EET 426

SPECIAL ELECTRIC MACHINES

Module 5
MESCE
 Single Phase Special Electrical Machines- AC series
Motor, Repulsion Motor, Hysteresis Motor, Universal Motor-
Construction - principle of operation - applications.
 Linear Electric Machines: Linear motors – different types
– linear reluctance motor- linear synchronous motors –
construction – comparison.
 Linear Induction Motor – Construction- Thrust Equation,
Transverse edge and end effects- Equivalent Circuit,
Thrust-Speed characteristics, Applications.
 The motivation behind the development of single phase motors is the demand for low cost high
efficient variable speed single phase special motors for specific applications. Examples are AC
series motors, repulsion motors, hysteresis motor, universal motor etc.
 AC Series Motors
A series motor specially designed for DC operation suffers from the following drawback when it
is connected to 1 phase AC supply.
1. The alternating flux would cause excessive eddy current loss and hysteresis loss in the yoke
and field cores which will cause overheating.
2. Its efficiency is low due to hysteresis and eddy-current losses.
3. Excessive sparking will occur at brushes.
4. power factor is low because of high inductance of the field and armature circuits.
In order to overcome these difficulties, following modifications are made in DC series motors to
operate satisfactorily on AC supply.
 1. The field core is constructed of a material having low hysteresis loss. It is laminated to
reduce eddy-current loss. The field winding is provided with small number of turns.
 2. The field-pole areas is increased so that the flux density is reduced. This reduces the iron
loss and the reactive voltage drop.
 3. The number of armature conductors is increased in order to get the required torque with the
low flux.
 4. In order to reduce the effect of armature reaction, thereby improving commutation and
reducing armature reactance, a compensating winding is used. The compensating winding is
put in the stator slots. The axis of the compensating winding is 90 (electrical) with the main
field axis.
 5. The armature of universal motor is of the same construction as ordinary series motor. In
order to minimize commutation problems, high resistance brushes with increased brush area
are used.
 The compensating winding may be short circuited on itself as shown in the
Fig., then the motor is called inductively compensated.
 Fig. shows the constructional details. The stator is made up of
laminations and has salient pole structure. Two or four pole
structure is used to reduce winding reactance.
 Wound field coils are provided on the stator poles.
 The rotor is laminated and has slots to accommodate armature
windings. The slots are skewed by one pole pitch.
 Commutator and armature are mounted on the shaft. Armature
coils are connected to the commutator segments which are
insulated from each other.
 High resistance brushes and leads are used.
 Armature and field windings are connected in series through
these brushes.
 Compensating windings are distributed over the stator and
connected in series with the armature winding.
Fig. Representation of 1phase
AC motor
 Fig. Two pole AC series motor

 AC series motor works on the principle that a current carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field
Experiences a mechanical force.
 During the positive half cycle of the supply, upper stator pole become N pole and lower become S pole
The armature conductors carry current in the direction as shown in Fig (a) . According to Flemings
left hand rule armature conductors experience a force in CCW direction. As the armature
conductors are on the rotor, rotor experiences a CCW rotation.
 During the negative cycle , magnetic poles and armature currents set up as shown in Fig. and rotor
experiences torque in the same direction and produces unidirectional torque.
EMF and Torque equation
In ac series motor, alternating magnetic fields induce emf in the armature by transformer action. As
the armature moves, a rotational emf is also induced in it.
Thus, the armature of AC series motor has rotational and transformer emf.
Torque – speed characteristics of an AC series motor is
given in Fig.a. Torque-speed characteristics with The performance characteristics with variation
DC excitation is also shown for comparison. of armature current are shown in Fig. b
The characteristics are similar to that of traditional DC
motors.

