GE3171 PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING LAB

Page
Ex.No Date Name of the Exercise Marks
No
Identification and solving of simple real life problems and developing flow charts

a) Electricity Bill
1 b) Sin series
c) Weight of a Motor Bike
d) Weight of a Steel Bar
Basic Python Programs using simple statements and expressions

a) Exchange the value of two variables

2
b) Circulate the values of n variable
c) Distance between two points
Scientific problems using Conditionals and Iterative loops
a) Number Series
3
b) Number Patterns
c) Pyramid Pattern
Implementing real-time/technical applications using List and Tuple
a) Displaying unique elements in a List
b) Finding minimum value in a List
4 c) Finding multiples of 5 in a Tuple
d) Library functionality using list
e) Components of car using list.
f) Material required for construction of a building using
list
Implementing real-time/technical applications using Set and Dictionary
a) Languages using dictionaries
b) Automobile using dictionaries
5
c) Elements of a civil structure
d) Library using sets
e) Automobile using sets
 Implementing programs using Functions
a) Factorial of a given number
6
b) Largest number in a list
c) Area of shape
Implementing programs using Strings
a) Reverse a String
7 b) Palindrome
c) Character count
d) Replacing Character
Implementing programs using Python Standard Libraries
a) Pandas – Grouping and Aggregating
8 b) NumPy Program
c) Matplotlib - Histogram
d) Scipy – Linear Algebra
Implementing real-time/technical applications using File handling
a) File Copy Operation
9
b) Finding Most Frequent Word in a File
c) Word Count
Implementing real-time/technical applications using Exception
handling
a) Divide By Zero Error
10
b) Eligibility to vote
d) Student mark list processing
11 Exploring Pygame Tool
Developing a game activity using Pygame
12 a) Simulation of Bouncing Ball using Pygame
b) Snake Game using Pygame
 Ex: 1: Identification and solving of simple real life problems and developing flow charts

EX. No.: 1a Electricity Bill

Aim:
To write a python program to print electricity bill.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read the current reading in cr and previous reading in prStep
3: Calculate total consumed by subtracting cr with pr
Step 4: if total consumed is between 0 and 101, print amount to pay is consumed * 2
Step 5: if total consumed is between 100 and 201, print amount to pay is consumed * 3
Step 6: if total consumed is between 200 and 501, print amount to pay is consumed * 4
Step 7: if total consumed is greater than 500, print amount to pay is consumed * 5
Step 8: if total consumed is less than one print invalid reading
Step 9: Stop

Flowchart

Start

Get
the
unit
U
value
Y U N
es o

N
Bill = 0 o

Y
es
Bill =
U*2
Y
Bill =
es
U*3

Prin
t bill

Stop
Program:
cr=int(input("Enter current month reading"))
pr=int(input("Enter previous month reading"))
consumed=cr - pr
if(consumed >= 1 and consumed <= 100):
amount=consumed * 2 print("your
bill is Rs.", amount)
elif(consumed > 100 and consumed <=200):
amount=consumed * 3
print("your bill is Rs.", amount)
elif(consumed > 200 and consumed <=500):
amount=consumed * 4
print("your bill is Rs.", amount)
elif(consumed > 500):
amount=consumed * 5
print("your bill is Rs.", amount)
else:
print("Invalid reading")

O/P:
Enter current month reading 500
Enter previous month reading 200
your bill is Rs. 1200

Result: Thus the python program for generating electricity bill is executed and the results are

Verified
EX. No.: 1b Python program for sin series

Aim: To write a python program for sin series.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read the values of x and n
Step 3: Initialize sine=0
Step 4: Define a sine function using for loop, first convert degrees to radians.
Step 5: Compute using sine formula expansion and add each term to the sum variable.Step 6:
Print the final sum of the expansion.
Step 7: Stop.

Flowchart

Start

Get x and i

;
For j in range (1, i)

For k in range (1, j)

Display x

5
Program:
import math
x=int(input("Enter the value of x in degrees:"))
n=int(input("Enter the number of terms:"))
sine = 0
for i in range(n):
sign = (-1)**i
pi=22/7
y=x*(pi/180)
sine = sine + ((y**(2.0*i+1))/math.factorial(2*i+1))*sign
print(sine)

O/P:
Enter the value of x in degrees:3
Enter the number of terms:2
0.05235699888420977

Result:
Thus the python program for sin series is executed and the results are verified

6
 EX. No.: 1c Weight of a Motor Bike

Aim: To write a python program to calculate the weight of a motor bike.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read the value of a mass
Step 3: Calculate the weight of a motor bike by multiplying mass with 9.8 and store it in weightStep 4:
Print the weight
Step 5: Stop

Program:
mass = float(input("Enter the Mass of the MotorBike: "))
Weight =mass*9.8
print(“ The weight of a Motor Bike for a given mass is ”,Weight)

O/P:
Enter the Mass of the MotorBike: 100
The weight of a Motor Bike for a given mass is 980.0000000000001

Result:
Thus the python program to calculate the weight of a motor bike is executed and the
results are verified.

7
EX. No.: 1d Weight of a Steel Bar

Aim: To write a python program to calculate the weight of a steel bar.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the value of a diameter and length
Step 3: Calculate the weight of a steel bar by using the formula of
((diameter*diameter)/162.28)*length and store it in weight.
Step 4: Print weight
Step 5: Stop

Program:

diameter = float(input("Enter the Diameter of the Rounded Steel Bar:"))

length = float(input("Enter the Length of the Rounded Steel Bar:"))
Weight =((diameter*diameter)/162.28)*length
Print(“Weight of a Steel Bar”,Weight)

O/P:
Enter the Diameter of the Rounded Steel Bar:2
Enter the Length of the Rounded Steel Bar:15
Weight of a Steel Bar is 0.3697313285679073

Result:
Thus the python program to calculate the weight of a steel bar is executed and the
results are verified.

8
 EX. No.: 2a Exchange the value of two variables

Aim
To implement the pyhton program to swap two variable using simple expression.

Algorithm
Step1: get the input values from the user
Step2: Assign the value of the 1st variable to a temporary variable
Step3: Assign the value of the 2nd variable to the 1st variable
Step4: Assign the value of the temporary vaiable to the 2nd variable.
Step5: print the swapped variable values.

PROGRAM:
print("Swapping using temporary variable")
a = int(input("a = "))
b = int(input("b = "))
print("Before Swapping")
print("a = ", a)
print("b = ", b)
c=a
a=b
b=c
print("After Swapping")
print("a = ", a)
print("b = ", b)

Output
Enter the value for A: 10
Enter the value for B: 20
The Value of A after swapping: 20
The Value of B after swapping: 10
Result
Thus the program to swapping of two variables is executed and the output is obtained
successfully.

9
 EX. No.: 2b circulate the values of n variables

Aim
To implement the python program to circulate the values of n-variables using simple expression.

Algorithm
Step1:Get the list of numbers from the user
Step2:Get the number of times the list should circulate
Step3:Then slice the given list into 2 lists
Step4:Add the two separated list.
Step5:Repeat step 3and 4 till the list circulate.

