Learning Objectives:

 Outline Pigafetta’s role in documenting Magellan’s voyage.

 Identify the key contributions of Magellan and Pigafetta.
 Analyze Pigafetta’s encounters with indigenous peoples.
 Trace Magellan’s route and its significance.
 Evaluate cultural exchanges, including the first mass in the Philippines.
 Recognize the global impact of Pigafetta’s account.

THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

(RESEARCHER: MINA, ASHLEY NICOLE S.)

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA: THE CHRONICLER OF THE VOYAGE
Antonio Pigafetta, also known by the names Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio
Pigafetta, was a Venetian scholar born around 1491 in Vicenza, Republic of Venice,
now modern-day Italy. He pursued studies in astronomy, geography, and cartography,
which equipped him with the skills necessary for exploration. Pigafetta played a crucial
role during Ferdinand Magellan's historic voyage as his assistant. His detailed
travelogue of the journey is one of the most important primary sources for
understanding the events leading up to Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines, his
encounters with local leaders, his eventual death during the Battle of Mactan, and the
departure of the remaining fleet from the islands.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN: THE VISIONARY EXPLORER

Ferdinand Magellan, born in 1480, was a Portuguese explorer who is credited with
masterminding the first expedition to circumnavigate the world. In 1517, Magellan
sought the support of the Spanish crown, particularly from the future Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V, to embark on this ambitious journey. By 1519, Magellan set sail
from Spain, commanding a fleet of five ships. His mission was to find a route around the
southern tip of South America, cross the Pacific Ocean, and reach the Spice Islands
before returning to Spain, thereby completing the first-ever journey around the world.

THE FLEET: SHIPS OF THE FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATION

The fleet consisted of five ships: the Trinidad (110 tons, 55 crew) commanded by
Magellan himself; the San Antonio (120 tons, 60 crew) under the leadership of Juan de
Cartagena; the Concepcion (90 tons, 45 crew) captained by Gaspar de Quesada; the
Victoria (85 tons, 42 crew) led by Luiz Mendoza; and the Santiago (75 tons, 32 crew)
under Joao Serrao. Each of these ships played a vital role in the expedition, although
not all would complete the journey.

LADRONES ISLANDS: THE ISLANDS OF THE THIEVES

Pigafetta’s chronicles provide detailed accounts of the places they encountered. The
first significant stop was at the Ladrones Islands, which Pigafetta referred to as the
"Islands of the Thieves" due to the local inhabitants' behavior. He described the people
as poor but ingenious, armed only with sticks tipped with fish bones. These islands, now
known as the Marianas, are situated south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of
Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east of the Philippines.

ISLE OF ZAMAL (SAMAR): FIRST CONTACT WITH THE NATIVES

After ten days, the fleet reached the Isle of Zamal, now called Samar. On March 18,
Pigafetta recorded that nine men approached the fleet with joy and eagerness.
Magellan welcomed these locals with food, drinks, and gifts, and in return, the natives
offered fish, palm wine (uraca), figs, coconuts, rice, and other provisions. Pigafetta
provided a detailed description of the palm tree, noting that it produced a fruit called
cocho, resembling coconuts: “This palm produces a fruit named Cocho, which is as
large as a head; its first husk is green and two feet thick; inside, there are threads from
which they make cords to fasten their boats."

HUMUNU ISLAND (HOMONHON): THE WATERING PLACE OF GOOD SIGNS

Continuing their journey, the fleet arrived at Humunu Island, known to Pigafetta as the
"Watering Place of Good Signs," because it was here that they found the first signs of
gold. The island and its surrounding areas were named the Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
The fleet departed from this island on March 25th and soon encountered two balanghai
(large boats) in Mazzava, now known as Mazaua.