Fig. b
Fig a
 Single phase AC series motors have high starting torque, they are
used in electric railways with power ratings up to 2200hp, voltage
ranges from 200V to 600V and frequency from 15Hz to 25Hz.
 Fractional horse power single phase AC series motors are used for
domestic and industrial applications , motors of rating 115V to 230V ,
frequency up to 60Hz and speed 3000rpm to 18000rpm are used.
Construction and Working
The Stator of the repulsion motor has non-salient poles
 The non-salient stator has a layout to give an mmf
distribution matching with the mmf distribution of rotor.
 The stator windings are of distributed type
 Non salient pole structure keeps the reluctance to main
flux and transformer field flux minimum.
 Semi closed slots are used to minimize the air gap
length
Te Rotor is similar in constriction to DC motor armature.
 Rotor winding is sort pitched to aid commutation
 brushes are fixed and their positions can be adjusted for
desired torque-speed relation.
The stator windings has two sections, one in direct axis and other in quadtrature axis as shown in Fig. (a)
 In the other type shown in Fig (b), stator winding is displaced by an angle to the direct axis.
Working – When stator winding is supplied with AC voltage, an alternating current flows through it, this
current produces magnetic field and induces voltage in the armature. As the brushes are short circuited,
current flows through the armature winding. This current interacts with the flux and develops torque.
  Repulsion motor works on repulsion principle which is explained as follows
Conside a two pole replusion motor.
 When stator winding is connected to the single-phase AC source, current flows through the winding.
This currents produces flux along the brush axis. The magnetic field can be represented by stator
poles Ns and Ss as in Fig. given below.
 These stator poles interchange their positions in every half cycle of the supply voltage.
The stator flux changes its direction and magnitude and hence induces emf in the rotor winding
by transformer action.
.
 As the brushes are short circuited, current
flows through the armature winding. This
current produces another magnetic field and
can be represented by NR and SR as shown
in Fig. (a).
 Thus the rotor and stator poles repel each
other and moves in clockwise direction In
the next half cycle of the supply voltage
rotor and stator poles are as shown in Fig.
(b) and experiences a repulsive force and
moves in the clockwise direction.
This repeats for every half cycle and rotor
continue to rotate in the clockwise direction.
Thus stator has only one winding and stator
field axis and brush axis have a phase angle
difference.
Repulsion motor can also be constructed with two windings ,
field winding and compensating winding as shown in Fig. in which
direct and quadrature axis currents produces direct and quadrature axis
flux φd and φd respectively.
 Emfs are induced by φd and φd in the armature and produce current.
Interaction of this current with direct axis flux develops torque.
 Universal motor is a specially designed motor which can run on either DC or single phase AC
supply at approximately the same speed.
 Universal motor is a commutator type motor. It is a series-wound motor similar to DC series
motor where the stator field windings are connected in series with the rotor (armature)
windings.
 If the polarity of the line terminals of a universal motor is reversed, the motor will continue to
run in the same direction. So it develops unidirectional torque on both AC and DC.
 Similar to DC series motor, it has a high starting torque and a variable speed characteristics.
 When operating from an AC supply, the series motor develops less torque.
 By interchanging connections of the fields winding with respect to the armature, the direction
of rotation can be changed.
 This motor runs at dangerously high speed without a load, and due to this, they are usually
built into the device they are meant to drive.
 They run at lower speed on AC supply than they run on DC supply of same voltage, due to the
reactance voltage drop which is present in AC and not in DC.
 The principle of operation of universal motor is same as a DC motor. When a
current carrying armature conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force due to which the armature rotates.
 This is true regardless of whether the current is alternating or direct. Universal
motors develop unidirectional torque both on DC or AC supply.
 When it is connected to a DC supply, it works as a DC series motor. When
current flows in the field winding, it produces a magnetic field. Since the field
windings and armature winding are connected in series, the same current will
flow through the armature and a unidirectional torque is obtained.
 If the supply is AC, the polarity changes between +ve and -ve.
 Figure given below shows the production of unidirectional torque, when the
motor is connected to an AC supply.
 During positive half cycle, the terminal L1 becomes positive and L2 becomes
negative as shown in Figure (a).
 The direction of current through the armature and field windings are same.