Program
def circulate(A, N):
fori in range(1, N+1):
B = A[i:] + A[:i]
print(“Circulation”, i , “=”, B)
return
i = int(input(“Enter number of values to be entered: ”))
list=[]
for val in range(0,i,1):
element = int(input(“Enter the integer: “))
list.append(element)
n = int(input(“Enter the number of times to circulate the list: “))
circulate(list,n)

Output
Enter number of values to be entered: 5
Enter the integer:11
Enter the integer:21
Enter the integer:31
Enter the integer:41
Enter the integer:51
Enter the number of times to circulate the list:3
Circulation 1 = [21, 31, 41, 51, 11]
Circulation 2 = [31, 41, 51, 11, 12]
Circulation 3 = [41, 51, 11, 12, 13]

Result
Thus the program to implement circulation of values with n-variable is executed and the output is
obtained successfully. 10
EX. No.: 2c Distance Between Two Points

Aim
To implement the python program to find the distance between two points using simple
expression.

Algorithm
Step1:Start the program
Step2:Get the 2 points (x1,x2) and (y1,y2) from the user
Step3:Then calculate the distance between two points using a formula
Step4:display the result to the user using print statement
Step5:Stop the program

PROGRAM:
import math x1=int(input("enter
x1"))y1=int(input("enter y1"))
x2=int(input("enter x2"))
y2=int(input("enter y2"))
distance = math.sqrt((x2-x1)**2)+((y2- y1)**2)
print(distance)

Output
Enter x1: 4
Enter x2: 6
Enter y1: 0
Enter y2: 6
Distance between (4,6) and (0,6) is: 6.324555320336759

Result
Thus the program to find the distance between 2 points is executed and the output is obtained
successfully. 11
EX. No.: 3a Number Series

Aim: To write a python program to print numbers series.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program. Step 2: Read the value of n.
Step 3: Initialize i =1,x=0.
Step 4: Repeat the following until i is less than or equal to n.
Step 4.1: x=x*2+1.
Step 4.2: Print x.
Step 4.3: Increment the value of i .
Step 5: Stop the program.

Program:
n=int(input(" enter the number of terms for the series "))
i=1
x=0
while(i<=
n):
x=x*2+1
print(x, sep=
"")i+=1

Output
enter the number of terms for the series 5
1
3
7
15
31

Result:
Thus the python program to print numbers series is executed and verified.

12
 EX. No.: 3b Number Patterns

Aim: To write a python program to print numbers patterns.

Algorithn:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Declare the value for rows.
Step 3: Let i and j be an integer number
Step 4: Repeat step 5 to 8 until all value parsed.
Step 5: Set i in outer loop using range function, i = rows+1 and rows will be initialized to i ;
Step 6: Set j in inner loop using range function and i integer will be initialized to j;
Step 7: Print i until the condition becomes false in inner loop.
Step 8: Print new line until the condition becomes false in outer loop.
Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
n=int(input("enter number of rows needed: "))
for i in range(n):
for j in range(i+1):
print(j+1,end=" ")
print()

OUTPUT:
Enter the number of rows 6
1
22
333
4444
55555
666666

RESULT: 13
Thus the python programs to print number patterns have been done successfully and theoutput is
verified.
 EX. No.: 3c Pyramid Pattern

Aim: To write a python program to print pyramid patterns

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read the value for rows.
Step 3: Let i and j be an integer number.
Step 4: Repeat step 5 to 8 until all value parsed.
Step 5: Set i in outer loop using range function, i = 0 to rows ;
Step 6: Set j in inner loop using range function, j=0 to i+1; Step
7: Print * until the condition becomes false in inner loop.
Step 8: Print new line until the condition becomes false in outer loop.
Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
num=int(input("Enter the number of rows:"))
for i in range(0,num):
for j in range(0,num-i-1):
print(end=" ")
for j in range(0,i+1):
print("*",end=" ")
print( )

OUTPUT:

*
**
***
****
*****

RESULT:
Thus the python programs to print pyramid patterns have been done successfully and the output
is verified. 14
 EX. No.: 4a Displaying unique elements in a List

Aim
To implement the python program to display unique elements in a list

Algorithm
Step 1: Get the items of library as input from the user
Step 2: Store the inputs in a list.
Step 3: Append a new item in the list.
Step 4: Add a new item to 3rd index of the list
Step 5: Remove an existing item from the list
Step 6: Remove an existing item from 2nd index of the list
Step 7: Convert the list into tuple
Step 8: Identify an item in the tuple by If condition
Step 9: Stop

PROGRAM:
print("Displaying unique elements in a list")
n = int(input("No of elements in a list: "))
mylist = []
for i in range(1,n+1):
data = int(input("Enter %d element: "%i))
mylist.append(data)
result_list = []
for value in mylist:
count = 0
for i in mylist:
if value == i:
count = count + 1
if count == 1:
result_list.append(value)
print("List of Unique elements in the list are ")
print(result_list)

15
SAMPLE OUTPUT:
Displaying unique elements in a list
No of elements in a list: 10
Enter 1 element: 1
Enter 2 element: 2
Enter 3 element: 3
Enter 4 element: 1
Enter 5 element: 3
Enter 6 element: 5
Enter 7 element: 7
Enter 8 element: 8
Enter 9 element: 2
Enter 10 element: 4
List of Unique elements in the list are
[5, 7, 8, 4]

RESULT:
Thus the python program to display only unique elements in a list has been done successfully and
the output is verified.

16
EX. No.: 4b Finding minimum value in a list

Aim
To implement the python program to find minimum value in a list

Algorithm
Step 1: Get the items from list.
Step 2: Get the items one by one
Step 3: Store the inputs in a list.
Step 4: Find minimum value of the list.
Step 5: Print the minimum value
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM:
print("Minimum Element in a List")
mylist = [10, 5, 20, 3, 25, 50, 1, 89]
min = mylist[0]
for i in mylist:
if i < min:
min = i
print("Elements in the given list:")
print(mylist)
print("Minimum element value is ", min)

SAMPLE OUTPUT:
Minimum Element in a
List Elements in the given
list:
[10, 5, 20, 3, 25, 50, 1, 89]
Minimum element value is 1

RESULT:
Thus the python program to find the minimum value in a list has been done successfully and 17
the output is verified.
EX. No.: 4c Finding multiples of 5 in a tuple

Aim
To implement the python program to find multiples of 5 in a tuple.

Algorithm
Step 1: Get the items from tuple.
Step 2: Get the items one by one
Step 3: Store the inputs in a list.
Step 4: Find multiple of 5 in a tuple.
Step 5: Print the result value
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM:
print("Multiple of 5 in a Tuple")
mytuple = (10, 5, 20, 3, 25, 50, 1, 89)
mylist = []
for i in mytuple:if i%5 ==0:
mylist.append(i)
print("Elements in the given tuple: \n", mytuple)
print("Multiple of 5 in a Tuple: \n", mylist)

OUTPUT:
Multiple of 5 in a Tuple
Elements in the given tuple:
(10, 5, 20, 3, 25, 50, 1, 89)
Multiple of 5 in a Tuple:
[10, 5, 20, 25, 50]

RESULT:
Thus the python program to find multiples of 5 in a tuple has been done successfully and the
output is verified.

