I \VEEK 2: THE SELF ACCORDING TO PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy

Philoso1>hy is defined as the SllKly oflmowleclge or wisdom from i1s Lo1in roots.
philu (love) and sophia (wisdo111). 1l1is field is al.so con.c;idcred ns ''The Queen
llf All Sdi:rn.:ef' bceau.�c C\'CI')' sc:ientilic discipline hns philosophiciil
foundations.

Various 1hinkers for centuries tritd 10 e;,cploin 1hc n:11ur:1I causes of C\'crythfng
1hn1 c�is1 specifically 1hc inqui ry on the self pn.."Oeeupicd 1hesc philosophers in
the history, The Orcck philosophers were 1ho ones who seriously quesdoncd myths
and mewed away from them in attempting 10 undcrsmnd rcalily by exercising the on of questioning th:11
.sa1islies their curiosity, including 1hc ques-1ions about �If. The following lecture will prcscrll the different
philosophical pcn,'}lCCliVt."'S tmd views about self.

Socr:i t4•,s

• A phil0$Qphcr from Athens, Greece i:md $:iid to hnve !he

gn."tttcst influence on Europc11n 1hough1,
• According 10 the history he was not nble to wri1c any or
his tcul.!hings ond life's accowu ins.1eud, he is known from the
wl'i1ings of his s1udtn1 Plo.10 who became one of the g.:ret11es1
plulOSOphcts ol lus tune. :SocmlC'S hnd a unique style 0I :L�kmg
quc,,-1iom; CJllled $01:!rnlic Mc-Ihod.
• Socmtic Mi.:thod or dioltttic mc1h()d involves the scan:h
f"or the com:ct/propcr definition of i1 1hing, In 1his mc1hocl,
SocrJtes did nOl lc.-cturc. he instc�d would 3sk questions: ond

- ci,gage the 1>C1S011 in a discussion. f-lc would begin by octing as if

he did 1101 know unylhing and would get the other pcn;on 1o cl11rify
tl1t:ir idc:is nnd resolve logicn1 incon.$iSlcneits (Price, 2000).
• The found.t1.1ion of Socnues p11i10$0J>hy waii the Delphic
Omclc"s 1h01 commnnd 10 ··Know Thyself·. Herc. Socmtcs would like 10 emphasize that knowing
or uudcrst,nnding oneself should be more 1httn lhc physi(:{11 selr, or the body.
• Ae<:ording to Socrn1es. self is dicho10111ous which means c-0mpos<.'d of 1wo 1hings: The physicol
realm or lhc one lhm is chn1lgcable, u:111poml. and imperfec1. 11,e bcs1 example or the physical
rcolin is the physical world. The physical wotld is consisting of anything we sense - sec.. smell.
feel. hc;1r, rmd lrtSte. It is nlways changing nnd deteriorating. The ideal rc;1lm is the one lhnl is
imperfect :md uochnng.ing, ctcm111. :md immo1111I. This ioclud<..-s 1hc in1cltcctual essences or 1hc
universe like 1hc concept ofbc:nuy. truth, o.nd goodness, Mort0vcr, the idcul rc3fm is ulso present
in the physical world. One may define somoone ns bcnu1iful or tru1hfid, but their definilion i.s
li,uited and im1,crfec1 for it is alw.iys reltnh•c and subjL-c:1ive. It is <udy the ideal fortus thcnt�lves
tlmt t'lrc perfect, unchnnging,. :ind C!Cmlll.
• For Socmh!:ii, a hum:in iii compOSed orbotly and soul, the. first belongs to the physic:�I realm because
ii clmng<...-d. ii is impcrrcct, and ii dies. and 1he Inner bc!Qngs to idcnl n:nlm for ii survives the death.
Socm1es 3lso ust'(! the term soul 10 idcnlify SC'lf.

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 • 'The self. according 10 Socm1cs is che irnmonol 11nd unitied cn1i1y 11ml is consistent 0\'Cr time, For
example. a l1uman being remains the same person during their childhood 10 aduhhood given the
fact tlmt they ui1dt-ti;o11c d1.wclop111cntt1l dnu1ges throughout their lifespan.

