J 16cel

Introduction to
Cellular Networks:
Student Questions
1G/2G/3G
Raj Jain
Washington University in Saint Louis
Saint Louis, MO 63130
Jain@cse.wustl.edu
Audio/Video recordings of this class lecture are available at:
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain
16-1
Student Questions
Overview
1. Cellular Telephony
2. Cellular Frequency Reuse
3. 2G: GSM
4. 2.5G: GPRS, EDGE
5. 3G: W-CDMA
6. 3.5G: High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
Note: This is the 1st lecture in a series of lectures on 1G to 5G.

4G, 4.5G, and 5G are covered in subsequent modules.
16-2
Cellular Network Beginnings
 AT&T Bell Labs designed a cellular structure to reuse
frequency. No two adjacent cells use the same frequency. Student Questions
 1977: FCC authorized two commercial deployments
 Chicago: Illinois Bell
 Washington, DC: American Radiotelephone Service
 Both services started in 1983
6 2 7 7
1 6 2 7 6 2
5 3 1 6 2 1
4 5 3 1 5 3
7 4 5 3 4
6 2 7 4 7
1 6 2 6 2
Ref: P. Bedell, “Cellular Networks: Design and Operation, A real World Perspective,” Outskirts Press, 2014, ISBN:9781478732082
16-3
Initial Cellular System in US
 US was divided into
 306 metropolitan service areas (MSAs) Student Questions
75% of the US population, 20% of the area
Densely populated ⇒ Small cell size
 428 rural service areas (RSAs)
Less populated ⇒ Larger cell size
 Each area was initially allowed two competing carriers: A, B
 Bell (B)
 Alternative (A)
 832 channel pairs in each area. 416 pairs per carrier.
45 MHz between transmit and receive frequencies
30 kHz per channel
1:7 Frequency reuse with hexagonal cells
 Too many applicants ⇒ FCC started a lottery system
 At least one system in every market by 1990
16-4
Cell Sites
 On towers, rooftops, water tanks, utility poles, …
Student Questions
 Good source of income for utility companies, cities, schools,
churches, hotels, …
 With a base station for electronics
 NIMBY (Not in my backyard)

⇒ Mostly hidden, shared towers

16-5
Cells on Wheels (CoWs)
 Used for a temporary surge in traffic, e.g., games, fares, …
Student Questions

16-6
Macro, Micro, Pico, Femto Cells
 Macro: Sections of a city, more than a 1 km radius
Student Questions
 Micro: Neighborhoods, less than 1 km
 Pico: Busy public areas: Malls, airports, …, 200 m
 Femto: Inside a home, 10 m
Ref: http://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/print/22784-high-efficiency-amplifier-for-picocells
16-7
Cellular Frequency Reuse
Student Questions
Cluster Size =4 Cluster Size =7
Cluster Size =19

16-8
Characterizing Frequency Reuse
 D = minimum distance between centers of cells that use the Student Questions
same band of frequencies (called co-channels)
 R = radius of a cell
 d = distance between centers of adjacent cells (d = R√3)
 N = number of cells in repetitious pattern (Cluster) R
 Reuse factor d
D
 Each cell in the pattern uses a unique band of frequencies
 Hexagonal cell pattern, following values of N possible
 N = I2 + J2 + (I x J), I, J = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
 Possible values of N are 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, …
 Reuse Ratio = Distance/Radius = D/R= 3N
 D/d = N
Ref: C. Siva Ram Murthy; B. S. Manoj, "Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Architectures and Protocols," Prentice Hall, 2004,
ISBN: 013147023X, 880 pp., Safari Book, Section 3.2.
16-9
Frequency Reuse Example
What would be the minimum distance between the
Student Questions
centers of two cells with the same band of frequencies
if the cell radius is 1 km and the reuse factor is 12?
D/R = √3N
D = (3×12)1/2 × 1 km
= 6 km

16-10
Homework 16A
 The distance between cell centers with the same frequency band
is required to be more than 6 km. What is the cell radius for the Student Questions
cluster size of 12?