18
EX. No.: 4c Library functionality using list

Aim: To write a python program to implement the library functionality using list.

Algorithm
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Initialize the book list
Step 3: Get option from the user for accessing the library function
1. Add the book to list 2.Issue a book 3. Return the book 4. View the list of book
Step 4: if choice is 1 then get book name and add to book list
Step 5: if choice is 2 then issue the book and remove from book list
Step 6: if choice is 3 then return the book and add the book to list
Step 7: if choice is 4 then the display the book list
Step 8: otherwise exit from menu
Step 9: Stop the program.

Program:
bk_list=["OS","MPMC","DS"]
print("Welcome to library”")
while(1):
ch=int(input(" \n 1. add the book to list \n 2. issue a book \n 3. return the book \n 4. view thebook list
\n 5. Exit \n"))
if(ch==1):
bk=input("enter the book name")
bk_list.append(bk)
print(bk_list)
elif(ch==2):
ibk=input("Enter the book to issue")
bk_list.remove(ibk)
print(bk_list)
elif(ch==3):
rbk=input("enter the book to return")
bk_list.append(rbk)
print(bk_list)
elif(ch==4):
print(bk_list)
else:
break

19
Output:
Welcome to library”
1. add the book to list
2. issue a book
3. return the book
4. view the book list
5. Exit
1
enter the book name NW
['OS', 'MPMC', 'DS', ' NW']
1. add the book to list
2. issue a book
3. return the book
4. view the book list
5. Exit
2
Enter the book to issue NW
['OS', 'MPMC', 'DS']
1. add the book to list
2. issue a book
3. return the book
4. view the book list
5. Exit
3
enter the book to return NW
['OS', 'MPMC', 'DS', ' NW']
1. add the book to list
2. issue a book
3. return the book
4. view the book list
5. Exit
4
['OS', 'MPMC', 'DS', ' NW']

Result:
Thus the python program to implement the library functionality using list is executed
and the results are verified

20
EX. No.: 4d Components of car using list

Aim:
To write a python program to implement the operation of list for components of car.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: create a list of components for car
Step 3: get single component from user and append into list
Step 4: find the length of the list using len function
Step 5: find the minimum and maximum value of the list
Step 6: print the component using index of the list
Step 7: multiply the list element using multiplication operation
Step 8: check the component exist in the list or not using in operator
Step 9: Stop the program.

Program:
cc=['Engine','Front axle','Battery','transmision']
com=input('Enter the car components:')
cc.append(com)
print(cc)
print("length of the list:",len(cc))
print("maximum of the list:",max(cc))
print("minimum of the list:",min(cc))
print("indexing:",cc[3])
print("Battery" in cc)
print("multiplication of list element:",cc*2)

Output:
Enter the car components:tank
['Engine', 'Front axle', 'Battery', 'transmision', 'tank']length
of the list: 5
maximum of the list: transmision
minimum of the list: Battery
indexing: transmision
True
multiplication of list element: ['Engine', 'Front axle', 'Battery', 'transmision', 'tank', 'Engine','Front
axle', 'Battery', 'transmision', 'tank']

Result
Thus the python program to create a list for components of car and performed the
various operation and result is verified.

21
EX. No.: 4e Material required for construction of a building

Aim:
To write a python program to create a list for materials requirement of construction and
perform the operation on the list.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Create a list of construction material.
Step 3: Sort the list using sort function.
Step 4: Print cc.
Step 5: Reverse the list using reverse function.
Step 6: Print cc.
Step 7: Insert y value by using index position.
Step 8: Slice the values using del function with start value and end up value.
Step 9: Print the cc.
Step 10: Print the position of the value by using index function.
Step 11: Print the values in the list of the letter ‘n’ by using for loop and member ship operator.
Step 12: Stop the program.

Program
cc=['Engine','Front axle','Battery','transmision']
cc.sort()
print(cc)
cc.reverse()
print(cc)
cc.insert(0, 'y')
print(cc)
del cc[:2]
print(cc)
print(cc.index('Engine'))

new=[] for
i in cc:
if "n" in i:
new.append(i)
print(new)

22
Output :

['Battery', 'Engine', 'Front axle', 'transmision']

['transmision', 'Front axle', 'Engine', 'Battery'] ['y',
'transmision', 'Front axle', 'Engine', 'Battery']['Front
axle', 'Engine', 'Battery']
1
['Front axle', 'Engine']

Result:
Thus the python program to create a list for construction of a building using list is
executed and verified.

23
EX. No.: 5a Languages using dictionaries

Aim: To write a python program to implement the languages using dictionaries.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Create a empty dictionary using {}
Step 3: dict() is used to create a dictionary.
Step 4: To add a value, update() is used in key value pair.
Step 5: Calculate the total values in the dictionary using len() .
Step 6: Remove the particular key in the dictionary by using pop()
Step 7: Print the keys in the dictionary by using key()
Step 8: Print the values in the dictionary by using values()
Step 9: Print the key value pair in the dictionary using items()
Step 10: Clear the the key value pair by using clear()
Step 11: Delete the dictionary by using del dictionary

Program:
Language={}
print(" Empty Dictionary :",Language)
Language=dict({1: "english", "two": "tamil", 3: "malayalam"})
print(" Using dict() the languages are :",Language)
New_Language={4: "hindi",5: "hindi"} #duplicate values can create
Language.update(New_Language)
print(" the updated languages are :",Language)
print(" the length of the languages :",len(Language))
Language.pop(5)
print(" key 5 has been popped with value :",Language)
print(" the keys are :",Language.keys())
print(" the values are :",Language.values())
print(" the items in languages are :",Language.items())
Language.clear()
print(" The items are cleared in dictionary ",Language)
del Language
print(Language)

24
Output :

Empty Dictionary : {}
Using dict() the languages are : {'two': 'tamil', 1: 'english', 3: 'malayalam'}
the updated languages are : {'two': 'tamil', 1: 'english', 3: 'malayalam', 4: 'hindi', 5: 'hindi'}the length
of the languages : 5
key 5 has been popped with value : {'two': 'tamil', 1: 'english', 3: 'malayalam', 4: 'hindi'}the
keys are : dict_keys(['two', 1, 3, 4])
the values are : dict_values(['tamil', 'english', 'malayalam', 'hindi'])
the items in languages are : dict_items([('two', 'tamil'), (1, 'english'), (3, 'malayalam'), (4,'hindi')])
The items are cleared in dictionary {}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Python34\1.py", line 17, in <module>print(Language)
NameError: name 'Language' is not defined

Result:

Thus the python program to implement languages using dictionaries is executed and
verified.

25
EX. No.: 5b Automobile using dictionaries

Aim: To write a python program to implement automobile using dictionaries.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Create a empty dictionary using {}
Step 3: dict() is used to create a dictionary.
Step 4: Get the value in the dictionary using get()
Step 5: adding [key] with value to a dictionary using indexing operation.
Step 6: Remove a key value pair in dictionary using popitem().
Step 7: To check whether key is available in dictionary by using membership operator in.
Step 8: Stop the program.

