CHAPTER 3

Water
LATESTSYLLABUS -SCOPE OF SYLLABUS - WATER
WATER AS A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT.
Solutions as mixtures' of solids in water: saturated solutions.
Qualitative efect of temperature on solublity (e.g. solutlons of calcium sulphate,
potassium nitrate & sodium chloride in water).
AYDRATED & ANNYDROUS SUBSTANCE8.
Hydrated substances: Water of Crystalllsation - meaning & examples
(a)
Anhydrous substances: Meaning & examples only
te) Properties: Ejflorescence "Deliquescence " Hygroscopy
Defnition & examples of each of the above)
(uDRYING & DEHYDRATING AGENTS
Meaning & examples only.
h)sOFT WATER AND RARD WATER
Meaning. (in terms of action of soap)
Advantages & disadvantages of soft water & hard water.
Types & causes of hardness,
Removal of hardness
O By boling (t) By addition of washing soda.

A. INTRODUCTION
substances on the earth's surface.
Next to air, water isone of the most - common nature,
processes which occur in
W. Ostwald stated that 'almost all the chemical
the - elixir of life.
takes place - among solutions in water. Water is thus natural
found in the natural state is called water' while
Water which is
known as "treated water.
water whichhas received some formn of treatment is
Importance of water -
-growth ofplant &animal life.
Water is important for natural processes &is vital for the
carried out by each & every cell.
The human body - needs water for almost every function
are - the agriculture, transportation and the
Industrial processes - dependent on waterthermoelectric.
power generation plants both hydro &
Occurrence - Of Water
In the free state
In the form of - Ice, snow, frost.
Solid state
|Liquidstate As - river water, lake water, sea water, spring water.
On the earth's surface
Below the earth's surface In - well water and moisture accumulation in the soil.
As - dew
Above the earth's crust
Gaseous state (vapour] As - Water vapour, clouds, mist, fog.
In the combined state :
Water occurs in the combined form in all living matter i.e. plants & animals.
Water is present in hydrated salts eg. MgCl,.6H,0 &incertain minerals.
Earth's surface Covers approximately75% of the earth's surface.
Human body Nearly 70% of the body weight.
Food products Green vegetables [80-90%], Milk [80-85%], Dry cereals [3-5%)
33
INTRODUCTION [Contd.]
The water cycle
by- circulation of water from the
Nature maintains the water cycleand-
byevaporation to the atmosphere back to the earths
earths
Surfuce as=rain
CLOUDS

RAIN WATER
Collection
water vapourof nwater.
AAA

RIYER NATER
111
The Water Cycle
EVAPORATIO%
OF SEA WATER

Water -is considered a compound &not an element.

Hery Cavendish-snthesized water from its elerhents-2 vols. ofhydrogen &e 1vol.
by igniting the elements in their respectiveeratios, thereby leading to the
conclusiofoonrygr
Water is not an eleent but a ompound of-hydrogen z oxygen- combined in the ratioha24
ALavoisier -further corfirned that water is acompound of two elements
t that a molecule of water is comprised of - tuo atoms of hydrogen && one atom of ory
Properties of Compounds Water

Compounds havea-fed composition In water the elements- hydrogen and

& the elenents, combired in a -fixed oxygen are combined in a -fixed
proportion by weight. proportion by weight.
Compounds have new properties Properties of water - differ from the
a the original components lose their properties of its indívidual elernents -
- indivídual properties. hydrogen and oxygen.
Components of acompound The conponents hydrogen and oxygen
can be separated by chemical means - can be separated by chemical means
only and not by physical means. leg, electrolysis] butnot by physicalmears
Natural & treated water
Natural water natural wate
Water found in the natural state is known as
g rain water, spring water, well water, river water, lake &treatment
sea wai
Treated water Treated water ís water whích has-received some form of
Distilled water " It ís the purest form of water used for - qualitativeanalysis.
" It ís prepared by - condensing water vapour or steam.
" Itis soft water and free from all solutes.
ofwater
Pipe borne water " Itispreparedby filtration followed by--chemical treatment
" Itis free from - mineralsolutes
bacteria but i may contain essential
Chlorinated water o Water used inswimming pools is - chlorinated to killgerms.
34
 water
SOLUTIONS - Asmixtures of solids in
SOLVENT
4. WATER - AUNIVERSAL dissolve alarge number of substances e.g salts, sugar etc.
Water has the ability to ofgaseseg,hydrogen chloride, arnrnonia etc Hence wate
Italso dissolvesalargenumber soloent
substance & is therefore called a universal
dissolves almost every comnon
SOLUTION
o THE TERMS - SOLVENT, SOLUTE,
Solute Stirrer/
Csvent