BUTUAN AND CARAGUA: THE FIRST MASS

As the voyage progressed, Magellan was introduced to Raia Calambu, the king of
Zaluan and Calagan (present-day Butuan and Caraga), by King Raia Siagu. On March
31st, which was Easter Sunday, Magellan ordered a mass to be held by the shore. The
two kings attended the mass, participating respectfully in the Christian rites. Pigafetta
noted that at the offertory, the kings kissed the cross and knelt during the elevation of
the Eucharist, showing their reverence.
CEBU: THE BLOOD COMPACT AND CONVERSION
After the mass, Magellan’s fleet continued their search for supplies, arriving in Cebu on
April 7th. The following day, Magellan and the king of Cebu sealed their newfound
alliance with a blood compact, a traditional ritual that symbolized mutual trust and
friendship. Magellan then spoke to the people of Cebu about peace and God, leading to
the voluntary conversion of many locals to Christianity.

April 14, 1521 (RESEARCHER: DACOCO, MARIEL)

On April 14, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan, representing the Spanish Empire, arrived in the
Visayan region of the Philippines. His landing marked the beginning of European
colonization in the archipelago. Magellan persuaded Rajah Humabon, the local chieftain
of Cebu, and his wife queen Juana to form an alliance with Spain. As part of this
alliance, they converted to Christianity and were baptized. Rajah Humabon took the
name Carlos in honor of King Carlos I of Spain, while Queen Juana was named after
the king’s mother. The wooden cross Magellan erected on Cebu’s shores symbolized
the establishment of Christianity in the Philippines.
The cross, now known as the Magellan’s Cross, remains a significant historical artifact.
It is housed in a small chapel or kiosk beside the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño in
Cebu City. The site attracts tourists and pilgrims alike, commemorating the pivotal
moment when Christianity took root in the Philippines. explorer Ferdinand Magellan,
serving the Spanish royalty, erected a wooden cross on the shores of Cebu, marking
the establishment of Christianity in the Philippines. Magellan persuaded the chieftain of
Cebu, Rajah Humabon, and his wife Queen Juana, to form an alliance with Spain,
convert to Christianity, and be baptized. Rajah Humabon was named Carlos in honor of
King Carlos I of Spain, while his principal wife Hara Amihan was named Juana, after the
king’s mother. The cross is now housed in a small chapel or kiosk beside the Basilica
Minore del Santo Niño, and it is a popular tourist attraction in Cebu.
The Battle of Mactan
On April 26, 1521, the Portuguese explorer Magellan, led an expedition to the island of
Mactan in the Philippines. Upon arriving, he and his men were met with fierce
resistance from the native inhabitants, led by Chief Lapu-Lapu. Despite being vastly
outnumbered, Magellan and his men fought bravely, but ultimately, they were no match
for the determined and well-equipped native army.
During the battle, Magellan was struck by a poisoned arrow in the leg, which left him
wounded and unable to fight effectively. As his men began to retreat, they were pursued
by the native warriors, who subjected them to a hail of arrows, spears, stones, and mud.
Magellan, despite being gravely injured, continued to fight to protect his men and
ensure their safe retreat.
Eventually, Magellan was left alone and was attacked by a native warrior wielding a
cane lance. Despite his injuries, Magellan managed to wound the attacker before being
struck down by a sword blow to the head. The natives then fell upon him, stabbing him
repeatedly with lances until he was dead.
In conclusion, of Magellan’s expedition to the Philippines ended tragically with his death
in battle against the native islanders led by Chief Lapu-Lapu. Despite being
outnumbered and facing fierce resistance, Magellan fought bravely but was ultimately
defeated. His death marked the end of his journey and the first European exploration of
the Philippines. However, his legacy as a brave and determined explorer lives on,
despite the tragic circumstances of his final battle.
The Importance and Significance
The first voyage around the world, led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in
the early 16th century, holds immense importance and significance including:
1. Global Circumnavigation – Magellan’s expedition proved that the Earth is round
and that it could be circumnavigated by sea. This groundbreaking achievement
expanded humanity’s understanding of the world’s size and shape.
2. Trade and Globalization- The voyage marked the opening chapter in global trade
and globalization. It connected distant regions, facilitating the exchange of goods,
ideas, and cultures. Spices, like cloves and nutmeg, were highly valued
commodities, and this voyage contributed to their distribution.
3. Scientific Knowledge- The journey generated valuable scientific knowledge. It
provided more information about the Earth’s circumference and contributed to
new understandings of global time. Magellan’s crew faced unimaginable
difficulties, but their efforts advanced human understanding.
In summary, Magellan’s voyage was more than just a journey around the world; it was a
pivotal moment in human history, a turning point that reshaped our understanding of the
globe and our place within it. It was a testament to human ambition, courage, and the
relentless pursuit of knowledge, pushing the boundaries of what was considered
possible.
The voyage's impact can be understood through three key points:
1. Connecting Distant Lands- Before Magellan, the world was a collection of
disconnected continents and islands. His expedition shattered this perception,
proving that the Earth was indeed round and could be circumnavigated. This
opened up new trade routes, connecting continents and cultures in ways never
before imagined. The exchange of goods, ideas, and people that followed
transformed the world, laying the foundation for a truly globalized society.
 2. Expanding Geographical Knowledge- Magellan’s voyage provided a wealth of
new geographical information. His meticulous observations and detailed maps
challenged existing cartographic knowledge, revealing the true size and shape of
the Earth. This information was crucial for future explorers and navigators, paving
the way for more accurate maps and a deeper understanding of the world’s
geography.
3. Demonstrating Circumnavigation- The most significant achievement of
Magellan’s voyage was the successful circumnavigation of the globe. This feat
proved that it was possible to sail around the world, a concept that had been
debated for centuries. It challenged the prevailing belief that the Earth was flat
and opened up new possibilities for exploration and discovery
Magellan’s voyage was not without its challenges. His crew faced unimaginable
hardships, including storms, disease, and conflict with indigenous populations.
However, their perseverance and determination ultimately led to a groundbreaking
achievement that forever changed our understanding of the world. It was a voyage that
not only expanded our geographical knowledge but also our understanding of human
potential and the power of exploration. Our world by connecting distant lands,
expanding geographical knowledge, and demonstrating the possibility of
circumnavigating the globe by sea.