 During negative half cycle, the terminal L1 becomes -ve and L2 becomes +ve. In that case also
the direction of current through the armature and field windings are same as shown in Figure (b).
s
 Since the current through the armature and the field windings are in the same direction on both
half cycles, the resultant torque would be an unidirectional torque.
 Advantages of universal motors
 1. It can run on AC or DC supply
 2. It Is a cheap motor
 3. It has good torque at low speeds
 4. High starting torque
 5. High speed operation with speed control is possible
 Disadvantages of universal motors
 1. Noisy operation at high speed
 2. Gear mechanism is required for portable tool operations
 3. Regular maintenance is required for commutator and brushes
 4. Brushes and commutator wear out, create sparking which can cause electromagnetic
interferences
Universal motors are used in
 1. Electric saw and drill
 2. Vacuum cleaners
 3. Blenders and food mixers
 4. Washing machines
 5. Sewing machines
 6. Centrifugal blowers
 7. Locomotives
 8. Kitchen appliances like grinders
 9. Hair dryers
 1.Non compensated concentrated field type
 2. Compensated distributed field type
Non compensated concentrated field type
 These types of motors have two salient poles on its stator
 The whole magnetic path is laminated
 The armature core is mounted on the shaft and is laminated, The slots are provided on the outer
periphery of the rotor and the armature conductors are placed in these slots.
 Used for low power applications
Compensated distributed field type
 Stator core is split phase
 Armature with slots and windings are similar to that of conventional DC motors
 Compensating windings are provided to reduce the reactance voltage.
 Used for high power application.
 Hysteresis motor is defined as a single phase synchronous motor that is having cylindrical rotor
and works on hysteresis losses induced in the rotor of hardened steel with high retentivity.
 The rotor is made up of ferromagnetic material with non magnetic support over the shaft.
 Continuously revolving magnetic flux is produced.
 For the split phase operation, the stator winding of the motor has two single phase supply.
 This stator winding remains continuously connected to the single phase supply both at the starting
and running of the motor.
 The rotor of the motor is made up of smooth chrome steel cylinder and it has no winding.
 It has high retentivity and thus, it is very difficult to change the magnetic polarities once it is set by
by the revolving flux.
 The rotor of the hysteresis motor moves synchronously since the pole of the motor magnetically
locks with the stator.
 The operation of hysteresis motor depends upon effect of hysteresis. The rotor magnetic field lags
behind the stator magnetizing force.
Stator
 The stator of the hysteresis motor produces a rotating magnetic field and is almost
similar to the stator of the induction motor.
 The stator slots consists of main winding and auxiliary winding. These two winding
generate rotating magnetic field due to single phase supply. This type of construction
is called as Split phase construction as shown in Figure (a).
 The stator winding of the single-phase hysteresis motor is made of permanent split
capacitor type or shaded pole type as shown in Figure (b). The capacitor is used with
an auxiliary winding in order to produce a uniform field.
Rotor
 The rotor of hysteresis motors are made with magnetic material of high hysteresis
losses. i.e. hysteresis loop area is very large as shown in figure.
 The rotor is a smooth cylinder, and it does not carry any winding or teeth. The outer
layer has number of thin rings forming a laminated rotor.
 The ring is made of hard chrome or cobalt steel having a large hysteresis loop as
shown in the figure. The resistivity of rotor material is kept high in order to reduce
eddy current in the rotor. The output of the motor reduces as the thickness of the ring
increases.
 A type of rotor, invented by H. E. Warren and used in the Warren Telechron electric clock, is as
shown in Figure (b).
 It consists of two or more outer rings and crossbars, all made of specially selected heat-treated
hard steel, that has a very large hysteresis loop is chosen.
 When a rotating filed moves past the rotor, this hysteresis effect causes a torque and the motor
starts to run.
 As synchronous speed is approached, the crossbars presents a low reluctance path to the flux
thereby setting up permanent pole in the rotor and causing the motor to continue to rotate at
synchronous speed.

