounds (lbs).
Gender : Male = 1 and Female = 0
Time is in minutes and 100th of minute.
Heart rate is in beats per minute.
Age is in years.
After calculating the VO2 max, the comparison of the individual
can be done with theresults of previous tests. It is expected that with
appropriate training between each test, the analysis would surely
indicate the improvement of the individual.

6.3 COMPUTATION OF FITNESS INDEX SCORE PROCEDURE

Duration of the exercise in seconds × 100
5.5 × Pulse count of 1 – 1.5 min after Exercise
Calculation of the Fitness Index Score
The athlete’s fitness index score is calculated with the help of two formulae.

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6.4 RIKLI & JONES : SENIOR CITIZEN FITNESS TEST
6.4.1 Chair Stand Test
Procedure
Keep the chair against the wall. The participant sits in the middle of the seat. His feet
should be shoulder width apart and flat on the floor. The arms should be crossed at
the wrists and held close to the chest. From the sitting position, the participant should
stand up completely and then sit down completely at the start of the signal. This is
repeated for 30 seconds. Count the total number of complete chair stands. In case
the participant has completed a full stand from the sitting position when the time is
finished the final stand is counted in the total.

Scoring
The score is the total number of completed chair stands during the given 30 seconds.
The following table shows the recommended ranges for this test for different age
groups.

6.4.2 Arm Curl Test

Procedure
The aim of the test is to find out the maximum number of arm curls that one can
complete in 30 seconds. Arm curl is performed with the dominant arm side. The
participant sits on the chair, holds the weight in the hand using a suitcase grip. It
means the palms should be facing towards the body. The arm should be in a vertically
downward position. The upper arm should not move but lower arm should move
freely. Curl the arm up through a complete range of motion gradually keeping the
palm up. When the arm is lowered through the complete range of motion, gradually
return to the starting position. The arm should be completely bent and then completely
straightened at the elbow. This complete action should be repeated by the participant
as many times as possible within 30 seconds.

Scoring
The score is the total number of arm curls performed within the given 30 seconds
duration. The following table shows the recommended ranges for the test for different
age groups.

6.4.3 Chair Sir and Reach Test

Procedure
The participant sits on the edge of the chair (kept against a wall for safety purpose).
One foot should remain flat on the floor while the other leg should be extended
forward with the knee in straight position. Heel should be on the floor and ankle
should be bent at 90°. Place one hand on the top of the other with tips of the middle
fingers at the same level. Instruct the participant to inhale and then as he exhales,
reach forward towards the toes by bending at the hip.

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His back should be straight and head up. Avoid any jerk or bounce and never stretch
too much. Keep the knee straight and hold the reach for 2 seconds. The distance is
measured between the tip of the finger tips and the toes. If the finger tips touch the
toes then the score is zero. If they do not touch, measure the distance between the
fingers and the toes (negative score). If they overlap, measure the distance (positive
score).

Scoring:
The score is noted down to the nearest 1/2 inch or 1 cm as the distance reached
either a negative or positive score. The following table shows the recommended
norms in inches for this test for the different age groups.

6.4.4 Back Scratch Test

Procedure :
This test is performed in a standing position. Keep one hand behind the head and
lower it down gradually over the shoulder and reach as far as possible at the middle
of your back. Your palm should touch your body and the fingers should be downwards.
Then carry your other arm behind your back with palm facing outward and fingers
facing upward and try to reach up as far as possible in order to touch or overlap
the middle finger of the other hand. Fingers should be aligned. Measure the distance
between the tips of the fingers. If the finger tips touch then the score is zero. If they
do not touch measure the distance between the fingertips (negative score). If they
overlap measure the distance (positive score). Let the participant practise twice and
then two trials be conducted.

Scoring :
Record the best score out of the two trials to the nearest centimetre or 1/2 inch. The
following table shows the recommended norms (in inches) for this test for different
age groups.