Solvent Solvent Ssotute

fwaterl fhution)

SOLUTION
SOLUTE
[Aqueus slution f NaCIJ
SOLVENT
[water] [Sodiun chloride]
SOLUTION
SOLVENT SOLUTE
or - A homogenous miture of
Liquid lgenerally water] ot-Substance which dissolvesform-a solute in a solvent?
medium of dissolution disappears in the solventto ie. a uniforin rnisture f two or
whích allows the solute to asolution is calleda-solute.
rnne substarcs] whose
dissolve ín ít so as to form composition rrayte yadually
1a solution ís called a -solvent.
changed by changing the -
relative arnurt of conponents.

3. DILUTE &CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS

Amountof solute in agiven weightof solvent deterrnines the conc.of thesolution
DILUTE SOLUTION CONCENTRATEDSOLUTION
Asolutionin which the arnount of Asolutionin which the amount of -
solute is relatively small - solute is relatively large
comparedto the amount ofsolventin - ompared tothe arnount of solvent in
agiven mass of itis alled a dilute solutioh.agven mass of it is called aconcentrated solution.
4. TRUE SOLUTIONS
A true solution has its - owncharacteristic properties.
NATURE It is clear, transparent and - homogenous in nature.
PARTICLE SIZE Particle size is molecular and the particles
" Canpass - through the pores of filter paper.
Cannot be seen - under a microscope " Do not - settle down.
SEPARATION Solute can be recovered from the solvent by -
physical and not by chemical means.
Atrue solution is therefore - a mixture and not a
comnpound.
35
C. SOLUTIONS - Saturated solutions.
1. SATURATED SOLUTIONS
UNSATURATED SOLUTION SATURATED SOLUTION
dissolve more of Asolution which- -
Asolution which - can the solute at a given cannot
thesolute ata given temperatureiscalled an
unsaturated solution at that temperature. saturated solution at tethatmperatdiusreolise camorl ede
100 g. of water Solute Add more
solute
Add X g
of solute
temperature,
Addof solute
X+
Yg.

Solute continues Solute dissolves at

Temp. toC Solute
temp t°C. No more solute
dissolves to dissole
solution -
dissolves at temp Pc
A SATURATED SOLUTION- Can be converted to an unsaturated
By heating the saturated solution slouvly. of the solute at a
Asaturated solution can dissolve - more higher temperature.
By adding more solvent to the saturated solution.
Inreased amount of solvent can dissolve - more of the solute at that temperat
A SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION- Differs from a saturated solution -
Super saturated solution -
It is one which can hold or contains -
more of the solute at a giren tenperature than that present in a saturated solution.
Preparation -
A
saturated solution of a solute [eg. nitre] is prepared in boiling water.
If the above solution is cooled excess nitre separates out from the hot saturated solutian
The hot solution therefore contains more of the solute dissolved in than it carn hold at
that given temperature and is thus called a - supersaturated solution.
Exceptions -
With certainsubstances eg. Na,SO,10H,0it is possible to cool a saturated solution
without excess solute crystallizing out provided - no undissolved solids are present
2. SOLVENTS- [Other than water]
Solvents Solute it dissolves Sotvents in everyday life
Benzene Rubber 1. In laundries and dry cleaners
Turpentine oil Petrol, kerosene or ammonia solution -
Paints, paraffin wax for removing grease stains
Carbon disulphide Sulphur, phosphorus Iurpentine - for removing paint stainsstas
or tea
Petrol Grease, chlorophyll, rubber Bon solution-for removing coffee
|2. In manufacture of perfumes
in alcolhol.
Acetone Cellulose acetate (nail polish] " Aromatic oils - dissolved
of chlorophyll in laboratory
Alcohol Iodine, napthalene, chlorophyll |3. Extraction
boiling the leaves in - alcohol.
By
Oxalic acid Rust |4. Dressing wounds in dispensary
alcohol
Methylated spirit Chlorophyl " lodine dissolved in -
is used as tincture of iodine.

36
p.SOLUBILITY
1. INTRODUCTION
in the same mass of a solvent
Different solutes dissolve to a different extent
ie. they have different - solubilities.
Solubility - is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a particular solvent.
fixed [100 g-] &
To obtaina uniform result, the amount of solvent is
the solution should be saturated at a particular temperature.
2. DEFINITION -SOLUBILITY
at a particular temperature is the -
The solubility of a solute in a solvent -that
maximum amount of the solute in grams will saturate -
100 g. of the solvent at that temperature.
Solute [X &-lo Stirer
Saturated
solution
Solvent [water] Solvent formed
100 g. at t°C [water]

SOLUBILITY - of a Solute [at tPC]

ie. Weight of solute [g.] x100
Weight of solute g] x 100
Weight of solvent [g.] Wt. of solution -Wt. of solute Ig.].