 Another type of rotor is smooth cylindrical type. Hysteresis rings of special magnetic material
like chrome , cobalt steel or alnico or alloy are carried on supporting arbor made of a
nonmagnetic material like brass, the assembly is carried out on the shaft.
 The rotor is also design to obtain high resistivity to reduce eddy-current loss. The hysteresis ring
is affected by the rotational hysteresis caused by the stator windings
 the thicker the hysteresis ring becomes the larger the rotational hysteresis, the output of the
thicker ring motor becomes less than that of thin rotor motor.
 When supply is given to the stator, a rotating magnetic field is produced. The rotor,
initially, starts to rotate due to eddy-current torque and hysteresis torque developed on
the rotor.
 Once the speed is near about the synchronous speed, the stator pulls rotor into
synchronism.
 When the rotor is rotating in the synchronous speed, the stator revolving field flux
produces poles on the rotor.
 Due to the hysteresis effect, rotor pole axis lags behind the axis of rotating magnetic
field.
 The angle δ between the stator magnetic field BS and the rotor magnetic field BR is
responsible for the production of the torque.
 The angle δ depends on the shape of the hysteresis loop and not on the frequency.
Thus rotor gets subjected to torque called hysteresis torque. This torque is constant at
all speeds.
 When the stator field moves forward, due to high residual magnetism (i.e. retentivity)
the rotor pole strength remains maintained. So higher the retentivity, higher is the
hysteresis torque. The hysteresis torque is independent of the rotor speed.
 The starting and running torque is almost equal in hysteresis motor. As stator carries mainly the
two-windings, it’s direction can be reversed by interchanging the terminals of either main
winding or auxiliary winding.
 The torque-speed characteristics is as shown in Figure. As seen from the characteristics torque at
start is almost same throughout the operation
 Curve 1 is the ideal curve, and curve 2 is the practical hysteresis motor curve.
 The torque-speed characteristics of
the hysteresis motor is different from an
induction motor. Since, at the synchronous
speed, the torque developed by an induction
motor becomes zero, whereas in the hysteresis
motor the torque is constant at all the speed even at
the synchronous speed.
 Thus, from the curve, it is seen that the locked rotor, starting and pull out torque is equal.
 Advantages
1. No mechanical vibration due to absence of teeth and winding in the rotor
2. Noiseless operation due to no vibration
3. Multi speed operation possible due to gear train
 Disadvantages
1. Low efficiency
2. Low power factor
3. Low torque
4. The output of the hysteresis motor is one fourth that of induction motor of
same size
 APPLICATIONS OF HYSTERESIS MOTOR

1. Record player
2. The noise level of the hysteresis motor is very low as compared to the
induction motor because it operates at a constant speed and its rotor is
smooth. This type of motor is smoothest running, quietest single phase motor
and is used for quality sound reproduction equipment like record players,
tape recorders, etc
3. Instruments which are used for sound generating
4. Sound recording instruments
5. Electrical clock
 LINEAR MOTORS
• Linear motors are electric motors that produce motion in a straight line rather than
rotational motion.
• Recently linear electric motors have gained considerable
attention requiring linear motion such as robotic assembly system.
• Compared with conventional motor drive system coupled
with toothed belt or lead screws, linear motors have several
advantages.
• The electromagnetic thrust developed by the motor can be directly applied to the load
without any mechanical conversion.
• Systems incorporating linear motors can be operated with higher
velocity and acceleration.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LINEAR MOTORS
• Basically linear motors can be classified into three, based on the applications for which
they are used : Power motors, energy motors and force motors
• Power Motors: In transportation systems like traction, cranes, conveyers etc. power
motors are used. They are characterized by high power efficiency.
• Energy Motors: In applications like aircraft, missile launchers etc. it is necessary to
have high acceleration from low to high speed in short time and short distance. The
motor for such applications is called energy motors. They are highly energy efficient.
• Force Motors: The applications like door closers, stop valve etc. high force is required.
For such applications force motors are used.
• Basically linear motors can be classified based on their construction.
• Linear induction motor
• Linear synchronous motor
• Linear reluctance motor
• Linear DC motor
 LINEAR RELUCTANCE MOTORS
• Linear reluctance motor is an attractive alternative to linear induction motor and linear
synchronous motors.
• LRM is suitable for material handling and transportation of materials in a
totally enclosed container.
• Less maintenance and cheap secondary material for construction make their cost very
low. Commonly used LRM are transverse flux motors, they are of two types, U –shaped
primary core type and E-shaped primary core type.
CONSTRUCTION
Single phase LRM with U-shaped primary core
•The schematic diagram showing the structure of a Single phase LRM with
U-shaped primary core.
•It has a primary and secondary part. The primary has winding which can be energized by
AC or DC.
•The current produces magnetic flux in perpendicular direction to the direction of
motion.
•When the primary is aligned with secondary or placed in between the secondary
elements, the starting force is zero.
•Also negative forces developed in certain
positions.
•This disadvantage is overcome by
providing asymmetry in the primary
or secondary or by a permanent magnet
attached to the primary body.
•When the primary is de-energized, the
permanent magnet takes the position in the
middle of secondary element.
•Hence whenever the primary is energized,
a starting force is developed.
 •When the primary winding is excited, a linear force 𝐹𝑥 and
attractive force 𝐹𝑦 are developed