• A !<tudL"nl orSocrutcs, who introtluccd the idco ofn lhn.-c­

part soul/self 111111 is comr,oscd of re:ison, phy$iic:1I nppe1i1c and
spirit or p:1..-.sion.
o The R1.•a1011 enables human to think d(.-eply, make wise
choices and achieve a true understanding of eternal tn11hs.
Pliuo al.so c.-.u.lled this as divine essence.
o The physical Apprttite i§ the btL�ic biolog.icnl nt.•cds of
humon being s,1ch as hunger. 1hir.;.1, tmd scxuid desire.
o And 1hc spirit (u' pttSsio,1 is the basic emotions ol"human
being suc.h ns love. onger. ambition. oggrcssivcnoss nnd
empathy.
• Tht.·sc thr<.-e clc111en1s ofthe self works in every indi\'idunJ
inconsiS1en1ly. According to Pl:.itQ. ft is ahvnys the rc:spon.liibility
of the reason to orgnnizc. con1rol. nnd recs·1ablish harmonious
rcknionshi11 bc1wc.-cn 1hcsc ih.rcc clements.
• rlruo also illustr.ued his view of the soul/self in "Phaedrus"' in his metaphor: 1he soul is like ::i
winged chariot drnwn by 1wo powerful hotsCs: a white horse. Nprcse1ulilg Spirit.and o black horse,
embodyinA l)ppclitc. The chariolcc:r i� rn.�on. whose task i� to �uide the c.h:Lriol to !he eternal rt.-alm
by controlling 1hc 1wo indcpcndcnt•mindcd horses. Those clmrio1«rs who are successful in selling
o lruc ooursc and ensuring 1hnl 1hc lwo stc.'Cds work 1ogc1her in h11m10nious 11ni1y achieve 1ruc
wi.sdom :Lnd banquet wi1h I.Ju! gods. l-lowever. 1hose clmrio1cers who are unable to control their
horses and kcl.'.p thi:ir chariol on trnol. nrc dtiltincd 10 cxpcril.!nce personal. ln1cllcctual, and !l'J1iri1uuJ
foilurc.

St. Augu.uiru.•
• He is considered us the las1 of the Sf(:31 ancic-.1u
philosophers whose ideas were greatly rlatooic. In meldio.g
philosophy :ind religioui. belie[� tog.c1hcr, Augustine has been
ch11ntctcri1:cd as Chrto;1iunity"s first tht-ologiim.
• Like Pto10, Augus1ine believed lhin the physicnl body is
differcni from Lhc inunon1II soul. Early in his philoso1>hicnl
develoJ>ment he described body as ·•snare" or "cage" or the soul
:md suid 1lm.1 tht: body is a "slave" of the soul he c\'Cn charncterizc:d
..
1h111 ..,he S-OUI nukes w:1r wi1h 1h1: body . Utter on he c.11111c to view
the body as "spouse" ofthe soul. wilh both unached 10 one onothcr
.
by a "n::nuroJ n1>pc1i1c-.. I le concluded...11,nt the body is u11itcd
wid1 1hc soul, so th.ii.I man rnfly be e111ire und Complete, i.s a foci we
recognize c.m the cwidc:ncc of our own nature."
• According 10 St. Augm;tine. 1hc lmm1111 nature is
composed oftwo maims:

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 I . G0</ a.t '"" source ofall nmll1yo11d 1ru,h, Through mys1ical experience. man is capable of
knowing c1ern.:1l truths. Thi.ii is made pos..�iblc through the cxi.iiltncc oft.he one eu:nud tmth
which is God. He fur1hc.-r uddcd that wi1hout God us the source ofnll truth, man could never
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undcr.;umd ctcmnl 1n,11h.1 lis rdntionship wilh God means 1ho1 1hosc who know mos11.1bo1.11
God will come closest to underst:inding 1hc 1rue ruuurc or1hc world.
2, n,l' :rinfu/1111S.\' iifm,m. The cause of sin ot evil is an l'lCl of ,u111Li 0 frte\'.iill. Moml goodoess
can only be uchievt.'tl through 1hc grace ofGOO.
• He also s1a1cd thal r�al lmppim:ss cnn only be found in God. For God is love und he creatl'O human!:'
fOr them 10 also love. Problems nrise bc.-cousc or 1bc obj(.-cts hun�ms choose 10 love. Disordered
love results when man loves 1hc wrong things which he believes will give him happiness..
Fu11hcnnore, he soid thin ifman loves GOO lits1 Md everything else to a lesser degree, 1hco all will
foll inlo ilS rightful plucc.
Rene Oe.sc-ar1cs
• A French philosopher, nm1hcnm1ician, nnd considc.T<.-d the
rounder or modem philosophy.
• Ocscancs., rumou$ principle the ..cogito, ergo :;um-·•1
1hink. 1hcrcrorc I cxis1•· csmblis11cd his philosophical views on
"true knowledge•· and concept ofsc.lf.
• He cxpJo,incd thm in order 10 goin true knowledge. one
mus1 doubt <Wcrything cvt'n O\\'n exis1c.nce. Doubting make$
someone nware that 1hey n.re thinking being thus. they exist
111c essence or existing :is 11 humnn identity is the possihilily of