3. DETERMINATION - Of Solubility
Todetermine the solubility of a - solute [KCI] at room temperature.
STEPI: PREPARATION OF THE SATURATED SOLUTION OF POTASSIUMCHLORIDE KI.
Take aboiling tube half-flled with about - 100 ml. of distilled water.
Add crystals of potassium chloride - to the distilled water and stir slowly.
Continue stirring till the crystals dissolve. Repeat the process till no more salt can dissolve.
Pour the saturated solution - in a clean dry test-tube.
S HE SOLUBILITY OF THE SOLUTE
Saturated
solution
Weigh a clean and dry evaporating dish =M g
of KCI Add the above saturated soln. to it and reweigh = Mg
Heat the solution to dryness as shown in the fig.
and reweigh the dish with residue = M,g
Note the temperature of the saturated solution = t°C
Boiling lubility Weight of solute
water X 100
Weight of solvent
[M,- M] &. x 100 at (°C
[M - M, ] g

37
 temperature on
Qualitative effect of
E. SOLUBILITY
1. SOLUBILITY CURVE
a solute- - in a
Ifthe solubility of their:
solubilty
given
are plotted against effectrespective
a graph showing the
of -
temperature on solubility of the temp
substance
ises
ro
atl
uvrent
es -
is called the -
This graph
QUALITATTVE EFFECT OF -
solubility graph obtained
or
curve
Solubility TEMPERATURE ON
Solids whose solubility
INCREASES - with rise in temperature. SOLUBILTY
KNO,- other examples -KCIO,
KCI
INCREASES SLIGHTLY - with rise
NaCl - other examples - KCI,
NaNO,in CuSO,
Ca(OH),temperature.
below
NHa
No DECREASES - with rise in temperature. 70°C,
CaSO4 - other examples - Ca(OH), [above 70°C).
Na,SO.1OH,0 showS a solubility curve with a
sharp break at 36°C. Itis hydrous below 36°C&
anhydrous above that temperature.
KNO, has the highest solubility at 100°C.
Temperature
Solubility curves Solubility of solids is - independent of change in pressure

2. APPLICATIONS OR USES OF SOLUBILITY CURVES

Medical- Enablesapharmacist to determine the amount of drugs [solid-solutesy
that must be dissolved together in a given quantity of solvent at different
temperatures to give a prescribed drug preparation.
Chemists & Research workers - Enables them to determine the most suitable
solvent to be used at various temperatures for extraction of essential chemicals
from their natural sources.
Separation and purification of solutes When a saturated solution of a
given mixture of solutes is cooled, those fractions with very low solubilities
will be the first to crystallize out from the solution.
Summing up- solubility curves can be used:
1. To deternine Solubility of agiven solute at aparticular temperature.
2. To compare Solubilities of different solutes in asolvent ata given temperature.
a hot
3. To calculate Amount of substance which will crystallize out when
saturated solution is cooled to a lower temperature.

38
 OF GASES- Influence of pressure &temperature
SOLUBILITY
F. solubility of gases [In water]
4 EFFECT OF PRESSURE- On
surface of water. Causes increasein solubility of gas -in water.
An increase in pressure -on
water at a fixed temperature can be correlated by the
Solubility of gases in
following law [Henry's Law).
the mass of gas dissolved by a fixed volume of liquid
At any given temperature pressure on the surface of the liquid.
is directly proportional to the
opened.
Evolution of gas is seen when a bottle of soda water is
under pressure.
Soda water - contains carbon dioxide dissolved in water
Solubility of carbon dioxide under normal atmospheric pressure is very low,
dissolves to a great extent as in the case
but when subjected to high pressures, it in water under pressure
of soda water in which carbon dioxide is dissolved
and the bottle corked.
since the pressure on
On opening the bottle the gas rapidly bubbles out does the solubility of
the surface of the water suddenly decreases and so
carbon dioxide gas in water.
freezing point decreases].
[If pressure increases on the surface of water - its boiling point increases &

2. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE-On solubility of gases [in water]

An increase in temperature - of water. Causes decrease in solubility of gas - in water.

On boiling, water loses its taste.