• The linear force is given by, Fx = ½ i2 dL(x)/dx

Where 𝐿(𝑥) is the coil inductance. For higher value of 𝐹𝑥, the inductance
gradient should be high.
•The variation of inductance is shown in figure.
•The normal force is given by, Fn = B2/(2𝜇𝑜)Ag
Where,
𝐵 is the flux density
𝐴𝑔 is the active air gap area
𝜇𝑜 is the permeability of free space
Single phase LRM with E-shaped primary core
• The structure of this type is shown in figure
• The working is similar to that of LRM with U shaped primary.
 LINEAR SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
• In LSM, the mechanical motion is in synchronism with magnetic field. That is the
mechanical speed is same as the speed of travelling magnetic field.
• Thrust is generated by the action of travelling magnetic field produced by a three phase
winding and an array of magnetic poles or a variable reluctance ferromagnetic rail.
• The part of the machine which produces travelling magnetic field is called the armature
or forcer.
• The part of the machine which produces DC magnetic flux or variable reluctance is called
the field excitation system or reaction rail or salient pole rail or variable reluctance
platen
• LSM has better energy conversion levels but with higher cost.
• It produces much higher thrust density compared to LIM.
• This makes them suitable for applications in vehicles and propulsion.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LSM
• Flat or Tubular (Cylindrical)
• Homopolar or heteropolar LSM
• Transverse flux or Longitudinal flux LSM
• Single ended or double ended
• Slotted or slot less
• Iron cored or Air cored
• Super conductor field LSM
• Permanent magnet LSM with active reaction rail or Permanent magnet LSM
with passive reaction rail
CLASSIFICATION OF LSM
Based on excitation system, the LSM can be
classified as the following:
LSM with electromagnetic excitation
•It is similar to conventional salient pole
synchronous motor.
•There are two types of LSM: flat single sided
LSM and flat double sided LSM.
•They have salient ferromagnetic pole and DC
field winding.
•If the excitation system is integrated with
moving part, the DC excitation should be
provided with the help of brushes and contact
bars.
LSM with superconducting excitation system
•This kind of excitation is used for large power applications.
•The ferromagnetic core that produces magnetic field is replaced by coreless
superconducting electromagnets. It is fully air-cored.
•The magnetic field produced by superconducting electromagnets is much greater than the
saturation flux of the best laminated alloys (eg. Cobalt alloy)
Permanent magnet LSM with active
reaction rail
•Single sided flat LSMs with surface magnets
and embedded permanent magnets are shown in
figure.
•In surface permanent magnet type LSM, the
yoke(black iron) of the reaction rail is made up of
ferromagnetic material and the permanent magnets
are energized in the perpendicular direction to the
active surface.
•Where as in embedded magnetic field type LSM,
the
yoke is non-ferromagnetic (eg. Aluminium) and the
magnetization is done in the direction of travelling
magnetic field
Permanent magnet LSM with active reaction rail