6.4.5 Eight Foot Up & Go

Procedure
Keep a chair next to the wall and place the cone marker 8 feet away in front of
the chair. The participant is initially completely seated, hands resting on the knees
and feet flat on the ground. On the command ‘Go’, stopwatch is switched and the
participant stands and walks (no running at all) as quickly as possible towards the
cone, turns around and returns to the chair to sit down. Time is noted as he sits down
on the chair. Two trials are given per participant.

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Scoring:
The best trial is recorded to the nearest 1/10th second. The table shows the
recommended norms or ranges in seconds for this test for different age groups.

6.4.6 Six Minute Walk Test

Procedure
The walking distance or course is marked i.e., 45.72 m or 50 yards in a rectangular
area (20 × 5 yards) of 5 yards with cones placed at regular intervals to indicate the
distance covered. Efforts are made to walk maximum distance as quickly as possible
in six minutes. A practice trial is given to the participant. He may stop any time if he
desire so.

Scoring
The total distance covered in six minutes is recorded to the nearest metre.

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 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is a test in sports?

Ans. Test in sports means content knowledge, fitness levels, motor skills as well as attitudes
and feelings required for the particular sport.

2. What is the meaning of the term ‘measurement’ in sports?

Ans. Measurement is a specific score given by an expert every time on applying a test.
Each score tells about the use of a test once. Every time a test is used, it must have its
score called measurement.

3. What is Slaughter-Lohman Children Skinfold test?

Ans. Slaughter – Lohman Children Skinfold is a standard test used to measure the body fat
in children under the age group 6-17 years. In this test, the skin in the triceps and calf
region is measured and then the measurement is inserted into a formula to know the
level of body fat.

4. Name the tests which we use for cardiovascular fitness.

Ans. The tests which we use for cardiovascular fitness are the Harvard Step Test and
Rockport Test.

5. Calculate the Physical Fitness Index for a 12-year-old boy having completed Harvard
Step Test for a duration of 3 min and a pulse rate of 54 beats for 1 to 1.5 min, 50
beats for 2 to 2.5 min and 46 beats for 3 to 3.5 min.
Ans. Physical Fitness Index = Duration of exercise in seconds ×100/ (divided By)
2× Sum of pulse counts in recovery
= 180×100/2×(54+50+46)=60

6. Calculate the Physical Fitness Index using a short formula for a 12-year-old boy
having completed the Harvard Step Test for a duration of 3 minutes and a pulse rate
of 54 beats for 1 to 1.5 minutes. (C.B.S.E Model Question Paper 2015)
Ans. Physical Fitness Index (short formula)

= (100 x test duration in seconds) divided by (55 × pulse count between 1 and 1.5 minutes)
= 100 × 180/5.5 × 54= 60.6

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7. Which motor quality does a senior citizen lack who finds difficulty in tying the
shoe laces while sitting on a chair? (C.B.S.E Model Question Paper 2015)
Ans. The senior citizen lacks lower body flexibility.

8. Your grandmother feels she has reduced her upper body flexibility and therefore
she wants to test herself. Which test would you suggest to her? (All India 2017 (
C.B.S.E Delhi 2015)
Ans. I would suggest to my grandmother to take the Back Scratch Test for upper body
flexibility under the Rikli and Jones Senior Citizen Fitness Tests.

9. Which test would you suggest for your grandmother to test lower body flexibility?
(All India 2015)
Ans. I would suggest the Chair Sit and Reach Test for my grandmother to test lower body
flexibility.

10. How can the body fat percentage be computed?

Ans. The body fat percentage can be computed through finding out the Body Mass Index
(B.M.I) which is a measure of body fat calculated on the basis of height and weight.