16-11
Frequency Reuse Notation
 N×S×K frequency reuse pattern
 N=Number of cells per cluster Student Questions
 S= Number of sectors in a cell
 K = Number of frequency allocations per cell
1X3X3

16-12
Sector
Frequency Reuse Notation (Cont)
1x3x1 1x3x3 1x1x1
Sector
1 1 1 2
1 Student Questions
1 1 1 SS 1 2 1
SS
SS
1 1 3
2 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3
1
1 3
3x1x1 3x3x1 3x3x3
1 1
Cluster
1 2
1
SS
SS
3 3 1 3 7 8 7
SS
3
3 3 8
3
3 2 2 3 2 2 9 4 5 9 4 5
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 1 2 6
1 1
1 3 3 1 3 3 3 7 8 3 7 8
3 3
3 2 2 3 9 4 5 9
2
2 6

16-13
Fractional Frequency Reuse
 Users close to the BS use all frequency subchannels
 Users at the cell boundary use only a fraction of available Student Questions
subchannels
F1
F1,F2,F3
F2
1
F1,F2,F3
F3
2
F1,F2,F3
3

16-14
Homework 16B
 Label the frequency reuse patterns below.
Student Questions
1 2 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 1
SS
SS
3 1 1
2
3 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1
3 1
1 1
1
SS
SS
3 3 1 3
3 3 3
3 2 2 3 2 2
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
1 1
1 3 3 1 3 3
3 3
3 2 2 3
2
2

16-15
Cellular Telephony Generations
NA 3GPP2
1xEV 1xEV
AMPS cdmaOne CDMA2000 UMB
-DO -DV Student Questions
NA-TDMA
3GPP2
D-AMPS
Evolved EDGE
Europe
TACS GSM GPRS EDGE WCDMA HSPA+ LTE LTE-Adv
3GPP
China TD-SCDMA
Networking Industry Mobile WiMAX WiMAX2

Analog Digital
CDMA OFDMA+ MIMO
FDMA TDMA
CDMA
Voice Voice Voice+Data Voice+Data Voice+HS Data All-IP
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G
16-16
Cellular Generations (Cont)
 1G: Analog Voice. FDMA. 1980s
 AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System Student Questions
 TACS: Total Access Communications System
 2G: Digital Voice. TDMA. 1990
 cdmaOne: Qualcomm. International Standard IS-95.
 NA-TDMA
 Digital AMPS (D-AMPS)
 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
 2.5G: Voice + Data. 1995.
 1xEV-DO: Evolution-Data Optimized
 1xEV-DV: Evolution Data and Voice
 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
 Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

16-17
 3G: Voice + High-speed data. All CDMA. 2000.
Student Questions
 CDMA2000: Qualcomm. International Standard IS-2000.
 W-CDMA: Wideband CDMA
 TD-SCDMA: Time Division Synchronous Code Division

Multiple Access (Chinese 3G)
 384 kbps to 2 Mbps
 3.5G: Voice + Higher-speed data

 EDGE Evolution
 High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
 Evolved HSPA (HSPA+)
 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)

16-18
 Two Tracks for 1G/2G/3G:
 Europe 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Student Questions
 North America 3GPP2
 3.9G: High-Speed Data. VOIP. OFDMA.
 WiMAX 16e (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access)
 Long Term Evolution (LTE)
 4G: Very High-Speed Data. 2013.
 WiMAX 16m or WiMAX2
 LTE-Advanced
 100 Mbps – 1 Gbps
 5G: Ultra High-Speed Data. 2020.
 IP based

16-19
3.9G vs. 4G
 3G = International Mobile Communications 2000 (IMT-2000)
= W-CDMA, CDMA2000 Student Questions
 4G = IMT-Advanced
= LTE-Advanced, IEEE 802.16m
 WiMAX forum officially declared WiMAX to be 3G
technology so they can use spectrum allocated to 3G.
 WiMAX and LTE are at most 3.9G or “near-4G.”
Some telecom companies are selling them as 4G