Water contains soluble gases which contributes to the taste of water.
On boiling, the temperature of the water increases, thereby the solubility of the
dissolved gases [air)] decreases and the dissolved gases are hence expelled out.
If the above water is once again shaken with air, the water gets back its taste,
due to dissolution of the air in water.

Gases are more soluble in cold water than in water at high temperatures.
Soda contains carbon dioxide dissolved in water under pressure.
When a soda bottle kept at ordinary temperatures is opened the evolution of
carbon dioxide is less compared to a similar chilled soda bottle which on
opening produces more effervescence.
Thus at low temperatures the solubility of the gas is more, compared to higher
or ordinary temperatures.
[Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen. Hence dissolved air in water, contains a higher
percentage of oxygen than ordinary air).

39
 CRYSTALLISATION
G.CRYSTALS &
1. INTRODUCTION
solid
When ahot saturated solution is cooled the exXcess is generally
out in the form of particles having a defnite geometric shape.
The particles are called crystals and the process crystallisation.
Crystals
hrovn
Crystals are homogenoussolids, arranged symmetrically.
Crystals are bounded by plane surfaces, meeting at sharp
angles to one another. and have a regular definite shape. edges at
Shapes of Crystals definite
Rhombic Tetragonal Monoclinic Triclinic
Cubic

2. CRYSTALLISATION Hexagonal
The process by which crystals are separated or deposited from a hot
solution of a substance on cooling gently is called crystallisation. saturated
Conditions for crystallisation
Ahot saturated soln. should be cooled slowly followed by slow evaporation
Rapidcooling ofahotsaturated soi resultsinfomation ofamorphoussolids instead ofmel
defined arystals, [Amorpios salis do nathare aegulargemetric shaye &are not oeil iyfvad|So
evaporation enhances concentration of the solute causing formation of well-defined avcblk
3. PREPARATION OF CRYSTALS
|Aim :To prepare a - large sized crystal of potassium nitrate
Procedure :
" Asaturated soln. of KNO, is prepared at 90°C. It is then filtered and the clear filterate
is allowed to cool in another beaker. Tiny crystals form on the bottonn of the beaker
A glass rod is taken &a fine cotton thread is tied to it.
Awell-formed crystal is then picked up and tied on to the other end of the cotton thread.
This crystal is called a 'seed crystal' which is suspended in the - cooled saturated
solution prepared above.
" The beaker is covered with -amuslin cloth to prevent dust particles from entering
Observation: After afew days it is seen that alarge orystal is formed on the seed crst
Conclusions: Cooling a hot saturated solution results in deposition of well-defined
crystals. The crystals if further suspended in the saturated solution enlarge in size due to
-deposition of further crystals on the seed crystal.

Seed
crystal

Preparation of crystals
40
 WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION
H. [W.o.c.]
WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION enters into a loose chemical
combination
water molecules which hot saturated solution
The fixed number of crvstallised from its
when the substance is
with the substancecrystallisation.
is called water of geometric shape & colour of the
crystal.
It is responsible for the -
Crystals deposited
containing water of
On cooling crystallisation
Hot saturated
solution

ANHYDROUS SUBSTANCES
2. HYDRATED & Anhydrous Substance
Hydrated Substance
Doesnotcontatnamyfixednumberofmolecules
water molecules
Contains fixed number of loose chemical as water of crystallisation]in loose chemical
fas water of crystallisation] in
thesubstanceeg.CuSO,5H,0 combination with the substance eg. KNO3
combination with
Heat on hydrous Copper [I]| sulphate crystals
Hydrated Copper
sulphate crystals
[CuSO4.5H,O] A E Steam

Water droplets

BEFORE HEATING
AFTER PROLONGED HEATING

HYDRATED COPPER SULPHATE heat > |ANHYDROUS COPPER SULPHATE

CuSO4 + 5H,0
CuSO,.5H,O
Blue crystals of hydrous copper sulphate. Whitepovderofanhydrouscoppersulphate.
Defnite geometricshapeofhydrated erystals. No geometric shape of anhydrous crystals.
Crystalline in nature. Amorphous in nature.
HYDRATED CRYSTALS ANHYDROUS CRYSTALS
SULPHATES of
Calcium sulphate Dihydrate |Gypsum CaSO4.2H,0 Potassium - K,SO4
Copper nitrate Trihydrate Cu(NO,),.3H,O|| Ammonium (NH),SO,
|Calcium nitrate Tetrahydrate Lime salt petreCa(NO),.4H,O| CHLORIDES of
|Copper sulphate Pentahydrate Blue vitriol |CusO4,5H,O Potassium - KCl
Calcium chloride Hexahydrate CaCI,.6H,O Lead - PbCl,
Magnesium sulphate Heptahydrate Epsom salt MgSO4.7H,0 NITRATES of
Iron [|I|sulphate Heptahydrate Greenvitriol FeSO,7H,o Potassium - KNO,
|Sodiumsulphate Decahydrate Glauber's salt Na,SO4.10OH,O Sodium - NaNO3