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being nwarc of our selves: being self-conscious in this w:1y is
in1cgrol 10 hnving o pcfWm:tl idcn1ity, Conversely. i1 would be
impossible to be self-conscious ir we did not h:t\'C 3 personal
idcmhy of which to be co1\scious. In 01her wotds. the essence
or self is being a thinking thing.
• Titc selfis a dyruunlc entity th.nt cn,sogl�S in mcml openuio,L� - thin.king. rt.150ning. and pcrecivin1;;
proces:;cs. In nddi1inn to lhis, sclf•idcn1ity is dcpendc-111 on the :lw1ue1lC!-S in engaging with 1hosc
mcnu,1 opcnuions.
• He declared 1h01 the esscn1i11I self or the self 11� 1he 1hinking cntily is nulically diffCrcnt from !he
physical body. The thinking self or soul is :t non•m:ucrial. immonnl. conscious being. indcpcndcnl
of the physical laws of 1he universe while the physicnl body is a m11tcriol. monal. non-thinking
cnti1y. fully governed by 1hc 1>hysic:il laws ofnmurc.
• I le also maimoincd 1hm the soul and the body are indc1>eodcn1 of one another ond each can es.isl
Md function whhout the other. lo cases in which people are sk-tJ>ing or corna1ose.. their bodies
continue to funclinn even though Iheir mind$ nrc not thinking. much like 1hc mechanisms ()fn clock.
• Mc idc.n1ifo.-d the physical $Clf 11s pan ofnature. govL'T!lcd by the physicul lnws or the uniwn;c. 11nd
availnblc 10 scientific am1lysis nnd cxpcrimcm:uion, and 1hc conscious self(mind. soul) is n pan of
the spiritun.l realm, Independent or1.hc physieu.l lows ofd1e universe. governed only by die lnws or
rcoson a11d God's will. And bcc.1usc ii cxis1s ouL�idc of the n:uurul world of cauSC•ttnd•effect. the
conscious self is able 10 exercise- free will in the choices it 111.'l.kt�.

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Jnhn Locke
• An Englis.h philosopher and physicinn and fomous in his
concept or ·--rnbuln Rosu·· or Ulank Sla1c 1h01 nssorncs 1hc
nunurc side o(humim dcvc1opmcni,
• The self, according 10 Loeke is consciousness. In his essay
cntitlt.-d On Pcrson11l lden1ity(frorn his mo:.l fomt>us work, Es:;.uy
Concerning Hunmn Understnnding) he discussed the re0c.-c1ivc
1in11lysis of how an individual may experience 1hc self in
everyday living. He pro\�dcd the following key points:
I. To disco\'cr the iuuurc of personal idcntil)'. It is impon,uu
to find C>ul wh:ll il 0)t.iut.'i t<> be a person.
2, A rer.son is 11 1hinking. intelligent being who ha;; 1he
11bilitics 10 reason :ind to rcfl.1..-c1.
3. A person Is also someone who considers ihemself to be
the same thing ln ditrcrcm 1imes and different places.
4. Consciousness as bcin� nwti.rc that we an:- thinking-
nlways nccom(l<mic...; ahinking and is an c.._�nlial part qfthc thinking process.
5. Consciousness 111:1kes possible our belier 1hnt we nrc the snmc idcmhy in difTcrcn1 times ond
dinCccnl pluccs.
• Ahhough Locke and Descartes believed 1h�1 a person or 1hc self is B lhinking in1clligcn1 being who
has the abilities 10 roncc1 and 10 rc-uson, Locke was nm convinced whh lhc assum1>llons or Plnm,
SL ,\ugll'ili1h!' oi,d Dc.scanes that lhe i11di\1idual self neccs..�rily exis1s in o single soul or substance.
1:-or Lock<::, pcn;oru1I idcntily and lhe soul or subsumcc in which the pcr$0nal idcnlil)' is �ituatcd nrc
IWQ \'cry dilTi."rc-111 1hin�. TI1t' bonum line of his tht."-01)' on sclfis 1h111 sclfis 11011icd 1011ny p.iniculur
body or subs11111cc. h only exists in other 1imc.-s ond phtccs lx.'0J.use of 1hc memory of 1hosc
experiences.