16-20
GSM
 Global System for Mobile Communications
 Implemented in 90% of cell phones worldwide. Student Questions
 1990 Technology using Time-Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) instead of Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA) used in 1G
 850/900/1800/1900 MHz (quad-band)
 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card contained user data.
The user could use any phone with their SIM card
Frequency
Frequency
U1 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U1
U2 U9 U10 U11 U12 U13 U14 U15 U16 U9
U3 U17 U18 U19 U20 U21 U22 U23 U24 U17
U4 U25 U26 U27 U28 U29 U30 U31 U32 U25
Time Time
(a) FDMA (B) TDMA
16-21
GSM Cellular Architecture
Home Visitor Student Questions

Base
Station Location Location
Base Register Register
Controller
Transceiver
Station Public
Subscriber Base Mobile services
Switched
Identity Station Switching Telephone
Controller Center Network
Module
Mobile Base Authenti-

Equipment
Equipment Transceiver cation
Identity
Station Register Center
Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem

Radio Access Network
16-22
Cellular Architecture (Cont)
 One Base transceiver station (BTS) per cell.
 One Base Station Controller (BSC) can control multiple BTS. Student Questions
 Allocates radio channels among BTSs.
 Manages call handoffs between BTSs.
 Controls handset power levels
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) connects to PSTN and

switches calls between BSCs. Provides mobile registration,
location, and authentication. Contains Equipment Identity
Register.
BTS BSC MSC MSC BSC BTS
VLR HLR
16-23
Cellular Architecture (Cont)
 Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register
(VLR) provide the call routing and roaming Student Questions
 VLR+HLR+MSC functions are generally in one equipment
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR) contains a list of all valid
mobiles.
 Authentication Center (AuC) stores the secret keys of all SIM
cards.
 Each handset has an International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI) number.

16-24
GSM Radio Link
Slow Associated
Control
Channel (SACCH)
Student Questions
Traffic Traffic
Channels Channels Unused
Multiframe
0 1 2 10 11 12 13 14 23 24 25 120 ms
TDMA
Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst
Frame
Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period 120/26 ms
Preamble Well Known Pattern
Tail Data Stealing Training Stealing Data Tail Guard Burst
Bits Bits Bits Sequence Bits Bits Bits Bits 15/26 ms
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25 bits
Ref: Martin Sauter, "From GSM to LTE-Advanced: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband,
Revised Second Edition," John Wiley & Sons, August 2014, 456 pp., ISBN:978-1-118-86195-0 (Safari Book).
16-25
GSM Radio Link (Cont)
 890-915 MHz uplink, 935-960 MHz downlink
 25 MHz ⇒ 125 × 200kHz frequency channels Student Questions
 Each frequency channel is TDMA with a burst (slot) period of
15/26 ms.
 Eight burst periods = TDMA frame of 120/26 ms.
 One user traffic channel = one burst period per TDMA frame.
 26 TDMA frames ⇒ one multiframe
24 are used for traffic, 1 for control, and 1 is unused.
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
If SACCH does not have sufficient capacity, Fast Associated
Control Channel (FACCH) is used by stealing ½ of some bursts.
 Stealing bits identify whether the 1/2-slot carries data or control
 200 kHz = 270.8 kbps over 26 slots
⇒ 9.6 kbps/user after encryption and FEC overhead
16-26
GSM Specs
 Full rate vocoders ⇒ Voice is sampled at 64 kbps compressed
to 16 kbps. Student Questions
 Subscriber Identify Module (SIM) contains a microcontroller
and storage. It contains authentication, encryption, and
accounting info.
Owners need a 4-digit PIN.
 SIM cards can contain additional info, such as emergency
medical info.
 Mobile Assisted Handoff: Mobile sends identities of six
candidate base stations for handoff. MSC selects.
 Short Message Service (SMS)
 Up to 160 characters
 Sent over the control channel
 Unicast or broadcast

16-27
Cellular System Capacity Example
 A particular cellular system has the following characteristics: cluster size =7,
uniform cell size, user density=100 users/sq km, allocated frequency Student Questions
spectrum = 900-949 MHz, bit rate required per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10
kbps downlink, and modulation code rate = 1 bps/Hz.
A. Using FDMA/FDD:
1. How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
3. What is the cell area?
4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells?
B. If the available spectrum is divided into 35 channels and TDMA is employed
within each channel:
1. What is the bandwidth and data rate per channel?
2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to support the
required number of users?
3. If the TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in the frame?
4. How many bits are transmitted in each time slot?

