10.2305 IUCN - UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14941A198267330.en

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)

IUCN 2021: T14941A198267330
Scope(s): Global
Language: English
Nycticebus pygmaeus, Pygmy Slow Loris

Amendment version
Assessment by: Blair, M., Nadler, T., Ni, O., Samun, E., Streicher, U. & Nekaris,
K.A.I.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Blair, M., Nadler, T., Ni, O., Samun, E., Streicher, U. & Nekaris, K.A.I. 2021. Nycticebus
pygmaeus (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:
e.T14941A198267330. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14941A198267330.en
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Taxonomy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Lorisidae
Scientific Name: Nycticebus pygmaeus Bonhote, 1907
Synonym(s):
• Nycticebus intermedius Dao Van Tien, 1960
Common Name(s):
• English: Pygmy Slow Loris, Lesser Slow Loris, Pygmy Loris
• Thai: ling lom noy
• Vietnamese: cu li, anee
Taxonomic Notes:
Pygmy Slow Lorises are distinct from other slow loris taxa on the basis of their relatively small size
(360–580 g); naked black ears; black nose; the fur on the crown patch of the head is orangish to light
brown and is diffuse to ears with eye patches rather than sharply forked. The form intermedius is here
considered a synonym of Nycticebus pygmaeus. There is no evidence of hybridization, either in the wild
or in museum specimens, between N. bengalensis and N. pygmaeus from localities where the two are
sympatric. A distinct form of Pygmy Slow Loris has been identified in the south of Viet Nam, but more
studies need to be done to confirm the taxonomic status of this subpopulation.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered A2cd+4cd ver 3.1
Year Published: 2021
Date Assessed: November 23, 2015
Justification:
Nycticebus pygmaeus is listed as Endangered as the species is suspected to have undergone a decline of
more than 50% over the last three generations (24 years, given a generation length of eight years). It is
suspected that the population will continue to decline by at least 50% over the next 24 years. Population
reduction is due primarily to hunting for pet trade, food, and ‘medicinal’ purposes in much of its
distribution range, resulting in drastic declines which are reflected in high prices in the market and
reduced numbers sold. In addition, the species has been also impacted by and continues to be impacted
by habitat loss from human settlements and agriculture especially cashew plantations, corn and rice
paddies.
Previously Published Red List Assessments

2020 – Endangered (EN)
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14941A17971417.en
2008 – Vulnerable (VU)

https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14941A4481461.en
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Nycticebus pygmaeus – published in 2021. 1
1994 – Vulnerable (V)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
This species is found east of the Mekong River in eastern Cambodia, southernmost China (southeastern
Yunnan), Lao PDR, and Viet Nam (Streicher 2004). The western limit of distribution in Lao PDR and
Cambodia is uncertain, but it appears to be absent or at least naturally very scarce in the extreme west
of the Mekong plain.
Country Occurrence:
Native, Extant (resident): Cambodia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Viet Nam
Extant & Origin Uncertain: China
Distribution Map
Population
In Viet Nam, researchers have concluded that wild populations are in major decline (Fitch-Snyder and Vu
2002, Streicher 2004). In 2002 in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, 90 survey nights returned only
seven sightings of this species; in Ben En National Park, only eight animals were encountered over ten
night walks by four teams, each covering several kilometres per night. 2013–14 surveys in Northern Viet
Nam recorded 0.19 individuals/km and 0.4 individuals/km respectively (M. Blair pers. comm.). In
Southern Viet Nam in 2013, 0.48 individuals/km were recorded and 0.41-0.44 individuals/km in 2014
(M. Blair pers. comm.). Surveys carried out in Central Viet Nam in 2015 found low densities of Nyticebus
pygmaeus, with no animals observed in 20 km at Bach Ma National Park, and 0.19 individuals/km at Son
Tra Nature Reserve (M. Blair, unpublished data). The species has also been observed in Cat Tien National
Park and Vinh Cuu Biosphere Reserve, which are both part of the Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve (Kenyon
et al. 2014).
In Lao PDR, Duckworth (1994) recorded only four individuals during a survey in Phou Xang He protected
area (about 0.05-0.10 individuals/km). He further recorded the species in Nam Kading (0.06–0.13
individuals/km) and Xe Namnoy (0.10–0.22 animals/km). It is possible that this species was under-
recorded, however, as villagers claimed that this species was common throughout the area, but their
accounts may also be historical (Duckworth 1994, Evans 2000). The species presence was also confirmed
at Nakai-Nam Theun National Protected Area in central Lao PDR (C. Coudrat pers. comm.). The species is
reported to be widespread in forested areas in Lao PDR, where exploitation of lorises is lower than in
neighbouring Viet Nam.
In Cambodia in 2009, the species was encountered in Seima Protection Forest (0.40-0.41 individuals/km)
and in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary (0.10-0.13 individuals/km) but were absent from Mondulkiri
Protected Forest in 34 km of surveys (Starr et al., 2010). Three individuals were recorded for sale for
traditional medicine at Stung Treng market in northeast Cambodia (L. Rogers pers. comm.).
In China, the species has been reported as extremely rare in southeast Yunnan Province, with very few
animals ever seen. Ma and Wang (1988) reports that their distribution is over Ma Guan, Ma Lipo, and
He Kou County near the Sino-Vietnamese border. The species has been reported in Daweishan Nature
Reserve of Pingbian (Xu et al. 2010). Only one individual was recorded in an area of more than 10 km2
based on a camera trapping survey in Daweishan (Yu et al. 2013). 2015 surveys have also recorded the
species in Xilongshan of Jinping, Huanglianshan of Lvchun, Gulinqing of Maguan, Laojunshan and
Laoshan of Malipo (O. Ni pers. comm).
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