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 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

11. List the six items of ‘AAHPER’ motor fitness test.

Ans. The six items of ‘AAHPER’ motor fitness test are
Pull-Ups (for boys)/Flexed arm hang (for girls)
Flexed leg Sit-Ups
Shuttle run
Standing long jump
50-yard dash
600-yard run-walk

12. What is General Motor Fitness,? How can it be measured ?

Ans. General motor fitness is an athlete’s general ability to perform different motor skills
without getting too much fatigued. There are three tests to measure general motor
fitness.
1. Standing Broad Jump : - This test measures the explosive leg power. If the athlete
is fit and has explosive strength then he can use leg power to jump forward. By this
test, the fitness of lower limbs is measured.

2. Zig-Zag Run : - This test measures the agility of the athletes as they are required
to run through the zig-zag path created by placing cones. Athletes are not supposed
to touch or knock the cones while running.
3. Medicine Ball Put : - This test measures the arm and shoulder girdle explosive
strength. The athletes are required to throw the medicine ball with specific weight as
far as possible. For boys it is 5 kg, for girls it is 1 kg.

13. Explain the Rockport Test. (All India 2017)

Ans. The Rockport Test tells us about the aerobic fitness of an individual. In this test, the
time taken to finish the walk, exercising heart rate, body mass, age and gender
are noted. These parameters are inserted in an equation to predict aerobic fitness.
The Rockport Test is performed on a 400-metre standard track. After walking for
one mile, the heart rate is measured at the wrist for 15 seconds immediately after
completion The actual heart rate is determined by multiplying that number by 4. The
time taken to complete the 1 mile is converted to the nearest hundredth of a minute.

14. Give the names of the tests designed by Rikli and Jones for senior citizen fitness and
state what each test is used to test.
Ans. The tests designed by Rikli and Jones for senior citizen fitness are Chair Stand Test for
lower body strength.
1. Arm Curl Test for upper body strength and endurance.
2. Chair Sit and Reach Test for lower body flexibility.
3. Back Scratch Test for upper body flexibility.
4. Eight Foot Up and Go Test for coordination and agility.
5. Six Minute Walk Test for aerobic fitness and endurance.

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15. What is the usefulness of the Back Scratch Test for senior citizens?
Ans. The usefulness of the Back Scratch Test for senior citizens is to assess the upper body
‘ flexibility, particularly, the shoulders. The . shoulder stretch is a simple flexibility
test to determine if the hands can be brought together behind the back particularly
the shoulders. This test is part of the fitness programme as an alternative to the back
saver sit and reach test.

16. Describe in detail ‘Eight Foot Up and Go Test’ for agility.

OR
Explain the procedure for Eight Foot Up and Go Test. (All India 2016)

Ans. The Eight Foot Up and Go Test is a coordination and agility test for the elderly. The
purpose of this test is to measure speed, agility and balance while moving:
The procedure is : -
1. Place the chair next to a wall for safety and the marker 8 feet in front of the chair.
2. Clear the path between the chair and the marker.
3. The subject should start fully seated, hands resting on the knees and feet flat on
the ground.
On the command - 'go’, the stopwatch is started and the subject stands and walks (no
running is allowed) as quickly as possible towards and around the cone, returning to
the chair to Sit down.
The score is the better time of two trials to the nearest l/10th sec.

17. Describe the purpose and procedure of the Six Minute Walk Test for aerobic
endurance.
Ans. Purpose This test measures aerobic fitness and endurance of senior citizens. Procedure
The walking course is laid out in a 50 yard (45.72 m) rectangular area (dimension
45 x 5yards) with cones placed at regular intervals to indicate distance walked. The
aim of this test is to walk as quickly as possible for six minutes to cover as much
ground as possible. Subjects are to set their own pace (a preliminary trial is useful
to practise pacing) and are allowed to stop for a rest if they desire.