•The detent torque, higher order space harmonics and force ripples can be
reduced by skewing the permanent magnets.
•Detent torque is the attractive force between the PMs and the armature
ferromagnetic teeths.
Permanent magnet LSM with active
reaction rail
•Generally. PMLSMs are provided with
dampers.
•When the speed of the travelling magnetic
field and rail are different, current is induced
in the damper circuit.
•Dampers help in starting, damp oscillation
and brings in synchronism when speed
increases or decreases.
•The damper of PMLSM are aluminum
cover or solid steel pole shoes.
•Dampers also provide protection to
permanent magnets against mechanical
damage
Permanent magnet LSM with Active Reaction Rail
•Double sided flat PMLSM can also be built with one internal armature system and two
excitation system
Permanent magnet LSM with active reaction rail
•Another type of PMLSM is the slotless motor.
• In this type the primary winding is uniformly distributed on a smooth armature core or
without a core.
•They are characterized by detent force, free operation and higher input frequency.
•They require more PM material due to larger non-ferromagnetic air gap.
•The absence of teeth leads to very large value of direct and quadrature axis synchronous
reactance, which results in higher current.
TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FLUX LSM
•In transverse flux LSM, the lines of magnetic flux are in a plane perpendicular to the
direction of travelling magnetic field.
 Permanent Magnet LSM with Passive
Reaction Rail
•The reaction rail is of passive nature and salient
•The reaction rail poles are magnetized by the
armature PMs through airgap
•The interaction between the travelling magnetic field
produced by armature winding and the magnetized
poles of reaction rail produces the thrust.

• Homopolar means the armature and field system are in

same parts and reaction rail is of passive nature.
• Heteropolar means the armature and field system are
separate parts
ADVANTAGES OF LSM

• Highly reliable
• Acceleration and braking is independent of friction
• Precise position control is possible
• Can be used fir movement along any slope including vertical direction without friction
• High speed acceleration and efficiency
• Improved performance
FEATURES OF LSM

• Fewer moving parts

• Cost effective
• Better control possible
• Lower maintenance
• Ease of installation
• Movement in vertical or diagonal direction possible.
APPLICATIONS

• Factory automation
• Packaging and material handling
• Passenger elevators for tall buildings
• Military elevators for weapon and aircraft
• Loading and unloading of ships and hazardous cargo.
• Can replace hydraulic actuators with same space requirement , less wearing and higher
reliability
 LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR
• Linear induction motor (LIM) is a special induction motor which gives linear motion
instead of rotational motion.
• The magnetic field produced by the current carrying conductors in a LIM is rectilinear
and develops a force along the direction of a travelling magnetic field.
• In a linear motor, the stator is unwrapped and laid out flat, it forms the primary (field
system)
• The "rotor" moves past it in a straight line forms the secondary.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• When the primary of an LIM is excited by a balanced three phase power supply,
 traveling flux is induced in the primary instead of rotating flux.
• The linear synchronous speed is given by,
 𝑽𝒔 = 2 𝜏 f m/sec
 Where,

𝜏 = pole pitch (pole to pole linear distance in meter)

𝑓 = frequency of supply voltage
•Electric current is induced into the secondary due to the relative motion between
the traveling flux and the conductors.

• This induced current interacts with the traveling flux wave to produce linear force or
thrust.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• A force producing linear motion is called thrust, propulsion force or traction force.
• Similar to an induction motor, the secondary or runner cannot catch the speed of the
magnetic field.
• Hence there will be a slip. For a slip of s, the speed of the linear induction motor
will be
𝑽 = (𝟏 − 𝒔)𝑽𝒔
• In traditional induction motor, the armature is stationary and the rotor is moving.
• In LIM, either primary or secondary can be the moving part.
• Depending upon the application, we can chose primary or secondary as the moving part.
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Linear Induction motors can be classified as axial field and transverse field motors
Axial field motors
•Axial field LIM is a linear traditional rotating squirrel cage induction motor.
•It can be used only for low and medium speed applications.
•In a LIM, the partwhich carries field windings and produces the magnetic field is
called the primary winding.
•The part which carries current that interacts with the flux to produce the force in the axial
direction is called the secondary.
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Axial field motors
•The primary three phase voltage develops a travelling wave flux.
•This flux induces the emf in the secondary and the current flows through the secondary
winding as it is closed.