Program:
auto_mobile={}
print(" Empty dictionary ",auto_mobile)
auto_mobile=dict({1:"Engine",2:"Clutch",3:"Gearbox"})
print(" Automobile parts :",auto_mobile)
print(" The value for 2 is ",auto_mobile.get(2))
auto_mobile['four']="chassis"
print(" Updated auto_mobile",auto_mobile)
print(auto_mobile.popitem())
print(" The current auto_mobile parts is :",auto_mobile)
print(" Is 2 available in automobile parts")
print(2 in auto_mobile)

O/P:
Empty dictionary {}
Automobile parts : {1: 'Engine', 2: 'Clutch', 3: 'Gearbox'}The
value for 2 is Clutch
Updated auto_mobile {1: 'Engine', 2: 'Clutch', 3: 'Gearbox', 'four': 'chassis'}(1,
'Engine')
The current auto_mobile parts is : {2: 'Clutch', 3: 'Gearbox', 'four': 'chassis'}Is 2
available in automobile parts
True

Result:
Thus the python program to implement automobile using dictionaries is executed and
verified.

26
EX. No.:5c Elements of a civil structure
Aim:
To write a python program to implement elements of a civil structure using dictionaries.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Create a empty dictionary using {}
Step 3: Create a dictionary using dict().
Step 4: To access the value in the dictionary indexing is applied.
Step 5: adding [key] with value to a dictionary using indexing operation..
Step 6: A copy of original dictionary is used by copy ().
Step 7: The length of the dictionary is by len().
Step 8: Print the values of the dictionary by using for loop
Step 9: Stop the program

Program:
civil_ele={}
print(civil_ele)
civil_ele=dict([(1,"Beam"),(2,"Plate")])
print(" the elements of civil structure are ",civil_ele)
print(" the value for key 1 is :",civil_ele[1])
civil_ele['three']='concrete'
print(civil_ele)
new=civil_ele.copy()
print(" The copy of civil_ele",new)
print(" The length is ",len(civil_ele))
for i in civil_ele:
print(civil_ele[i])

27
Output:
{}
the elements of civil structure are {1: 'Beam', 2: 'Plate'}the
value for key 1 is : Beam
{'three': 'concrete', 1: 'Beam', 2: 'Plate'}
The copy of civil_ele {'three': 'concrete', 1: 'Beam', 2: 'Plate'}
The length is 3
concrete
Beam
Plate

Result:
Thus the python program to implement elements of a civil structure using dictionaries
is executed and verified.

28
EX. No.:5d Library using sets

Aim: To write a python program to implement library using sets.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Create set {} with string values.
Step 3: To insert a value in a set use add function.
Step 4: To return a new set with distinct elements from all the sets use union ().
Step 5: To returns a set that contains the similarity between two or more sets useintersection().
Step 6: To clear all the values in a set use clear().
Step 7: Stop the program

Program:
Languages
old_books= {"MP","OOAD","NW"}
old_books.add("TOC")
print(old_books)
new_books= {"SE","AI"}
Library = old_books | new_books
print(" Union",Library)
Books1={"MP","OOAD","NW"}
Library = old_books & Books1
print(" Intersection ",Library)
print(old_books.clear())

Output:
{'OOAD', 'MP', 'NW', 'TOC'}
Union {'AI', 'SE', 'OOAD', 'MP', 'NW', 'TOC'}
Intersection {'OOAD', 'MP', 'NW'}
None

Result: Thus the python program to implement library using sets is executed and verified.

29
EX. No.:5e AutoMobile

Aim: To write a python program to implement automobile using sets.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Create a set.
Step 3: Update the values in the set by using update()
Step 4: Remove the value in the set using discard () Step
5: Print the values using set()
Step 6: check whether value in the set using membership operator in
Step 7: maximum value in the set using max()
Step 8: minimum value in the set using min()
Step 9: Stop the Program.

Program:
auto_mobile={"Engine","Clutch","GearBox"}
print(auto_mobile) auto_mobile.update(["2","3","4"])
print(auto_mobile)
auto_mobile.discard("2")
print(auto_mobile)
new= set("Engine")
print(new)
print('a' in auto_mobile)
maxi=max(auto_mobile)
print(maxi)
mini=min(auto_mobile)
print(mini)

30
Output:
{'Engine', 'Clutch', 'GearBox'}
{'3', 'Engine', '4', '2', 'Clutch', 'GearBox'}
{'3', 'Engine', '4', 'Clutch', 'GearBox'}
{'n', 'g', 'i', 'E', 'e'}
False
GearBox
3

Result:
Thus the python program to implement automobiles using set is executed and verified.

31
 EX. No.:6a Factorial of a number using functions

Aim
To implement the python program to find a factorial of a given number using function

Algorithm
Step1:Get the number from the user to claculate the factorial
Step2:Define a function fact to calculate the factorial of a given number
Step3:Calculate the factorial of the given number
Step4:Store and return the factorial number
Step5:Print the factorial of the given number

Program
def fact(n):
f=1
for i in range(1,n+1):
f=f*i
return f
x=int(input(“Enter a number: “))
result = fact(x)
print(“Factorial of ”, x , “is ”, result)

Output
Enter a number:5
Factorial of 5 is 120

Result
Thus the program to calculate the factorial number is executed and the output is obtained successfully.

32
 EX. No.:6b Largest number in a list using functions

Aim
To implement the python program to find the largest number from the list.

Algorithm
Step1:Getthe list of number from the user
Step2:Define a largest function to find the largest number among the list
Step3:Compare each and every number in the list
Step4:Store the largest number in one variable
Step5:Repeat Step3 and 4 till all the element in the list is compared
Step6: Finally print the largest number from the list

Program
def largest(x):
max=0
for i in x:
if i>max:
max=i
print(“The largest number in a list is: ”, max)
i = int(input(“Enter number of values to be entered: ”))
list=[]
for val in range(0,i,1):
element = int(input(“Enter the integer: “))
list.append(element)
largest(list)

Output
Enter number of values to be entered:5
Enter the integer:34
Enter the integer:45
Enter the integer:36
Enter the integer:25
Enter the integer:10
The largest number in a list is: 45

Result
Thus the program to find the largest number from the given list is executed and the output is obtained
successfully.

33
EX. No.:6c Area of shape using functions

Aim
To implement the python program to find the area of shape using functions

Algorithm
Step1:Get the shape name to calculate the area from the user
Step2:Get the data from the user according to the shape the area is calculated
Step3:Then call the respective function to calculate the area
Step4:Return the area of shape to the main program
Step5:And display the area of given shape.