16-28
Cellular System Capacity (Cont)
 A particular cellular system has the following characteristics:
cluster size =7, uniform cell size, user density=100 users/sq km, Student Questions
allocated frequency spectrum = 900-949 MHz, bit rate required
per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10 kbps downlink, and
modulation code rate = 1 bps/Hz.
 A. Using FDMA/FDD:
1. How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?
49 MHz/7 = 7 MHz/cell
FDD ⇒ 3.5 MHz/uplink or downlink
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
10 kbps/user = 10 kHz ⇒ 350 users per cell
3. What is the cell area?
100 users/sq km ⇒ 3.5 Sq km/cell
4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells?
πr2 = 3.5 ⇒ r = 1.056 km
16-29
Cellular System Capacity (Cont)
B. If the available spectrum is divided into 35 channels and
TDMA is employed within each channel: Student Questions
3.5 MHz/35 = 100 kHz/Channel = 100 kbps
2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to
support the required number of users?
Ten kbps/user ⇒ 10 users/channel
3. If the TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in
the frame?
10 ms/10 = 1ms
1 ms x 100 kbps = 100 b/slot

16-30
Homework 16C
 A particular cellular system has the following characteristics:
Cluster size =9, uniform cell size, user density=100 users/sq km, allocated Student Questions
frequency spectrum = 900-945 MHz, bit rate required per user = 10 kbps
uplink and 10 kbps downlink, and modulation code rate = 2 bps/Hz.
 A. Using FDMA/FDD:
 1. How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?
 2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
 3. What is the cell area
 4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells?
B. If the available spectrum is divided into 100 channels and TDMA is
employed within each channel:
2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to support the
required number of users?
3. If the TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in the frame?

16-31
GPRS
 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). 2.5G Technology
 Standard GSM has eight slots per 200 kHz channel
Student Questions
One slot/user ⇒ 9.6 kbps data/user
 GPRS allows any number of slots to a user
 four different codings used depending upon channel
condition
 9.6 kbps to 21.4 kbps per slot
 76-171 kbps using all 8 slots.
Gi =GPRS
 user can hop frequency channels
GSM User
Gpi = GPRS User t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t0 t1 t2
Uplink 1 G1 G2 GP2 GP1 G1 G2
Uplink 2
GP1 GP2
Downlink 1
Downlink 2 G1 GP1 G2 GP2 GP1 G1 G2
GP1 GP1 GP2
16-32
GPRS (Cont)
 Supports intermittent and bursty data transfers
Point-to-multipoint also supported Student Questions
 Need to add two new elements to GSM networks:
 Service GPRS support node (SGSN)
– Security, Mobility, and Access control for data packet
 Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
– Connects to external packet-switched networks
 Standardized by ETSI

16-33
GSM/GPRS Network Architecture
Home
Location Authentication
Register Student Questions
Public
SS7 Switched
Network Telephone
Network
Base station Base Mobile Visitor

Mobile
Transceiver Station Switching Location
System
System Controller Center Register
Service Gateway
Packet
GPRS GPRS
Control Internet
Support Support
Unit
Node Node
Ref: A. Ghosh, J. Zhang, J. G. Andrews, R. Muhamed, "Fundamentals of LTE," Prentice Hall, 2010, ISBN: 0137033117 464 pp.
Safari book.
16-34
EDGE
 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Student Questions
 Standard GSM uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
modulation.
 Data stream is shaped with a Gaussian filter before
frequency modulation
 EDGE changes to 8-PSK modulation ⇒ three bps/Hz
 GPRS+EDGE ⇒ 384 kbps
 Need better radio signal quality
 GSM-EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)