•Due to the interaction of the flux and the current, a force is produced axially.
•The travelling flux, secondary current and force are mutually perpendicular to
each other.
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Axial field motors

• Axial field LIM are of two types: Flat and Tubular LIM
• Flat LIM is classified into four: Short primary, Short secondary, Coreless secondary
and Double primary
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Axial field motors

• Axial field LIM are of two types: Flat and Tubular LIM
• Flat LIM is classified into four:
 Short primary
 Short secondary
 Coreless secondary
 Double primary
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Axial field motors
Short Primary
•Primary is short and secondary is long.
•It is useful when the distance to be travelled is very large. (Since a very long 3 phase
primary is costly)
•Overheating is eliminated because of the continuous movement of the primary over
cold part of the rotor leaving behind the heated part.
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Axial field motors
Short Secondary
• Secondary is short and primary is long.
• the short secondary is used when the operating distance is limited.
• Long primary is not economical as it requires long three phase winding
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Axial field motors
Coreless Sheet Secondary
• Core is absent
• Flat plate or sheet is used as secondary
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Axial field motors
Double Primary
• The ferromagnetic plate, in a single primary system, is usually placed on the other side of the
conducting plate to provide a path of low reluctance to the main flux.
• The ferromagnetic plate however gets attracted towards the primary when
the field is energized.
• Consequently unequal gap length results on the two sides of the plate.
• Double primary system can be used to
overcome this problem .
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Axial field motors
Tubular LIM
•By cutting a conventional rotating induction motor axially and re-rolling along lengthwise axis,
an elementary tubular linear induction motor can be realized.
•An axially traveling, magnetic field is produced within the tube when the primary winding is
energized by three phase supply.

.
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Transverse field motors

• Transverse field LIM are used for high speed applications.

• In transverse flux LIM, there is no restriction on pole pitch as no flux is to be conveyed
axially.
 CONSTRUCTION OF LIM
Transverse field motors
•The secondary is provided with steel backing
to reduce the reluctance of the magnetic circuit.
•These arrangements have single slot per pole
per phase and successive cores must be
separated by a minimum distance to avoid the
axial thrust produced by the strong axial flux
distribution.
•Thus secondary current induced by one core
interacts less effectively with the flux of the
other.
THRUST EQUATION OF LIM

.
THRUST EQUATION OF LIM

.
THRUST EQUATION OF LIM

.
THRUST EQUATION OF LIM

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 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF LIM
• As in the case of a transformer in this case also, the secondary values may be transferred
to the primary and vice versa.
• it should be remembered that when shifting impedance or resistance from secondary to
primary, it should be divided by 𝑘2 whereas current should be multiplied by 𝑘.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF LIM
 THRUST SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
The thrust – speed characteristics of linear induction motor is given in Fig., it is similar
to the torque-speed characteristics of a conventional induction motor.
 EFFECTS IN LIM
• In a linear induction motor, there are three effects which are not seen in
conventional induction motors. They are:
• Transverse edge effect
• End effect
• Gap effect
 EFFECTS IN LIM
Transverse edge effect
•Paths of induced current in secondary is not well defined because secondary of linear motor
is a solid conducting plate
•The portion of current paths parallel to direction of motion of secondary does not make any
contribution towards production of useful thrust but contribute towards losses
•This effect reduces effective thrust and increases losses and is known as transverse edge
effect .
End effect
•In case of linear induction motor with short primary the current path towards end of field structure
on the secondary go beyond the field structure and such portions of current path do not contribute
to useful thrust but only towards motor losses. This is called end effect
Gap effect
• Induction motor has a very small airgap of order 2mm or less but in the case of a LIM it is
5cm for traction purpose.
• Due to large air gap, motor is having large reluctance and losses.
• So efficiency of LIM is low compared to induction motor
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LINEAR MOTORS

• Advantages
• Simple Construction
• Less maintenance cost
• Tractive effort is independent of speed
• Higher power to weight ratio.
• Unlimited maximum speed as the centrifugal force is absent.
• Overheating of stationary part is eliminated.
• Disadvantages
• High capital cost
• Low power factor
• Attractive force between primary and secondary.
 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR MOTORS

• Conveyor Systems
• Material handling and storage
• People movers (Elevators)
• Liquid metal pumping
• Machine tools operation
• Operation of sliding doors