41
 SUBSTANCES
I. EFFLORESCENT & DELIQUESCENT
EFFLORESCENT SUBSTANCE DELIQUESCENT SUBSTANCE
THE TERM
THETERM
Crystalline hydrated salts - Water soluble salts -
which on exposure to
which on exposure to the atmosphere absorb moisture the
lose their moisture [water of crystallisation)
partly or completely to the atmosphere
and change into the amorphous state. and change intothe
from
dissolve in the absorbedthe
moi a
a
s
eliquid statett
mmuo
ro
s
espp
hhee
rer
The substance is called efflorescent The substance is called
(saturated)
deliqdeluescence.
iquescent
the phenomenon -efflorescence. the phenomenon -
Residue - solid Deliquescent
IsatResiuratdueed -lsoilqutuiion)d
Efflorescent
[amorphous povder] crystals
crystals

EXAMPLES OF- Efflorescent substances EXAMPLES OF - Deliquescent

Eflorescent crystals Residuelafterexposure] Deliquescent crystals substances
Iron (III chloride
Washing soda Monohydrate FeCl,
[Na,CO,.10H,0]| [Na,CO, H,0] Calcium chloride
CaCl,
Copper sulphate Anhydrate Sodium hydroxide NaOH
[CuSO,5H,0] [CuSOl KOH
Potassium hydroxide
Glaubers salt Anhydrate
Magnesium chloride MgClh
[Na,sO10H,0] |[Na,sO]
Efflorescence & deliquescence are caused by the -
humidity,.
difference between vapour pressure of the crystals and the atmospheric
hydrated crystals -
" Efflorescence occurs when the vapour pressure of the
exceeds the vapour pressure of the atmospheric humidity
conditions].
[hence efflorescence is minimum during humid
pressure or aqueous tension of the
" Deliquescence occurs when the vapour pressure of the
deliquescent crystal solution - is very low compared to the vapour conditions).
atmospheric humidity [hence deliquescence is minimum during dry
Common salt turns moist on exposure toair.
Common salt is not deliquescent but contains a small amount of -
calcium &magnesium chloride impurities which are deliquescent.
Common salt -
Hence the impurities absorb moisture from air, thereby turning
sticky &wet [especially during humid conditions].

42
 HYGROSCOPIC SUBSTANCES &DRYING AGENTS
J.
7. HYGROSCOPIC SUBSTANCES
: substances
Hygroscopic.substances differ from deliquescentsubstances absorb moisture from
Hygroscopic substances like deliquescent
exposed to it but unlike deliquescent substances
the atmosphere when solid substance remains asolid after absorption of moisture]
donot change their state (ie. a hand are crystalline solids while
Deliquescent substances on the other
liquids.
hygroscopicsubstances maybe amorphous solids or
EXAMPLES OF - Hygroscopicsubstances
Anhydrous calcium chloride [CaCl,], P,Os, Silica gel.
Solid Quicklime (CaO],
|Liquid Concentrated sulphuric acid [H,SO4]
9 DRYING & DEHYDRATING AGENTS
Most of the hygroscopic substances are drying agents.
remove moisture
Drying agents - are substances which can readily - absorb or
from other substances.
absorbs moisture & hence used as
Fused calcium chloride is deliquescent in nature,
drying agent or desiccating agent
[ie. used in a desiccator for drying other substances].water or elements of water -
Dehydrating agents - remove chemically combined
from compounds, due to their strong affinity for water.
Concentrated sulphuric acid being hygroscopic in nature acts as a -
drying agent and also as a dehydrating agent
CGH,;06 H,SO4,
Conc.
6C +
6H,0
glucose carbon

EXAMPLES OF - Drying agents

Conc. H,SO4 Fused P,05 Quicklime
Fused CaCl,
Moist Dry Dry
gas > ’gas gas
Moist Dry Drying
tower >
gas gas
Anhydrous
CaCl, Quicklime
Moist
P,O5 gas
Desiccator Conc.
H,SO4