16-35
W-CDMA
 Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Student Questions
 European 3G  What is Air interface?
Mobile-tower communication
 Aka Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) = wireless communication

= Radio part of the system
as opposed to the central system
 Uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum over two 5 MHz FDD
channels
 Radio access network is called “UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN).”
 Air interface is called “UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
(UTRA).”
Node-B Radio Mobile

User
Node-B Network Switching
Element Node-B Controller Center

16-36
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
 Evolution (extension) of W-CDMA
Student Questions
 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA):
 Adaptive modulation and coding
 Channel-dependent scheduling
 Higher order modulations, e.g., 16-QAM
 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA):

 Parallel transmissions from multiple users
 HSPA = HSDPA+HSUPA
 Up to 64-QAM
 HSPA+: Evolution of HSPA. Up to 168 Mbps down, 22 Mbps

up using MIMO and multiple carriers
16-37
Evolved Packet System (EPS)
Radio Access Network Serving Network Core Network
Student Questions
Circuit Switched
GSM Core
Edge MS GERAN BTS BSC MSC MGW SGW
2-2.5G
Packet Switched SS7
WCDMA Core
HSPA+
NodeB RNC SGSN GGSN
(UMTS) UE UTRAN
3-3.5G
Internet
Evolved Packet Core
E-UTRAN
MME/ P-GW
LTE eNB
UE S-GW
3.9 G

16-38
Evolved Packet System (Cont)
 CS = Circuit Switched
 EPC = Evolved Packet Core Student Questions
 EPS = Evolved Packet System
 GERAN = GSM Enhanced Radio Access Network
 GGSN = Gateway GPRS Support Node
 LTE = Long Term Evolution
 MGW = Media Gateway
 MME = Mobility Management Utility
 MSC = Mobile Switching Center
 P-GW = Packet Gateway
 PS = Packet Switched
 RNC = Radio Network Control
 S-GW = Serving Gateway
 SGSN = Service GPRS Support Node
 SS7 = Signaling System 7
 eNB = Evolved NodeB
16-39
Summary
Student Questions
1. In a cellular cluster of size N, the same distance between cells

with the same frequencies is R =R . Here R is the cell radius.
2. 1G was an analog voice with FDMA
3. 2G was digital voice with TDMA. The most widely
implemented 2G is GSM. GPRS and EDGE improved the data
rate.
4. 3G was voice+data with CDMA. The most widely
implemented 3G is W-CDMA using two 5 MHz FDD
channels.
5. Data rate was improved later
Washington University in St. Louis
using HSPA and HSPA+.©2022 Raj Jain
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/
16-40
Reading List
 Martin Sauter, "From GSM to LTE-Advanced: An Introduction
to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband, Revised Second Student Questions
Edition," John Wiley & Sons, August 2014, 456 pp., ISBN:978-
1-118-86195-0 (Safari Book).
 C. Siva Ram Murthy; B. S. Manoj, "Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
Architectures and Protocols," Prentice Hall, 2004, ISBN:
013147023X, 880 pp., Safari Book.

16-41
Wikipedia Links
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA Student Questions
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-2000
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DV#Potential_competing_standards
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_EDGE
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMA
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadband
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-2000

16-42
References
 P. Bedell, “Cellular Networks: Design and Operation, A real
World Perspective,” Outskirts Press, 2014, Student Questions
ISBN:9781478732082 (Good/easy reading but not a Safari
book)
 3G Americas, http://www.3gamericas.org
 3G Americas,” The mobile broadband revolution: 3GPP
Release 8 and beyond, HSPA+, SAE/LTE and LTE-Advanced,”
White paper, February 2009.