This species has been sighted in a wide variety of habitats, including primary evergreen and semi-
evergreen forest, forest on limestone, secondary and highly degraded habitats, and bamboo thickets
(Ratajszczak 1998, Streicher 2005). It is found up to 1,500 m (MacKinnon and MacKinnon 1987).
The social organisation of this species involves a single male sharing a range with usually one but
possible two females and their dependent offspring. Based on a radio tracking study of wild animals in
Cambodia, average home range sizes for 22 ha in adult males and 12 ha in adult females. Animals
primarily slept in thick vegetation high in the canopy at heights of 8.5 m (Starr 2011), the same height
observed to be used by reintroduced pygmy slow lorises in Viet Nam (Kenyon et al. 2014).
Nycticebus pygmaeus is nocturnal and forages alone or in groups of up to four individuals (Starr and
Nekaris, 2013). In a wild study using radio tracking, of 168 feeding bouts, Starr and Nekaris (2013) found
that the species ate exudates (76); fruits (33); arthropods (27); flower parts (21); fungi (3); parts of
bamboo culms (7); and reptiles (1). An examination of faeces broadened the diet, including plant parts,
small‐sized arthropods (primarily Coleoptera and Lepidoptera), reptile scales, animal bones (bats), and
animal hairs. Streicher (2005) found that released pygmy loris had a diet comprised of insects (40%) and
gums (30%), with the remainder comprising unidentified plant exudates (Streicher 2005). The species
may also eat geckos, small arboreal mammals, eggs, and chicks (Ratajszczak 1998).
In Cambodia, wild Pygmy Slow Lorises gave birth to twins (Starr et al. 2012), a pattern also seen in
captivity (Streicher 2005). This species appears to be a seasonal breeder, giving birth in the winter
months (Ratajszczak 1998).
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and Trade

The species is hunted for the pet trade, for traditional medicine, photoshoots, food, and various other
purposes. The intensity of the trade has increased over the years, which is reflected in the decrease in
volumes of the trade due to impacts on the wild population as well as increase in market value of the
depleted stocks.
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

In Viet Nam, the Pygmy Slow Loris is heavily exploited for traditional medicine as well as for the pet
trade (Nekaris and Nijman 2007), including international trade, at levels that are not sustainable; many
people also consume this species for food (Streicher 2005). Some hunting involves the use of elaborate
traps, as well as snares. Ratajszczak (1998) mentioned that hundreds of individuals of this species were
being traded in markets, a number that has declined dramatically suggesting also a wild decline.
In Cambodia, the body parts of Nycticebus pygmaeus are generally sold and used for “medicinal”
purposes (Nekaris et al. 2010, Starr et al. 2010). They are believed to treat more than 100 diseases,
including to regain strength after childbirth, stomach problems, healing wounds and broken bones, and
in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Their market value has more than doubled in the last
15 years, pointing towards reduced numbers in the wild (Starr et al. 2010). High levels of exploitation for
illegal wildlife trade in Cambodia appear to be a major factor in low abundances of N. pygmaeus
(Nekaris et al. 2010).
In Lao PDR threats in terms of use for medicines are significantly lower. Habitat loss, due to agriculture
(cashew plantations, corn, rice paddies and so forth), and human settlement, may be resulting in
localized declines.
Pygmy Slow Lorises are the most common species in international pet trade, and it is unclear from
which countries these animals originate. They have, however, been introduced into non-native countries
including Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand, causing potential problems for other non-native slow loris
populations. Pygmy Slow Lorises are the most commonly seen primates on illegal Internet trade and in
Japanese pet shops (Nekaris and Starr 2015, Musing et al. 2015).
Lack of law enforcement further threatens slow loris species across their range (Starr et al. 2010, Nijman
et al. 2014).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