43
 K. HARD& SOFT WATER
Depending on the action of soap on water -
types: Hard waler &t soft water.
natural water is divided into two
HARD WATER& SOFT WATER
The Term
said to be hard when
does isnot
ItWater lather readily - with ordinary soap and - hence wastes soap,
Water is said to be- soft when -
It lathers readily with ordinary soap and- hence does not waste Soap.
distilled water.
Sources of soft water include - rain water &
Causes of hardness in water
Calciumn &
Substances that cause - hardness in water are - magnesium salts
chlorides.
e.g. Calcium &magnesium - bicarbonates, sulphates &
Sources - of hard water
- Natural water i.e. water from springs & rivers.
Types - of hardness in water
Temporary hard water
It is one whose hardness - can be removed by boiling.
Cause of temporary hardness
Temporary hardness in water is mainly due to presence of -
Calcium & magnesium bicarbonates in water - (Ca(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO4),1.
The rain water containing carbon dioxide falls on the earth & combines with
limestone [CaCOs] & magnesite (MgCO3] layers, forming the respective soluble
Calcium & magnesium bicarbonates.
CaCO, + H,0 + CO, > Ca(HCO,)2
MgCO, + H,0 + CO, ’ Mg(HCO3)
Permanent hard water
It is one whose hardness - cannot be removed easily by boiling.
Cause of pernanenthardness
Permanent hardness in water is mainly due to presence of -
Calcium &magnesium, chlorides &sulphate in water - [CaClh, MgCl,, CaSO4, MgsO,).
Permanernt hardness enters in water - when natural ground water directly dissolves
chlorides or sulphates of calcium &magnesium present in the earths surface.
PERMANENT HARD WATER
TEMPORARY HARD WATER
CaClh " CaSO4
Ca(HCOs)2 MgSO4
Mg(HCOs)2 MgCl,
Disadvantages - of hardness in water
Hard water is - unfit for laundries, unsafe for drinking, not suitable for preparms
solutions &forindustrial
[Soft water lathers readily withuses
soapsince it forms
& hence is more:asuitable
crusty for
boiler scale
use in or fur&inindustries
laundries boilers
44
 hardness in water
HARD & SOFT WATER -Removal of
L. in water
WATER-Removal of temporary hardness
1. boiling by
Removal of - temporary hardness in water- present in - temporary hard water.
are
Soluble calcium && magnesium bicarbonates
On boiling temporary hard water thein water decompose to give -
calcium &e magnesium bicarbonates
insoluble carbonates, carbon dioxide &< water.
insoluble carbonates are filtered out, carbon dioxide escapes as a gas -
The
& the residual water is - rendered soft.
+ H,0 + CO, lgl.
Ca(HCO,)2 boil, CacO,
Calcium carbonate
Calcium bicarbonate
[in temporary hard water]
bol, MgCO, + H,0 + CO, lgl.
Mg(HCO,)2
Magnesium bicarbonate Magnesium carbonate
[in temporary hard water]

Boiling temporary hard water FILTER

filtration
Soft water remains after
HARD
WATER

SOFT
WATER

2. WATER Removal of temporary & permanent hardness in water

Removalof- permanent &temporary hardness in water- by addition of washingsoda
On adding washing soda to temporary or permanent hard water the -
calcium & magnesium chlorides, sulphates & bicarbonates - form an -
insoluble precipitate of calcium &magnesium carbonate - which is filtered out.
The remaining solution contains soluble sodium salts -
which do not cause hardness in water &hence the residual water is -rendered soft.
Na,CO, +
CaSO4 ’ CaCO, t Na,SO4
Washing soda Calcium sulphate
[in permanent hard water]
Na,CO, Ca(HCO,)2 ’ CaCO, + 2NaHCO,.
Washing soda Calcium bicarbonate
[in temporary hard water]
45
 Experimentalstudy
M. HARD & SOFT WATER -
WATER
IDENTIFICATION OF-HARDNESS IN
|EXPERIMENT-1
is - hard or
AIM: To determine whether a given sample of water soft
REQUIREMENTS :A beaker or trough, given sample of water, soan water.
PROCEDURE : A sample of water is taken in a trough or beaker
ordinary soap is rubbed, inside the sample of water.
and piece of
a
RESULT: If the sample of water lathers readily the sample is said to tbe - soft
If the sample of water does not lather readily then the sample is
said to be water.
EXPERIMENT-2
-hard water.
-
" AIM: To deternine whether a given sample of hard water contains
temporary hardness or pernanent hardness.
REQUIREMENTS:Abeaker or trough, given sample of hard water, soan
PROCEDURE: A sarmple of hard water is taken in a beaker or trough &
boiled
some time. The boiled water is then fltered, after all the gases have escaped out.for
The clear residual sample of water is then rubbed with soap.
RESULT: If the sample of water lathers after filtation - then the sample is
temporary hard water - whose hardness has been removed by boiling. sample i
the
If the sample of water does not lather after filtration - then
boiling.
permanent hard water - whose hardness cannot be removed by
CaCO, + CO, + H,0
Ca(HCO,)2 boiling Filtered out Soft water remains
In temporary hard water
EXPERIMENT - 3