16-43
Acronyms
 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System Student Questions
 AuC Authentication Center
 BS Base Station
 BSC Base Station Controller
 BTS Base transceiver station
 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
 CoW Cell on Wheels
 CS Circuit Switched
 DC District of Columbia
 DO Data-Only
 DV Data+Voice
 EDGE Enhanced Data rate for GSM evolution
 EIR Equipment Identity Register
 eNB eNodeB
 EPC Evolved Packet Core
16-44
Acronyms (Cont)
 EPS Evolved Packet System
 ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute Student Questions
 EVDO Evolution to Data only
 EVDV Evolution to Data and voice
 FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel
 FDD Frequency Division Duplexing
 FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
 FEC Forward Error Correction
 GERAN GSM Enhanced Radio Access Network
 GGSN Gateway GPRS Support
 GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
 GP GPRS user slot
 GPRS General Packet Radio Service
 GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
 GW Gateway
 HLR Home Location Register
16-45
Acronyms (Cont)
 HS High Speed
 HSDPA High-speed Downlink Packet Access
 HSPA High-speed Packet Access Student Questions
 HSPA+ Evolved High-speed Packet Access
 HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
 IEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
 IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
 IMT-2000 International Mobile Communications 2000
 IMT-Advanced International Mobile Communications Advanced
 IP Internet Protocol
 IS International Standard
 kHz Kilo Hertz
 LTE Long-Term Evolution
 MGW Media Gateway
 MHz Mega Hertz
 MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
 MME Mobility Management Utility
16-46
Acronyms (Cont)
 MS Mobile Station
 MSA Metropolitan Service Areas Student Questions
 MSC Mobile Switching Center
 NA-TDMA North America Time Division Multiple Access
 NA North America
 NIMBY Not in my backyard
 NodeB Base Station
 OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
 PIN Personal Identification Number
 PS Packet Switched
 PSK Phase Shift Keying
 PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
 QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 RNC Radio Network Control
 SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel

16-47
Acronyms (Cont)
 SCDMA Synchronous CDMA
 SGSN Service GPRS Support Node Student Questions
 SGW Service Gateway
 SIM Subscriber Identify Module
 SMS Short Message Service
 SS7 Signaling System 7
 TACS Total Access Communications System
 TD-SCDMA Time Duplexed Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
 TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
 UE User Element
 UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband
 UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
 UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
 UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
 VLR Visitor Location Register
 VOIP Voice over IP
16-48
Acronyms (Cont)
 WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
 WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Student Questions

16-49
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Raj Jain
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http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/j_16cel.htm
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Related Modules
CSE567M: Computer Systems Analysis (Spring 2013),
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CSE473S: Introduction to Computer Networks (Fall 2011),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypJWOSPMh8Azcgy5e_10TiDw
Recent Advances in Networking (Spring 2013),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypLHyBN8mOgwJLHD2FFIMGq5
CSE571S: Network Security (Fall 2011),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypKvzfVtutHcPFJXumyyg93u
Video Podcasts of Prof. Raj Jain's Lectures,

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN4-5wzNP9-ruOzQMs-8NUw

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Introduction to

Note: This is the 1st lecture in a series of lectures on 1G to 5G.

 Washington, DC: American Radiotelephone Service

 Both services started in 1983

 NIMBY (Not in my backyard)

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Cluster Size =4 Cluster Size =7

Cluster Size =19

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

3x1x1 3x3x1 3x3x3

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Networking Industry Mobile WiMAX WiMAX2

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

 W-CDMA: Wideband CDMA

 TD-SCDMA: Time Division Synchronous Code Division

 3.5G: Voice + Higher-speed data

 High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

 Evolved HSPA (HSPA+)

 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Home Visitor Student Questions

Mobile Base Authenti-

Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem

 Manages call handoffs between BTSs.

 Controls handset power levels

 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) connects to PSTN and

BTS BSC MSC MSC BSC BTS

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Base station Base Mobile Visitor

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

 Aka Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) = wireless communication

Node-B Radio Mobile

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

 Higher order modulations, e.g., 16-QAM

 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA):

 HSPA+: Evolution of HSPA. Up to 168 Mbps down, 22 Mbps

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

1. In a cellular cluster of size N, the same distance between cells

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-22/ ©2022 Raj Jain

CSE473S: Introduction to Computer Networks (Fall 2011),