Program
def square(l):
area=l*l
return area
def rectangle(l,b):
area=l*b
return area
def triangle(b,l):
area=(1/2)*b*l
return area
print(“Enter the shape from the following list”)
print(“Square = 1”)
print(“Rectangle = 2”)
print(“Triangle = 3”)
Print(“**************”)
user_input=0
while user_input not in (1,2,3):
user_input = int(input(“Enter your choice:”))
if(user_input ==1):
print(“Area of Square”)
length=int(input(“Enter the length of square: ”))
area = square(length)
print(“Area of square is: ”, area)
if(user_input ==2):
print(“Area of Rectangle”)
length=int(input(“Enter the length of rectangle: ”))
width=int(input(“Enter the width of rectangle: ”))
area = rectangle(length,width)
print(“Area of rectangle is: ”, area)
if(user_input ==3):
print(“Area of Triangle”)
length=int(input(“Enter the length of triangle: ”))
base=int(input(“Enter the base of triangle: ”))
area = triangle(length,base)
print(“Area of triangle is: ”, area)

34
Output
Enter the shape from the following list
Square =1
Rectangle =2
Triangle =3
***************
Enter your choice: 2
Area Rectangle
Enter length of rectangle:5
Enter width of rectangle:7
Area of Rectangle:35
Enter the shape from the following list
Square =1
Rectangle =2
Triangle =3
***************
Enter your choice: 1
Area square
Enter length of square:5
Area of Square:25
Enter the shape from the following list
Square =1
Rectangle =2
Triangle =3
***************
Enter your choice: 3
Area Triangle
Enter length of triangle:2
Enter base of triangle:7
Area of triangle:7

Result
Thus the program to find the area of given shape is executed and the output is obtained successfully.

35
EX. No.:7a Reverse of a string:

Aim: To write a python program for reversing a string.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Read the value of a string value by using function call reversed_string .Step
3: if len(text)==1 return text.
Step 4: else return reversed_string(text[1:])+text[:1].Step
5: Print a
Step 6: Stop the program

Program:
def reversed_string(text):
if len(text) == 1:
return text
return reversed_string(text[1:])+text[:1]
a=reversed_string("Hello, World!") print(a)

Output:

dlroW ,olleH

Result:
Thus the python program for reversing a string is executed and the results are
verified.

36
EX. No.:7b Palindrome of a string

Aim: To write a python program for palindrome of a string.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Read the value of a string value by using input method. .Step
3: if string==string[::-1], print “ the string is palindrome ”. Step 4:
else print “ Not a palindrome ”.
Step 5: Stop the program

Program:
string=input(("Enter a string:"))
if(string==string[::-1]):
print("The string is a palindrome")
else:
print("Not a palindrome")

Output:
Enter a string: madam The
string is a palindromeEnter
a string: nice
Not a palindrome

Result:
Thus the python program for palindrome of a string is executed and the results are
verified.

37
EX. No.:7c Character count

Aim: To write a python program for counting the characters of string.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Define a string.
Step 2: Define and initialize a variable count to 0.
Step 3: Iterate through the string till the end and for each character except spaces, increment thecount
by 1.
Step 4: To avoid counting the spaces check the condition i.e. string[i] != ' '.
Step 5: Stop the program.

Program:
a=input(" enter the string")
count = 0; #Counts each character except spacefor i in range(0, len(a)):
if(a[i] != ' '):
count = count + 1; #Displays the total number of characters present in the given string
print("Total number of characters in a string: " + str(count));

Output:

enter the string hai

Total number of characters in a string: 3

Result: Thus the python program for counting the characters of string is executed and theresults
are verified.

38
 EX. No.:7d Replace of a string

Aim: To write a python program for replacing the characters of a string.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Define a string.
Step 3: Determine the character 'ch' through which specific character need to be replaced.
Step 4: Use replace function to replace specific character with 'ch' character.
Step 5: Stop the program.

Program 1:
string = "Once in a blue moon"ch = 'o' #Replace h with specific character ch
string = string.replace(ch,'h')
print("String after replacing with given character: ")
print(string)

OUTPUT
String after replacing with given character:
Once in a blue mhhn

Program 2:
str = "python is a programming language"
str2 = str.replace("python","C")
print("Old String: \n",str)
print("New String: \n",str2)

OUTPUT
Old String:
python is a programming language
New String:
C is a programming language

Result:
Thus the python program for replacing the given characters of string is executed and
the results are verified.

39
 EX. No.:8 a Python Standard Libraries - Data Analysis using pandas

AIM
To implement the program for analysing the data on an array using pandas library.

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Import pandas library.
Step 2: creating data set using array for analysis.
Step 3:dataframe() function is used to extract the data for easy analysis.
Step 4: print the result.

PROGRAM
import pandas as pad
data_1 = {"Countries": ["Bhutan", "Cape Verde", "Chad", "Estonia", "Guinea", "Kenya", "Libya", "
Mexico"],
"capital": ["Thimphu", "Praia", "N'Djamena", "Tallinn", "Conakry", "Nairobi", "Tripoli", "Mexi
co City"],
"Currency": ["Ngultrum", "Cape Verdean escudo", "CFA Franc", "Estonia Kroon; Euro", "Guine
an franc", "Kenya shilling", "Libyan dinar", "Mexican peso"],
"population": [20.4, 143.5, 12.52, 135.7, 52.98, 76.21, 34.28, 54.32] }
data_1_table = pad.DataFrame(data_1)
print(data_1_table)

OUTPUT
Countries capital Currency population
0 Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum 20.40
1 Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean escudo 143.50
2 Chad N'Djamena CFA Franc 12.52
3 Estonia Tallinn Estonia Kroon; Euro 135.70
4 Guinea Conakry Guinean franc 52.98
5 Kenya Nairobi Kenya shilling 76.21
6 Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar 34.28
7 Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso 54.32

RESULT
Thus the program for analyzing data using pandas library is executed and output is verified.

40
 EX. No.:8b Numpy - Find matrix product

AIM
To implement the program for calculate matrix product using numpy standard libraries.

ALGORITHM
Step 1: create two array of rank 2
Step 2: create two array of rank 1
Step 3: calculate inner product of vectors, matrix and vector product and matrix product.
Step 4: print the result.

PROGRAM
import numpy as nup
K = nup.array([[2, 4], [6, 8]]) # Then, create two arrays of rank 2
R = nup.array([[1, 3], [5, 7]]) # Then, create two arrays of rank 1
P = nup.array([10, 12])
S = nup.array([9, 11])
print ("Inner product of vectors: ", nup.dot(P, S), "\n") # Then, we will print the Inner product of vectors
# Then, we will print the Matrix and Vector product
print ("Matrix and Vector product: ", nup.dot(K, P), "\n")
# Now, we will print the Matrix and matrix product
print ("Matrix and matrix product: ", nup.dot(K, R))

OUTPUT
Inner product of vectors: 222
Matrix and Vector product: [ 68 156]
Matrix and matrix product: [[22 34]
[46 74]]

RESULT
Thus the program for calculate matrix product using numpy standard libraries is executed and output is
verified.

41
EX. No.:8 c Display scattering plot using matplotlib.

AIM
To implement the program for display the scattering plot using matplotlib library.

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Import matplotlib library.
Step 2: creating two data set for two different plots using array.
Step 3:scatter() function is used to plot the graph. Width ,color and size of plot is also specified within the
function.
Step 4: label() function is used to give name for x and y axis.
Step 5: display the plot using plt.show() function.