" AIM: To study the advantage of using-synthetic detergents over soap.

samples of hard water.
" REQUIREMENTS:Synthetic detergent, ordinary soap, water &rubbed
PROCEDURE:A synthetic detergent is added to the first sample of hard
slowly with the hand.
piece of soap is then added to the second sample of hard water &
An ordinary the cases.
similarly rubbed slowly. The observations are seen in both
but not with
RESULT: The sample of hard water lathers with a synthetic detergent -
ordinary soap.
Reason for the obseroation:
CaHCO), + 2NaSt Ca(St), + 2NaHCOs
In hard water Soap Scun
Ordinary soap when rubbed in hard water is wasted and lather forms -
only after all the calcium or magnesium salts are removed as - sCuim.
magnesiumsals"
Synthetic detergents are- sodiumsnsalts ofsulphonicacid &their calcium & detergents when
are soluble in hard water and - do not form scum. Hence synthetic
rubbed in hard water- lather easily and hence have an advantage over ordinarysoap

46
 EQUATION WORKSHEET
Complete and balance the equations
WATER
HARD& SOFTtemporary hard water CaCO, + H,0
Formation of MgCO, + H,0 +

hardness in water
L Removal of temporary -Igl
- byboiling Ca(HCOJ), ’ gl
Mg(HCO,), ’ t
hardness in water
. Removal of temporary + Ca(HCO), ’
-by addition of washing soda [Na,CO,] Na,CO,
A Removal of permanent
hardness in water
Na,Co, CaSO,
-by addition of washing soda [Na,Co,]
4

For additional questions on Chp, 3 - Refer DR. VIRAF DALAL

0BIECTIVE WORKBOOK FOR SIMPLIFIED ICSE CHEMISTRY' FOR STD. DX - BY
.CS.E. Chemistry for Std. DX]
[A Supplementary work book for "Simplified
QUESTIONS
(1984
deliguescent. NoOH /Sodeum Hydrozte)
|1 Name one substance which is solubility of NaCI,iül the solubility of CaSO, in water?
2. How does an increase in temperature affect:i] the
1985 Notl in uedyi sticky during the rainy season;
moist and
Give reasons for the following: i table salt becomes crystals
1.
washing soda which are left exposed to the air.
iila white powder forms on the surface of
1986
which is eflorescent'.
1. Why is anhydrous CaCl, used in a desiccator. Name one substance
2. Namea salt a]which contains water of crystallization, b] which does not contain.
1987
1. Name a deliquescent substance'
1988
Soda ( NaycO;,7Hs), ble ihol
1. Explain the following observations:
i] Washing-soda become coated with a white powder when left exposed to the atmosphere.
i] In the expression anhydrous copper sulphate, what is meant by "anhydrous".
ii] Why is fused calcium chloride or conc. sulphuric acid used in a desiccator.
2 Complete the following: The solubility of agas at comstant pressure may be increased by decreasing the...
1991
1. What is 'oater of crystalization"?Name acrystalline salt which does not contain water of crystallization.
2. What would you observe, when the water of crystallization of a salt is removed by heating it.
3. Define :i]Hygroscopy, i] Efflorescence.
4. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of KNO, and calcium sulphate in water.
1992
|1. What test would you do to find out whether a given solution is saturated or unsaturated.
2. How can you increase the solubility of a given volume of gas in water.
1993 -,1994 -, 1995 (discontinued]