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 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

18. Describe the Kraus Weber Test in detail.

OR
Explain the procedure for conducting the Kraus Weber Test for measuring minimum
muscular strength. (Delhi 2015)

Ans. The Kraus Weber Test is a test of minimum muscular fitness of the various muscles
of the body. The test consists of six items which indicate the level of muscular strength
and flexibility of key muscle groups. Usually, the scoring of each item is graded either
on pass/fail basis or a range of scoring from zero to ten. A subject’s grade of zero
means that the subject has failed in a particular test item; score ranges from one to
ten are for subjects who pass these test items.
The six tests are : -
• Test 1 tests the strength of the abdominal and psoas muscles.
• Test 2 tests the strength of the abdominal muscles.
• Test 3 tests the strength of the psoas muscles.
• Test 4 tests the strength of the upper back.
• Test 5 tests the strength of the lower back.
Test 6 tests the strength of the back and hamstring muscles.

19. Explain the AAHPER Physical Fitness Test.

Ans. The AAHPER (American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation)
youth fitness test was formed in 1965 in United States, but was revised in 1976.
Later, dance was also added and it was known as AAHPERD. The students are advised
to warm up before they participate in the test. All the students must be medically fit.

This test has the following six items : -

1. Pull-ups (for boys) / Flexed arm hang (for girls) to measure arm and shoulder
strength.
2. Flexed leg sit-ups to measure abdominal strength and endurance.
3. Shuttle runs to measure speed and agility.
4. Standing long jump to measure power.
5. 50-yard dash to measure speed.
6. 600-yard run-walk to measure endurance.

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20. Explain the measurement of cardiovascular fitness Harvard Step Test.
OR
What is the Harvard Step Test ? Mention the equipment required to perform it and
explain its procedure. (Delhi 2016)

Ans. The Harvard Step Test is a test that measures cardiovascular fitness. The equipment
required to perform the test are bench 20 inches high, stopwatch and metronome.
The procedure is that the performer steps up and down 30 times a minute on the
bench.
Each time the subject should step all the way up on the bench with the body erect. The
stepping exercise continues for exactly 5 minutes unless the performer is forced to
stop sooner due to exhaustion.
As soon as he stops exercising, the performer sits on a chair quietly while pulse
rates are counted at 1 to I ‘A, 2 to 2 ‘/i and 3 to VA minutes after the exercise.
The Physical Fitness Index (PFI) is computed using the formula.

21. How the cardiovascular fitness is measured with the help of ‘Harvard Step Test?
Write in detail about its administrative procedure. (All India 2016)
OR
Explain in brief ‘The Harvard Step Test.’ (All India 2015)
Ans. ‘Harvard Step Test’ is a test to measure cardiovascular fitness with the help of a 20
inch high bench, a stopwatch and a metronome. The administrative procedure of this
test is given below The performer steps up and down 30 times a minute on the bench.
Each time the subject should step all the way up on the bench with the body erect.
The stepping process is performed in four parts in the following sequence
• One foot is placed on bench.
• The other foot is placed on bench.
• One foot is placed on the floor.
• The other foot is placed on the floor.
The performer may lead with either foot and can change as long as the four parts of
the test are maintained. The stepping exercise continues for exactly 5 minutes, unless
the performer is forced to stop sooner because of exhaustion. As soon as he stops
exercising, the performer sits on a chair quietly while pulse rates are counted minutes
after the exercise.
A Physical Fitness Index (PFI) is computed, utilising the following formula

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22. Describe the procedure for administering the Rikli and Jones Senior Citizen Fitness
Test. (C.B.S.E 2014)
Ans. The-Rikli and Jones Senior Citizen Fitness Test for assessing the functional fitness of
older adults describes easy to understand and effective tests to measure aerobic
fitness; strength and flexibility using minimal and inexpensive equipment.
These test items involve common activities such as getting up from a chair, walking,
lifting, binding and stretching.
The tests were developed to be safe and enjoyable for older adults while still meeting
scientific standards for reliability and validity.
The tests are : -
• Chair Stand Test – testing lower body strength
• Arm Curl Test – testing upper body strength
• Chair Sit and Reach Test – testing lower body flexibility test
• Back Scratch Test – testing upper body flexibility test
• Eight Foot Up and Go Test – testing agility test
• Six-minute Walk Test – aerobic fitness and endurance