PROGRAM
import matplotlib.pyplot as plot
# Creating dataset-1
K_1 = [8, 4, 6, 3, 5, 10,
13, 16, 12, 21]
R_1 = [11, 6, 13, 15, 17, 5,
3, 2, 8, 19]
# Creating dataset2
K_2 = [6, 9, 18, 14, 16, 15,
11, 16, 12, 20]
R_2 = [16, 4, 10, 13, 18,
20, 6, 2, 17, 15]
plot.scatter(K_1, R_1, c = "Black",
linewidths = 2,
marker = "s",
edgecolor = "Brown",
s = 50)
plot.scatter(K_2, R_2, c = "Purple",
linewidths = 2,
marker = "^",
edgecolor = "Grey",
s = 200)

42
 plt.xlabel ("X-axis")
plt.ylabel ("Y-axis")
print ("Scatter Plot")
plt.show()

OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the program for display the scattering plot is executed and output is verified.

43
EX. No.:8 d Scipy - Perform an order filter on an array.

AIM
To implement the program for perform an order filter on an array using scipy library.

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Import scipy library.
Step 2: create array using arrange() function.
Step 3: reshape the array using reshape() function.
Step 4: create identity array which is having diagonal element as one.
Step 5: Perform an order filter on an N-D array.
Step 6: print the result.

PROGRAM
from scipy import signal as sg
import numpy as nup
K = nup.arange(45).reshape(9, 5)
domain_1 = nup.identity(3)
print (K, end = 'KK')
print (sg.order_filter (K, domain_1, 1))

44
OUTPUT
[[ 0 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8 9]
[10 11 12 13 14]
[15 16 17 18 19]
[20 21 22 23 24]
[25 26 27 28 29]
[30 31 32 33 34]
[35 36 37 38 39]
[40 41 42 43 44]] KK [[ 0. 1. 2. 3. 0.]
[ 5. 6. 7. 8. 3.]
[10. 11. 12. 13. 8.]
[15. 16. 17. 18. 13.]
[20. 21. 22. 23. 18.]
[25. 26. 27. 28. 23.]
[30. 31. 32. 33. 28.]
[35. 36. 37. 38. 33.]
[ 0. 35. 36. 37. 38.]]

RESULT
Thus the program for perform an order filter on an array using scipy library is executed and output is
verified.

45
EX. No.:9 a) Copy file

Aim: To write a python program to copy the content from one file to another file.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Open one file called test. txt in read mode.
Step 2: Open another file out. txt in write mode.
Step 3: Read each line from the input file and write it into the output file.
Step 4: Stop the program.

Program:
with open('first.txt','r') as firstfile, open('second.txt','a') as secondfile:
# read content from first file
for line in firstfile:
# append content to second file
secondfile.write(line)

Output:

Type and Save python program as copy.py

1. Create a 2 text file and save it as first.txt and second.txt
2. Copy both text files in C:\Python34.
3. In first.txt write it as “hai”.
4. In second.txt, keep it as empty.
5. Go to run, type cmd, window will open..
6. Open second.txt and see, details of first.txt will be appended in second txt.

Result:
Thus the python program to copy the content from one file to another file is executed
and verified.

46
 EX. No.:9b Count no of words

Aim: To write a python program to count number of words in a text file using command linearguments.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: import sys package.
Step 3: Assign num_words=0.
Step 4: Open text file in reading mode from command line argument sys.argv[1] as f.
Step 5: Split each line from the text and count number of words and store it in num_words.
Step 6: Print the total number of words from num_words.
Step 7: Stop the program.

Program:
import sys
num_words=0
with open(sys.argv[1],"r")as f:
for line in f:
words=line.split()
num_words+=len(words)
print("Number of words")
print(num_words)
1. Type and Save Count program as count.py.
2. Create a text file and type it as “hai how are you” and save it as sample.txt.
3. Copy it in C:\Python34
4. Go to run, type cmd, window will open..

O/P:

Result:
Thus the python program to count number of words in a text file using command line
arguments is executed and verified.

47
 EX. No.:9c Longest word

Aim:: To write a python program to find the longest word in a text.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: By invoking call function, open text file in reading mode as infile.
Step 3: Split the word which was read by using infile.read().split() function and store it in
variable named as words.
Step 4: Calculate the length of each words and store the maximum words in max_len.
Step 5: Using for loop return the maximum word if len(word)==max_len is true.

Program:
def longest_word(filename):
with open(filename, 'r') as infile:
words = infile.read().split()
max_len = len(max(words, key=len))
return [word for word in words if len(word) == max_len]
print(longest_word('longest.txt'))

Output:

Method how to execute

1. Type and save the python program as longest.py.
2. Create a text file and type it as “Be confident in yourself ” save it as longest.txt.
3. Copy it in C:\Python34.
4. Go to run, type cmd, window will open..

Result: To write a python program to find the longest word in a text is executed and verified.

48
EX. No.:10a Divide by zero error

Aim: To write a python program for divide by zero error exception.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Get the inputs from the users.
Step 3: If the entered data is not integer, throw an exception.
Step 4: If the remainder is 0, throw divide by zero exception.
Step 5: If no exception is there, return the result.
Step 6: Stop the program.

Program:
try:
num1 = int(input("Enter First Number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter Second Number: "))
result = num1 / num2
print(result)
except ValueError as e:
print("Invalid Input Please Input Integer...")
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print(e)

O/P:
Enter First Number: 432.12
Invalid Input Please Input Integer...
Enter First Number: 43
Enter Second Number: 0
division by zero
Enter First Number: 331 2
Enter Second Number: 4
83.0

Result: Thus the python program for divide by zero error exception is executed and verified.

49
EX. No.:10 b Voter’s age eligibility

Aim: To write a python program to check whether the person is eligible to vote or not

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Get the input from the users.
Step 3: If the entered data is not integer, throw an exception.
Step 4: If the entered data is below zero, print it is “negative number”, else break.
Step 5: If no exception is there, print the result.
Step 6: Stop the program.

Program:
while True:
try:
age=int(input(" Please enter your age: "))
except ValueError:
print(" Sorry,this is not a number")
continue
if(age<0):
print(" Sorry, this is a negative number ")
continue
else:
break

if(age>=18):
print(" you are able to vote ")
else:
print(" you are not able to vote ")

Output:
Please enter yout age: 18
you are able to vote Please
enter yout age: -1
Sorry, this is a negative number
Please enter yout age: abcc Sorry,
this is not a number

Result: Thus the python program to check whether the person is eligible to vote or not is
executed and verified

50
EX. No.:10c Student mark range validation

Aim: To write a python program for student mark range validation.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Get the inputs from the users.
Step 3: If the entered data is not integer, throw an exception.
Step 4: If no exception is there, return the result.
Step 5: Stop the program.

Program:

def main():
try:
mark=int(input(" Enter your mark:"))
if(mark>=50 and mark<101):
print(" You have passed")
else:
print(" You have failed")
except ValueError:
print(" It must be a valid number")
except IOError:
print(" Enter correct valid number")
except:
print(" an error occured ")
main()

Output:
Enter your mark:50
You have passed
Enter your mark:r
It must be a valid number
Enter your mark:0
You have failed

Result: Thus the python program for student mark range validation is executed and verified

51
 EX. No.:11 Simulate elliptical using pygame tool

AIM
To write a program to simutale elliptical usingpygame tool.