47
 -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1 State the importance of water for all general uses.combined state.
& in the
How does water, orur in the free state
and not a element.
3. State a reason to prove that water is a compound
4. State why water is considered a universal solvent.
5 Define the terms : il] solute, ii] solvent, ii] solution.
6. State the characteristics of a true solution.
7 Differentiate between unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions.
8. How would you convert a saturated solution to an unsaturated solution and vice versa.
9. Give the main steps with the calculations involved of the method
Define solubility. to
solubility of a given salt Xin water.
10. From the following list of salts:Na,SO, 10H,0, NaCl, KCIO, NaNO, Ca(OH),,
deter
NH,CI, KC,
mine the
State the salts whose solubility a] increases, b] decreases, c] is fairly independent or
slightly Caso
with rise in temperature of water.
11. What is a solutbility curve. State two applications and two benefits of the solubility curve
12 Give the influence of i] pressure, i] temperature on the solubility of gases in water.
increases.
13. State the reasons whv i] boiled wvater tastes flat, ii] a soda water bottle opens with a 'fzy
14. What is meant by the terms : a] crystal, b] crystallization, c] seed crystal. Explain with
15. Defirne the term 'water of crystallization'. examples.
16. Differentiate between hvdrated and anhydrous rystals with examples. State three defined
which ocrur when hydrated copper sulphate is heated.
17. Washing soda and iron [I] chloride are separatelyexposed to the atmosphere. Stateei]
i the observations
changes
seen, il the phenomenon which occurs, ii] the reason for the phenomenon occurring in each c
Would a similar phernomenon oocur in case of exposure of common salt. Explain giving reasons
18. Why is fused calcium chloride and not potassium chloride kept in a desiccator?
19. How does fused calcium chloride differ from iron [I] chloride when exposed to the atmosphere?
20. Conc HsO, acts as a'irying agent &a'deryárating agent. Explain and differentiate the words in italis
21. Explain the meaning of the terms - hard water &soft water.
22 State the causes of hardness in water.
23. Give two natural sources of hard water.
24. Differerntiate between temporary hard water &permanent hard water.
|25. State the cause of hardness in termporary &permanent hard water.
26. State the disadvantages of hardness in water.
27. Temporary hardness in water can be renoved by boiling. Give balanced equations to explain how,
hardness in temporary hard water is removed by boiling.
28. Both temporary &e permanent hardness in water can be removed by addition of washing soda. Give
balanced equations for the same.
9. Asample of water is given in a trough. State how would you prove experimentally, whether the given
sample is hard water or soft water.
|30. which
Twosamples ofwater
of the two
are placed in abeaker individually.
samples contains
State how you will determine experimentally,
permanent hardwater.
31. State what are synthetic detergents. Explain experimentally how you will determine the advantag
synthetic detergents over soap using a sample of hard water.

48
 UNIT TEST PAPER 3- Water 30 marks
51
word from the words in brackets to complete each sentence: and freezing point
Selectthecorrect
on the surface of water increases, its boiling point
1. If pressure
-[increases / decreases].
solution can be converted to an unsaturated solution by
A saturated
2. fincreasing/ decreasing] the amount of the solvent.
Dissolved air in water contains a [higher/ lower] percentage of oxygen
3 than ordinary air. -[less/more]compared
At low temperatures the solubility of a gas in water is
4
to that at ordinary temperatures.
Efflorescence occurs when the vapour pressure of the hydrated crystals is
[more/ less] than the vapour pressure of the atmospheric humidity.
5

lQ2 Selectthe correct answer from the choice given in the brackets.
1. An anhydrous crystal. (blue vitriol/ epsom salt/ lead chloride]
2. A
substance which causes hardness in water. [NH, CI/CaCl,/NaCl]
3. Adeliquescentsalt of adivalent metal. [CuCl/ CaCl,/FeCl,/PbCl,)
4. An anhydrate of a
heptahydrate salt. (Cu(NO,)/ Ca(NO)2/ FeSO4/ CasO CaClh/ FeClzl
H,SO,/ fused
5. Adrying agent, deliquescent in nature used in a dessicator. [conc.
following.
lo3 Give reasons for the
1. Solubility curves find utility in separation and purification of solutes.
2. Pressure and temperature
influence the solubility of gases in water.
change.
3. Heating a hydrated copper sulphate crystal is deemed a chemical
4 Efflorescence is minimum during humid conditions.
5. A crusty 'boiler scale'
is formed in boilers, when hard water is used.
51
l0.4 Name or state the following.
An efflorescent decahydrate salt.
1.
2. deliquescent salt of a trivalent metal.
A
3. A liquid hygroscopic substance.
4. Asalt whose solubility decreases with rise in
temperature of the solvent water.
water.
5. A substance added to remove both temporary & permanent hardness in
l05 Differentiate between the following: [5]
1 Natural water and treated water
2. Saturated solution and a super saturated solution
3. Solubility and solubility curve
4. Deliquescent salt and hygroscopic salt
5. Solute and solvent [forming a solution].
Q.6 Match the terms in List I with the correct answers in List II. 5]
List I List II

1. Solubility in a given solvent decreases with increase in temperature A: Na,sO,10H,0

B: NaOH
2. Awhite efflorescent crystal
3. Ahygroscopic dehydrating agent CCa(HCOs)2
4. deliquescent alkali D: conc. H,SO4
5. Asubstance present in temporary hard water E: CaSO4

49