References
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1070/today-in-philippine-history-april-14-1521-
magellan-erected-a-wooden-cross-on-the-shores-of-cebu
https://asiasociety.org/education/religion-philippines
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1452/today-in-philippine-history-april-26-1521-datu-
zula-sent-to-magellan-one-of-his-sons-with-two-goats-as-present-the-battle-of-mactan
https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan
https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/magellan-circumnavigation-earth
Learning Objectives:
 Understand the importance of primary documents in learning Philippine history.
 Analyze key documents to see how historical periods shaped the Philippines.
 Identify cultural and political changes in the Philippines using historical sources.
 Identify major historical themes in the Philippines, such as colonization and
independence.
 Examine primary documents to understand how past events have impacted the
present.

PRIMARY DOCUMENTS IN DIFFERENT HISTORICAL PERIODS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Pre-colonial era (Before 1521) (GABAS, MARYROSE)

1. Oral Traditions: Epics, legends, songs, and genealogies were among the oral
histories that were passed down before the Spanish arrived. The preservation of
indigenous communities' beliefs, customs, and practices was greatly aided by these oral
histories.
Epics
Example: Biag ni Lam-ang is an Ilocano epic that tells the story of Lam-ang, a hero
with extraordinary powers. From birth, he exhibits incredible strength and intelligence.
He avenges his father's death by defeating his enemies and then sets out to win the
love of Ines Kannoyan. After impressing her with his bravery, they marry, but Lam-ang is
later swallowed by a giant fish during a ritual bath. With the help of his magical pets and
some villagers, he is miraculously revived, and the epic ends with Lam-ang and Ines
living happily together.
Legends
Example: The Malakas and Maganda legend is a Filipino creation myth about the first
man and woman who emerge from a split bamboo plant in a chaotic world of sky, sea,
and darkness. Sent by the gods, Malakas ("strong") and Maganda ("beautiful"), who
stand for the power and beauty of the Filipino people, were revealed when a bird
pecked the bamboo. They were the first humans to set foot on land, having numerous
children and populating the islands that make up the Philippines. This myth, which has
come to represent the significance of family, men's and women's complementary roles,
and cultural values of unity, is a symbol of Filipino identity and legacy.
Songs
Example: Kundiman (Traditional Filipino love songs) - Though the kundiman has been
credited as a colonial-era art, it evolved from a pre-colonial tradition known as the
kumintang. The kumintang is an Indigenous courtship or bridal song that shares the
same sense of heart and passion. Many people oftentimes confuse harana and
kundiman.
Genealogies
Example: Tarsilas are traditional records that trace the family trees and ancestry of
Muslim rulers in the southern Philippines. They trace the origins of local leaders like
sultans and datus, as well as their ties to historical figures and royalty. Understanding
the social structure, politics, history, and growth of Islam in the area as well as the
history of these communities depends on these records. Tarsilas contribute to ruler
legitimacy as well as the preservation of Muslim Filipinos' heritage and cultural identity.

2. Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900 CE):

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is one of the most significant artifacts from the pre-
colonial period. It was discovered in 1989 along the Lumbang River in Laguna, and it
dates back to 900 CE. Written in Kawi script, a writing system influenced by Sanskrit,
the inscription is a legal document that records the release of a debt by the ruler of
Tondo.
 Content: The inscription mentions several places and individuals, reflecting a
complex society with established political and economic systems. It references
the settlement of a debt and the involved parties, providing evidence of social
hierarchy and legal practices in pre-colonial Philippines.
 Significance: This document is important because it provides insight into the
region's early political and economic structures. It implies that there were
organized communities with leaders, laws, and trade relations long before the
arrival of Western colonizers. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription also suggests
connections to other cultures, implying that the Philippines was part of a larger
Southeast Asian trade network.

Even though they are intangible, oral traditions are vital to the preservation of our
cultural legacy and the development of the customs that we still follow today. The loss of
these oral traditions would mean not only the extinction of a language but also the
irreversible loss of the expressions and traditions that make up our cultural identity. The
Laguna Copperplate Inscription, on the other hand, provides tangible evidence of a
sophisticated society with established legal and economic systems prior to Spanish
colonization. Together, these documents provide a more complete picture of the
Philippines' early history, revealing a vibrant and complex culture that thrived on the
islands of the Philippines.
Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898) (TUAZON, ANGELO JASPER M.)
1. The Boxer Codex (Late 16th Century): The Boxer Codex is a Spanish manuscript
that gives a detailed account of the Philippines and its people during the first years of
Spanish colonization. The illustrations and descriptions of various ethnic groups,
including their clothing, customs, and social structures, provide priceless insights into
pre-colonial Philippine society. It is a valuable resource for historians seeking to
understand the archipelago's cultural diversity and social structure prior to significant
Spanish influence. The Codex also describes how the Spanish viewed indigenous
people, which helps us understand colonial perspectives.
2. Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo by José Rizal (1887 and 1891): These
novels by José Rizal are pillars of Philippine literature and nationalism. "Noli Me
Tángere" and "El Filibusterismo" exposed abuses and corruption under Spanish colonial
rule, particularly among religious leaders. Rizal inspired Filipinos to seek independence
by awakening their national consciousness through powerful narratives and characters.
The books are widely credited with sparking the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
rule, which resulted in the country's declaration of independence in 1898. Rizal's works
are still important in understanding the origins of Filipino nationalism and resistance.
3. Gomburza Martyrdom Records (1872): The Gomburza Martyrdom Records
document the trial and execution of three Filipino priests, Mariano Gomez, José Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora, by Spanish authorities. The priests were accused of taking part in
a rebellion, but their execution was widely regarded as unfair, causing outrage among
Filipinos. The event fueled the growth of nationalist movements and inspired future
revolutionaries, such as José Rizal, who dedicated "El Filibusterismo" to Gomburza's
memory. This event is an important turning point in Filipino nationalist history,
representing the fight against Spanish oppression.
4. Malolos Constitution (1899): The Malolos Constitution is the fundamental law of the
First Philippine Republic and Asia's first democratic constitution. It established a
government with separate powers, guaranteed civil rights, and declared Filipino
independence. The Constitution was a bold declaration of independence and self-
government, issued at a time when the Philippines were transitioning from Spanish
colonial rule. Although short-lived due to the outbreak of the Philippine-American War,
the Malolos Constitution laid the groundwork for future democratic institutions in the
country and continues to be a symbol of the Filipino people's desire for freedom and
self-determination.
American Colonial Period (1898-1946) (DELA CRUZ, TRISHA MAY)
1. The Treaty of Paris (1898) was a significant agreement that marked the end of the
Spanish-American War. Signed on December 10, 1898, it contained several key
provisions:
 Territorial Cession: The United States gained control of the Philippines, Guam,
and Puerto Rico from Spain. The United States also paid Spain $20 million for
the Philippines.
 End of Hostilities: The treaty officially ended combat between Spain and the
United States, effectively ending the Spanish-American War.
 Impact on the Philippines: The treaty ended Spanish colonial rule in the
Philippines, but it also indicated the beginning of American colonialism. This
transition was filled with conflict, as Filipino revolutionaries fighting for
independence were suddenly subjected to a new colonial power.
2. Jones Law (1916): The Jones Law, also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act,
signaled a shift toward greater self-government in the Philippines. It established the
Philippine Legislature, which had a bicameral structure with a Senate and a House of
Representatives. This law was an important step toward more freedom and self-rule
because it promised eventual independence and acknowledged the need for a
government more reflective of Filipino aspirations.
3. Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934): Building on the promise of the Jones Law, the
Tydings-McDuffie Act established a detailed plan for Philippine independence. It
established a ten-year transition period during which the Philippines would function as a
Commonwealth with greater self-government control. The act established a clear
timeline for full independence and outlined the structure of the Commonwealth
government, which was intended to prepare the country for self-government.
4. Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935): This constitution
established the legal and political system for the Commonwealth of the Philippines,
formalizing the transitional government established by the Tydings-McDuffie Act. It
established a more autonomous government, with a clear path to eventual
independence. The constitution established democratic governance and was an
important step toward the Philippines' full sovereignty.

Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) (LOVERIA, KRISTEL JOY)

1. Japanese Propaganda Materials: Newspapers, pamphlets, and radio broadcasts
produced by the Japanese authorities aimed at influencing public opinion and promoting
their agenda.
 Promote "Asia for Asians" Ideology: Japanese propaganda emphasized the
concept of a "New Era" and promoted "Asia for Asians," which aimed to foster a
sense of unity and independence among Asian nations led by Japan.
 Legitimize Japanese Occupation: By granting the Philippines nominal
independence in October 1943 and establishing the Second Philippine Republic
with José Laurel as president, Japanese propaganda attempted to legitimize their
occupation and create the appearance of Filipino self-rule.
 Encourage Cooperation: The Japanese wanted Filipinos to cooperate with the
occupiers. They encouraged those who were willing to support the new regime
by promising potential benefits, and some Filipinos worked together for personal
gain or in the hope of achieving true independence.
 Suppress Resistance: Japanese military police and informants were used to
enforce strict surveillance and defeat opposition. Propaganda was used to
control the narrative, while Japanese forces executed those caught assisting
guerrillas and responded against civilians suspected of resisting.
Example: During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942-1945), the
Hukbalahap, also known as Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon, emerged as a
prominent resistance group led by Luis Taruc. They were primarily agricultural
workers who engaged in guerrilla warfare against Japanese forces, disrupting
enemy operations through sabotage, ambushes, and raids. The Huks received
significant support from local communities that were dissatisfied with both the
Japanese occupiers and the colonial government, providing protection and relief.
Their efforts were critical to the larger resistance movement, but their influence
decreased after the war due to government repression and the resurgence of
American forces.
 Undermine American Support: Propaganda intended to promote anti-American
sentiment and reduce the likelihood of American return by portraying Japanese
occupation as a new and beneficial order for the Philippines.
 Control Information Flow: The Japanese heavily censored the media, filling it
with their own propaganda and suppressing opposing viewpoints. This included
controlling radio broadcasts and printed materials to prevent accurate reporting
on the war and guerrilla activities.
These efforts were part of a larger strategy to keep control of the occupied territory and
suppress any resistance to Japanese rule.