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Import the necessary header files for the implementation of this pygame.
Step 2: Set the display mode for the screen using screen=pygame.display.set_mode((700,700))
Step 3: Develop the balls with necessary colors. white=(255,255,255) blue=(0,0,255) yellow=(255,255,0)
gray=(200,200,200) black=(0,0,0)
Step 4: Set the radius for sun, moon and their orbit.
Step 5: Set the time for the pygame orbit clock=pygame.time.Clock()
Step 6: Update the earth position.
Step 7:Again update moon position based on earth position.
Step 8: Update the moon and earth angles.
Step 9: Reset the screen and draw the stars, sun, moon and the earth.
Step 10: Set the clock tick as (60) and exit.

PROGRAM
import pygame,sys,time
from pygame.locals import *
from time import *
import math
pygame.init()
screen=pygame.display.set_mode((500,300))
pygame.display.set_caption("Elliptical Orbits")
white=(255,255,255)
blue=(0,0,255)
green=(0,255,0)
black=(0,0,0)
red=(255,0,0)
ellipse_width=200
ellipse_hight=40
ellipse_rect_x=100
ellipse_rect_y=100
ellipse_width_2=400
ellipse_hight_2=80

52
ellipse_rect_x_2=75
ellipse_rect_y_2=85
while True:
for degree in range(360):
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type==QUIT:
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
screen.fill(white)
x = math.cos(degree * 2 * math.pi / 360) * ellipse_width/2
y = math.sin(degree * 2 * math.pi / 360) * ellipse_hight/2
pygame.draw.ellipse(screen, blue, (ellipse_rect_x, ellipse_rect_y,ellipse_width,ellipse_hight), 2)
pygame.draw.circle(screen,green,(int(x)+ellipse_rect_x+ellipse_width/2,int(y)+ellipse_rect_y+ellipse_hight/
2),8,0)
x = math.cos(degree * 2 * math.pi / 360) * ellipse_width_2/2
y = math.sin(degree * 2 * math.pi / 360) * ellipse_hight_2/2
pygame.draw.ellipse(screen, black, (ellipse_rect_x_2, ellipse_rect_y_2,ellipse_width_2, ellipse_hight_2), 2)
pygame.draw.circle(screen,red,(int(x)+ellipse_rect_x_2+ellipse_width_2/2,int(y)+ellipse_rect_y_2+ellipse_
hight_2/2),8,0)
pygame.display.update()
sleep(.06)

OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the simulation of elliptical curve orbit using pygame is executed and the output is obtained.

53
 Ex. No: 12a Bouncing ball game using pygame tool

AIM
To write a program for developing a bouncing ball game using pygame tool.

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Import the necessary files for the implementation of this Pygame.
Step 2: Set the display mode for the screen using
windowSurface=pygame.display.set_mode((500,400),0,32)
Step 3: Now set the display mode for the pygame to bounce pygame.display.set_caption(“Bounce”)
Step 4: Develop the balls with necessary colors. BLACK=(0,0,0) WHITE=(255,255,255) RED=(255,0,0)
GREEN=(0,255,0) BLUE=(0,0,255)
Step 5: Set the display information info=pygame.display.Info()
Step 6: Set the initial direction as down.
Step 7: Change the direction from down to up.
Step 8: Then again change the direction from up to down.
Step 9: Set the condition for quit.
Step 10: Exit from the pygame.

PROGRAM
import pygame
import sys
import time
import random
from pygame.locals import *
from time import *
pygame.init()
windowSurface = pygame.display.set_mode((500, 400), 0, 32)
pygame.display.set_caption("Bounce")
BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
RED = (255, 0, 0)
GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
BLUE = (0, 0, 255)

info = pygame.display.Info()
sw = info.current_w
sh = info.current_h
y=0

54
# Initial direction is down
direction = 1

while True:
windowSurface.fill(BLACK)
pygame.draw.circle(windowSurface, GREEN , (250,y), 13, 0)
#print "Drawing at 250,", y
sleep(.006)
y += direction
if y >= sh:
# Changes the direction from down to up
direction = -1
elif y <= 0:
# Changes the direction from up to down
direction = 1

pygame.display.update()
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == QUIT:
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()

OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the program to implement bouncing ball using pygame tool is executed and verified successfully.

55
Ex. No: 12 b Car race game using pygame tool

AIM
To write a program for developing a car race game using pygame tool.

ALGORITHM
Step1 : create the game window.
Step 2: give title as car race game and change background color.
Step3 : create start and stop button for operating cars.
Step4: include player and enemy image using ‘blit’ function.
Step 5: player and enemy car image can be loaded by using Ingameloop() function.
Step 6: set x and y coordinate value of player image using display.set_mode().
• If changes in x coordinate that represents left to right move
• If changes in y coordinate that representstop to bottom move
Step 7: if button =start then goto step 8
Step 8: keyboard arrow keys represent moving of car direction using pygame.keydown()
• Left arrow indicate left move of the car
• right arrow indicateright move of the car
• up arrow indicateup move of the car
• down arrow indicate down move of the car

Step 9:if button =stop then goto step 10

Step 10: stop

56
PROGRAM
import pygame
import time
import random
import os
pygame.init()
screen_width = 400
screen_height = 600
btn_starting_x = 75
nw_gm_y = 400
exit_y = 460
btn_width = 242
btn_height = 50
black_color = (0, 0, 0)
white_color = (255, 255, 255)
red_color = (255, 0, 0)
redLight_color = (255, 21, 21)
gray_color = (112, 128, 144)
green_color = (0, 255, 0)
greenLight_color = (51, 255, 51)
blue_color = (0, 0, 255)
game_layout_display= pygame.display.set_mode((screen_width, screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption('F1 Race Road Game')
time_clock=pygame.time.Clock()
car_photo = pygame.image.load(os.getcwd() + '\\images/car.png')
left_c = pygame.image.load(os.getcwd() + '\\images/car_left.png')
right_c = pygame.image.load(os.getcwd() + '\\images/car_right.png')
photo_obstacle = pygame.image.load(os.getcwd() + '\\images/obstacle.png')
texture_photo = pygame.image.load(os.getcwd() + '\\images/texture.png')
(c_width, c_height) = car_photo.get_rect().size
(c_left_width, c_left_height) = left_c.get_rect().size
(c_right_width, c_right_height) = right_c.get_rect().size
(t_width, t_height) = photo_obstacle.get_rect().size
(txtwidth, txtheight) = texture_photo.get_rect().size

icon = pygame.image.load(os.getcwd() + '\\images/logo.png')

pygame.display.set_icon(icon)

image_background = pygame.image.load(os.getcwd() + '\\images/background.png')

image_background_still = pygame.image.load(os.getcwd() + '\\images/background_inv.png')
bckgrndRect = image_background.get_rect()
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welcome_1 = pygame.mixer.Sound(os.getcwd() + '\\audio/intro1.wav')
welcome_2 = pygame.mixer.Sound(os.getcwd() + '\\audio/intro2.wav')
audio_crash = pygame.mixer.Sound(os.getcwd() + '\\audio/car_crash.wav')
audio_ignition = pygame.mixer.Sound(os.getcwd() + '\\audio/ignition.wav')
pygame.mixer.music.load(os.getcwd()+'\\audio/running.wav')

def things_dodged(counting, highest_score, everything_speed):