23. Explain the Arm Curl Test for upper body strength for senior citizens.
Ans. The Arm Curl Test is a test of upper body strength. The purpose of this test is to
measure upper body strength and endurance. The subject has to do as many arm
curls as possible in 30 sec. This test is conducted on the dominant arm side (or stronger
side). Its procedure is : -
• The subject sits on the chair holding the weight (8 pounds for men / 5 pounds for
women) in the hand using a suitcase grip (palm facing towards the body) with the
arm in a vertically down position beside the chair.
• The upper arm is held close to the body so that only the lower arm is moving.
• The subject curls the arm up through a full range of motion, gradually turning the
palm up (flexion with supination)
• Then the arm is lowered through the full range of motion, gradually return to the
starting position. The arm must be fully bent and then fully straightened at the
elbow.
• Repeat this action as many times as possible within 30 sec.
• The score is the total number of controlled arm curls performed in 30 sec.

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24. Describe the measurement of flexibility using the Chair Sit and Reach Test.
OR
Explain the procedure of Chair Sit acrid Reach Test for senior citizens. ‘

Ans. The Chair Sit and Reach Test is part of the senior fitness test protocol and is designed
to test the functional fitness of seniors.
Purpose:
This test measures lower body flexibility.
Equipment Required:
-Ruler, a chair with straight back or folding chair seat 17 inch/44 cm high).
Procedure:
• The subject sits on the chair placed against a wall for safety.
• One foot must remain flat on the floor. The other leg is extended forward with the
knee straight, heel touching the floor, with ankle bent at 90°. Place one hand on
top of the other with tips of the middle fingers even, exhale and reach forward
towards the toes by bending at the hip. Keep the back straight and head up.
• Avoid bouncing or quick movements and never stretch to the point of pain. Keep
the knee straight and hold the reach for 2 sec. The distance to be measured is
between the finger tips and the toes. If the fingertips touch the toes then the score
is zero. If they do not touch, measure the distance between the fingers and the
toes (a negative score); if they overlap, measure by how much (a positive score).
Perform two trials and record the better score.

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25. What are the six test items of the Kraus Weber muscular strength test?
Ans. The six test items of the Kraus Weber muscular strength test are given below
1. Abdominals Plus Psoas (hip flexing) Muscles The subject lies supine with hands
behind the neck. The feet are held by the examiner. On command, the subject
rolls up into a sitting position. This is a test of the strength of abdominal and psoas
muscles. If the subject performs one sit-up then passes otherwise score remains
zero.
2. Abdominals Minus Psoas The subject lies supine, hands behind neck and knees
bent. On command, the subject tries to roll up into a sitting position. This is a
further test of abdominal muscles without psoas. Scoring is like test 1.
3. Psoas or P The subject lies supine with hands behind the neck and legs extended.
On command, the feet are lifted 25 cms (10 inches) above the ground and
maintained for ten seconds. This is a test for the strength of psoas and lower
abdominal muscles. Scoring depends on the number of seconds the exact position
is held.
4. Upper Back or UB The subject lies prone with a pillow under the abdomen but far
enough down to give a see-saw effect. He holds his hands behind the neck. The
examiner holds down the feet and asks the subject to raise up his chest, head and
shoulders and maintain the position for ten seconds. This test is for the strength of
the upper back muscles. Scoring is like test 3.
5. Lower Back or LB The subject lies prone over the pillow and places his hands in
front and rests his head on them. The examiner holds the chest down and asks
the subject to lift his legs up without bending the knees and maintain the position
for ten seconds. This is a test for the strength of the lower back muscles. Scoring
is like test 3.
6. Back and Hamstring or BH : - The subject stands erect with his hands at sides
and feet together. On command, he leans down slowly to touch the floor with his
fingertips. The knees are kept straight and the leaning down position is maintained
for ten seconds. No bouncing is allowed to touch. This tests the length of back and
hamstring muscles and is a test of flexibility. Scoring is like the above tests.

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