2. Diary Entries and Personal Letters: Diaries and letters from people who lived
through the occupation offer personal insights into the daily lives and experiences of
Filipinos during this time. These can include accounts from both ordinary citizens and
well-known individuals.
3. Interviews and Oral History: Survivors' and veterans' personal narratives and
testimonies about the occupation period are captured in recorded interviews and oral
histories.
Notable Examples: The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence in the Japanese Military
during World War II
I-Witness: 'Ang Lihim ni Lola,' a documentary by Howie Severino (full episode)

Post-Independence Period (1946–Present) (SANTOS, BEACZEL NICOLE)

1. Independence Documents: The 1946 Treaty of Manila, which granted full
independence to the Philippines from the United States, is a significant primary
document from this period.
The 1946 Independence Proclamation marked the end of American colonial rule in the
Philippines and the start of the country's independence. On July 4, 1946, during a
formal ceremony in Manila, the United States transferred authority to the newly
established Republic of the Philippines, as represented by the lowering of the American
flag and the raising of the Philippine flag. This proclamation not only marked the
Philippines' newfound independence but also established the foundation for the
country's future as a self-governing nation, free to chart its own path and interact with
the rest of the world on its terms.
2. The 1973 and 1987 Constitutions: The 1973 Constitution established a
parliamentary government under Marcos, while the 1987 Constitution restored
democracy after the People Power Revolution.
The 1973 and 1987 Constitutions are important documents in the Philippines' political
history. The 1973 Constitution, enacted by President Ferdinand Marcos, established a
parliamentary government, bringing together his power and marking the beginning of his
dictatorial regime. This constitution allowed Marcos to rule by decree and extend his
term beyond the limits set by the previous 1935 Constitution, effectively compromising
democratic institutions.
In contrast, the 1987 Constitution was enacted in response to the 1986 People Power
Revolution, which resulted in Marcos' removal and the restoration of democracy in the
Philippines. This constitution, drafted by President Corazon Aquino, restored a
presidential form of government, strengthened the checks and balances system, and
guaranteed human rights and civil liberties. The 1987 Constitution is still in effect today
and is regarded as a cornerstone of the country's democratic governance.
3. Media and Digital Records: With the advancement of technology, digital records,
online news outlets, and social media have emerged as primary sources for
documenting recent history.
With the advancement of technology, media, and digital archives have emerged as
essential primary sources for documenting recent Philippine history. Digital records,
online news outlets, and social media platforms capture real-time events and public
reactions, revealing an enormous amount of information about the country's social,
political, and cultural dynamics. These sources provide diverse perspectives and instant
access to historical data, making them critical tools for understanding current events
and shaping the ongoing narrative of Philippine history.

Other references:
https://kwentongmakabayan.blogspot.com/2016/11/biyag-ni-lam-ang-english-version.html
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakas_at_Maganda#Usapin_tungkol_sa_kasarian
https://www.tatlerasia.com/lifestyle/arts/philippine-independence-day-a-look-into-the-art-of-
kundiman
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsila
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription
https://ich.unesco.org/en/oral-traditions-and-expressions-00053
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Codex#:~:text=The%20Boxer%20Codex%20is%20a,places
%2C%20their%20inhabitants%20and%20customs.
https://sinaunangpanahon.com/exploring-the-boxer-codex-a-window-into-16th-century-cultures/
https://owlcation.com/humanities/noli-me-tangere-and-el-filibusterismo
https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-Revolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution
https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1898
https://comappt.gov.ph/about-us/
https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/july-4-1946-philippines-independence

https://youtu.be/UhLzkPIBCJY?si=wjOW5NEfDzQPpifh
https://www.npr.org/2020/11/29/939811000/philippine-survivor-recounts-her-struggle-as-
a-comfort-woman-for-wartime-japan
https://dutytocountry.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/4-JAPANESE-PROPAGANDA-IN-
THE-PHILIPPINES.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/event/Hukbalahap-Rebellion
https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/july-4-1946-philippines-independence
https://constitutionnet.org/country/philippines
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/constitution-day/
https://er.educause.edu/articles/2013/12/social-media-as-a-primary-source-a-coming-of-
age