In Viet Nam this species is protected at the highest possible level (Appendix IB, Decree 32, 2006); in
China, it is listed as Class 1 protected (involving potentially severe penalties); and in Cambodia it is listed
on the Ministry of Forestry and Fisheries Species List as prohibited to hunt from 08 January 1994. In Lao
PDR, they are protected by the Wildlife and Aquatic Law (2007) that classifies lorises under the
‘prohibited’ category (Nekaris and Starr 2015). The species has been recently transferred from Appendix
II to Appendix I of CITES (Nekaris and Nijman 2007). There is a need for close monitoring of harvesting
rates of this species, not only in Viet Nam, but also in Cambodia and Lao PDR where rates of take could
increase in the future.
Pygmy lorises are represented in at least 50 captive collections, where they are a ‘red light’ species’ due
to high inbreeding and low breeding potential (Fuller et al., 2014). The species is reported in at least
two-dozen protected areas, but these reports need to be ground-sourced with systematic surveys
(Nekaris et al. 2008).
Researchers have attempted to bring attention to and mitigate the illegal online trade in pygmy slow
lorises, which is particularly prevalent in Japan and Eastern Europe (Musing and Nekaris, 2015). Ongoing
campaigns combat the exploitation of Pygmy Slow Lorises in illegal online videos (Nekaris et al. 2013,
2015).
This species has been the subject of many releases of confiscated individuals in Viet Nam and Cambodia,
both monitored and unmonitored, often being unsuccessful (Streicher 2004). New strategies for release
have been developed, however, with the number of successful releases on the increase; a standardised
best practice for release is beginning to be recognised (Kenyon et al. 2014).
Credits
Assessor(s): Blair, M., Nadler, T., Ni, O., Samun, E., Streicher, U. & Nekaris, K.A.I.
Reviewer(s): Mittermeier, R.A. & Molur, S.
Contributor(s): Duc, H., Quyet, L.K., Rawson, B.M., Setiawan, A., Boonratana, R. & Coudrat,
C.N.Z.
Authority/Authorities: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group
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Citation
Blair, M., Nadler, T., Ni, O., Samun, E., Streicher, U. & Nekaris, K.A.I. 2021. Nycticebus pygmaeus
(amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:
e.T14941A198267330. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14941A198267330.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Supplementary Material, and for Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the
Red List website.
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Major
Habitat Season Suitability
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland - Suitable Yes
1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane - Suitable Yes
14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.6. Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical - Suitable Yes

Heavily Degraded Former Forest
Use and Trade

End Use Local National International
Pets/display animals, horticulture Yes Yes Yes
Medicine - human & veterinary Yes Yes No
Food - human Yes Yes No
Threats
Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Ongoing - - Low impact: 3

Housing & urban areas
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing - - Low impact: 3
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder
farming
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing - - Low impact: 3
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Conservation Actions in Place

Conservation Action in Place
In-place research and monitoring
Action Recovery Plan: No
Systematic monitoring scheme: No
In-place land/water protection
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Area based regional management plan: No
Occurs in at least one protected area: Yes
In-place species management
Harvest management plan: No
Successfully reintroduced or introduced benignly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes
In-place education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management / trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed

Conservation Action Needed

1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.1. Harvest management
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.2. Trade management
4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.1. International level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level
Research Needed
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.4. Harvest, use & livelihoods
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
1. Research -> 1.6. Actions
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields

Distribution
Lower elevation limit (m): 50
Upper elevation limit (m): 1,500
Population
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes
Extreme fluctuations: Unknown
Population severely fragmented: No
Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: Unknown
Habitats and Ecology

Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes
Generation Length (years): 7-8
Amendment
Amendment The species was incorrectly recorded as being threatened by fishing and harvesting of
reason: aquatic resources for which the motivation was unknown; this threat was carried over
by accident from the previous assessment and has been deleted. various
typographical corrections and corrections to the references have also been made.
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: ABQ BioPark; Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic
Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden;
NatureServe; Re:wild; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University;
and Zoological Society of London.
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™

ISSN 2307-8235 (online)

Nycticebus pygmaeus, Pygmy Slow Loris

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Lorisidae

Scientific Name: Nycticebus pygmaeus Bonhote, 1907

Year Published: 2021

Date Assessed: November 23, 2015

Previously Published Red List Assessments

2008 – Vulnerable (VU)

1996 – Vulnerable (VU)

1994 – Vulnerable (V)

1990 – Vulnerable (V)

1988 – Vulnerable (V)

Extant & Origin Uncertain: China

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

Use and Trade

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

Reviewer(s): Mittermeier, R.A. & Molur, S.

Authority/Authorities: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group

1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland - Suitable Yes

1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane - Suitable Yes

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.6. Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical - Suitable Yes

Use and Trade

End Use Local National International

Pets/display animals, horticulture Yes Yes Yes

Medicine - human & veterinary Yes Yes No

Food - human Yes Yes No

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Ongoing - - Low impact: 3

Conservation Actions in Place

Action Recovery Plan: No

Systematic monitoring scheme: No

In-place land/water protection

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Area based regional management plan: No

Occurs in at least one protected area: Yes

In-place species management

Harvest management plan: No

Successfully reintroduced or introduced benignly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management / trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed

Conservation Action Needed

2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management

4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

1. Research -> 1.6. Actions

3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Upper elevation limit (m): 1,500

Extreme fluctuations: Unknown

Population severely fragmented: No

Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: Unknown

Habitats and Ecology