fnt = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 25)
score = fnt.render("Dodged: " + str(counting), True, green_color)
h_score = fnt.render("High Score: " + str(highest_score), True, green_color)
speed = fnt.render("Speed: " + str(everything_speed) + "Km/h", True, green_color)
game_layout_display.blit(score, (10, 0))
game_layout_display.blit(h_score, (10, 27))
game_layout_display.blit(speed, (screen_width - 125, 0))

def high_score_update(dodged):
high_scores = open(os.getcwd()+'\\textfile/high_score.txt', 'w')
temperd = str(dodged)
high_scores.write(temperd)

def things(th_x, th_y):

game_layout_display.blit(photo_obstacle, (th_x, th_y))

def car(x, y, direction):

if direction==0:
game_layout_display.blit(car_photo, (x, y))
if direction==-1:
game_layout_display.blit(left_c, (x, y))
if direction==1:
game_layout_display.blit(right_c, (x, y))

def text_objects(text, font, color):

txtSurf = font.render(text, True, color)
return txtSurf, txtSurf.get_rect()

def message_display_screen(txt, sh_x, sh_y, color, time_sleeping):

lar_txt = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf',50)
txtSurf, TxtRect = text_objects(txt, lar_txt, color)
TxtRect.center = ((screen_width / 2 - sh_x), (screen_height / 2 - sh_y))
game_layout_display.blit(txtSurf, TxtRect)

58
pygame.display.update()
time.sleep(time_sleeping)

def title_message_display(sh_x, sh_y, color):

lar_txt = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf',60)
txtSurf, TxtRect = text_objects("F1 Race Road Game", lar_txt, color)
TxtRect.center = ((screen_width / 2 - sh_x), (screen_height / 3 - sh_y))
game_layout_display.blit(txtSurf, TxtRect)
time.sleep(0.15)
pygame.display.update()

def title_msg():
animation_height=screen_height
pygame.mixer.Sound.play(welcome_1)
while animation_height&gt; -600:
game_layout_display.fill(white_color)
things(screen_width / 2 - t_width / 2, animation_height)
animation_height-=1.5
pygame.display.update()
title_message_display(0, 0, black_color)
time.sleep(0.1)
pygame.mixer.Sound.play(welcome_2)

def motion_texture(th_starting):
game_layout_display.blit(texture_photo, (0, th_starting - 400))
game_layout_display.blit(texture_photo, (0, th_starting))
game_layout_display.blit(texture_photo, (0, th_starting + 400))

def crash_function():
pygame.mixer.music.stop()
pygame.mixer.Sound.play(audio_crash)
message_display_screen("YOU CRASHED", 0, 0, red_color, 0)
while True:
playAgain = button("Play Again", btn_starting_x, nw_gm_y, btn_width, btn_height, greenLight_color,
green_color)
exit_game = button("Quit", btn_starting_x, exit_y, btn_width, btn_height, redLight_color, red_color)
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT or exit_game == 1 or (event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key ==
pygame.K_ESCAPE):
pygame.quit()
quit()

59
if playAgain== 1 or (event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key == pygame.K_SPACE):
looping_gameplay()
pygame.display.update()
time_clock.tick(15)

def button(messages, x, y, wid, hei, in_act_color, act_color, action=None):

mouse = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
click = pygame.mouse.get_pressed()
if x + wid&gt; mouse[0] &gt; x and y+hei&gt; mouse[1] &gt; y:
pygame.draw.rect(game_layout_display, act_color, (x, y, wid, hei))
if click[0] == 1:
return 1
else:
pygame.draw.rect(game_layout_display, in_act_color, (x, y, wid, hei))

small_txt = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf',20)
TxtSurf, TxtRect = text_objects(messages, small_txt, white_color)
TxtRect.center = ((x + wid / 2), (y + hei / 2))
game_layout_display.blit(TxtSurf, TxtRect)

def welcome_gameplay():
welcome = True
game_layout_display.fill(white_color)
title_msg()
exit_game=0
while welcome:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT or exit_game == 1 or (event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key ==
pygame.K_ESCAPE):
pygame.quit()
quit()
playGame = button("New game", btn_starting_x, nw_gm_y, btn_width, btn_height, greenLight_color,
green_color)
exit_game = button("Quit", btn_starting_x, exit_y, btn_width, btn_height, redLight_color, red_color)
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
exit_game = 1
if playGame or (event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key == pygame.K_SPACE):
welcome = False

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pygame.display.update()
time_clock.tick(15)

def counting_three_two_one():
counting = 3
pygame.mixer.music.pause()
pygame.mixer.Sound.play(audio_ignition)
while counting &gt;= 0:
game_layout_display.blit(image_background, bckgrndRect)
car(screen_width * 0.40, screen_height * 0.6, 0)
if counting == 0:
message_display_screen ("GO!", 0, 0, green_color, 0.75)
pygame.mixer.music.play(-1)
else:
message_display_screen (str(counting), 0, 0, red_color, 0.75)
counting -= 1
time_clock.tick(15)

def gameplay_paused():
pygame.mixer.music.pause()
pause = True
while pause:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT or (event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key ==
pygame.K_ESCAPE): ###############or quit_game == 1
pygame.quit()
quit()
message_display_screen("pause", 0, 0, blue_color, 1.5)
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
pygame.mixer.music.unpause()
return
pygame.display.update()
time_clock.tick(15)

def looping_gameplay():
pygame.mixer.music.play(-1)
display = 0
width_x=(screen_width * 0.4)
height_y=(screen_height * 0.6)
ch_x=0

61
th_st_x = random.randrange(8, screen_width - t_width - 8)
th_st_y = -600
th_speed = 5
tracking_y = 0
tracking_speed = 25
dodg=0
direction = 0
highest_score_txtfile = open(os.getcwd()+'/textfile/high_score.txt','r')
high_score = highest_score_txtfile.read()
gameExit = False
counting_three_two_one()
while not gameExit:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT or (event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key ==
pygame.K_ESCAPE):
pygame.quit()
quit()
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT or event.key == pygame.K_a:
ch_x = -10
direction = -1
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT or event.key == pygame.K_d:
ch_x = 10
direction = 1
if event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
gameplay_paused()
if event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT or event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT or event.key == pygame.K_a or
event.key == pygame.K_d:
ch_x = 0
direction = 0
width_x+=ch_x
game_layout_display.blit(image_background, bckgrndRect)
motion_texture(th_st_y)
things(th_st_x, th_st_y)
th_st_y += th_speed
car(width_x,height_y,direction)
things_dodged(dodg, high_score, th_speed)
if width_x&gt; screen_width - c_width or width_x&lt; 0:
crash_function()
if th_st_y&gt; screen_height:

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th_st_y = 0 - t_height
th_st_x = random.randrange(0, screen_width)
dodg += 1
th_speed += 1
if dodg&gt; int(high_score):
high_score_update(dodg)
if height_y&lt; th_st_y+t_height-15 and width_x&gt; th_st_x-c_width-5 and width_x&lt; th_st_x+t_width-
5:
crash_function()
pygame.display.update()
time_clock.tick(60)
welcome_gameplay()
looping_gameplay()
pygame.quit()
quit()

OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the program to implement car racing using pygame tool is executed and verified successfully.

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