L>::wid Hume
• He wns o Scottish philosopher and also an empiricist
• His cfo.im about sclr is qui1c comroversiol because he
nssmrn:d 1h111 1herc i.s no self! In his essay entitled, ·•on Person:il
ldcnlity" ( 1739) he s:uid 11ml, if we c:1rcn1lly exnminc 1hc
conlctus or (our) cxpcrient-c, we find 1hm there 11rc only two
distinct cmhics. "impressions'" and "'idcas-'.
• lmprcssions �re lhe bask scns:.11lons ofour experience. the
clcmc,nnl darn or our n1inds: pain, pleasure. hc:11� cold.
boppinc."Ss, grief: fear, cxhiltmnion. and s.o o,L
• On ahc 011,..,r hand. ideas tlf'e copies of impressions tJuu
include 1houghlS ond im:,ges lhiu :ire buih up from our primary
impressions 1hrough :1 w:1ric1y ofrclutionships. bm bcc:1usc they
o.rc dcri�1tivc copies or impressions, lhcy ;ire once rcmovc.'(I
from reality,
• Hume considered 1hn1 Lhc self docs noi cxis.1 because aJl
of ahc experiences tlutl a person may have are just pcr<:cp1ions
and this includes the percep1ion of self. None of t11cse pcrecption.s resemble o unified und
pcrm11nc.nt self-identity 1h11t exists over time.

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 • Mc f'i1nhcr nddcd 1h01 there n� insrnnccs 1 1ml ;:m indi\'ldual is limi1cd in experiencing thdr
pcrccp1ion like in sleeping. Similarly. when someone died :1II empirical senses end and according
to hint ii in.'l.kcs no sense to believe thm sclr cxis1s in ol1lcr fonus. As a., cmpiricist. I lultle provide
on hones1 description and nn:llysis orhis own expericnc<-.. within which there is no self to be found.
• I Imm: C.'-plaint..-d 1ha1 l11t self l1,ut is being cxpcri1mtcd by un individual i.s nothing but a kind or
lie1ional self. Humnn c,rc:1h.."tl :m imaginary cremure which i!• nol re:11. ..Fictional self' is crt.'\'.lh
..-d lo
unify the menial cvcnlS nnd introduce order into an individm.d lives. bu1 this ·'self' has no n::ol
existence.

Sigmund f"'rcud
• A well-known Australian psychologist and considered o.s
1.he Fatl1er and Fcmndcr ur rsychormalysi.s. Mis iriflucncc in
Pi.-ychology and 1hcmpy is dominanl and ropuh,r in ahc 201h 10
21st ccntul)'.
• The dm1lis1· ic view of self by Freud involves 1hc eonsciouK
self and unconscious sclr.
• The conscious �elf is gQvcmt-d by rt.';ltlily principle. Herc,
lhe self is ro1fonal, proctical, und 11ppropri1uc lo the socinl
e11vironme111. The conscious self has 1hc task of comrolling 1he
cons1.nnt pressures of the unconsoiou.� self, a.-. i1s primitive
impulses conainually seek for immediate discharge.
• The unconsciotL� self is go\'cmed by ple-:L'lure prinC'iple. h
i.s lhc $1.:M that is as,grcliSiw. dc.stnu;•tive, unrenlil>1ic and
in$tinc1uol, 1301h or Freud's self m..-cds immcdfo1c gm1ificn1io11
omd C\."duc1ion of 1cnsions m opdm.:il levels and 1hc goal of every individu11I is 10 make unconscious
conscious.
• Freud pro1>0scd how mind works. he c.1Jled this as p1"<wine-cs or strucluJ\--s oflhe mind. By illusu:uing
1.he Lip of 1.he iceberg which 11ccording 10 him rc·1>resen1s c:orL�cioul> awareness which chamc1erizes the
pen.on in dealing with the e:m:m:ll world. 1111..• obl:cn·abl� hehavit'>r. however. is furthL·r con1rolled by
lhc worl.ing:s of the subconscious/unconscious mind.
• Subconsciuus serves as: the repos-itol}' or past cxperiene�.
repressed memories. fonrasies. and urges. 'l'hc lhn:..'<! levels or
1he mind ore:
I. M. 1l1is is 1>rin1.1rily based on the pleasure principle. h
de,nands iml'nedia1c sa1isfilc1ion nr,d is 1101 hindered by
societal i:xpc.'Clationii.

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2. J-.):11. The structure thal is prim:1rily ba$t."<I on 1he rc11li1y
principle. TI1is mediates tx.1wccn 1hc impulses or1hc id
11nd nmmims of the superego.
•
3. S11pt•rego. Thjs is primarily de1,c11dc111 on learning the
diffcn:nc:c belwcen ,'iglu and wrorlg, thus it is c-�1llcd
moral princ:ipJc. Morulil)' of n.ctions is lnrgtly
dependent on childhood upbringing particularly on
rcwnrds t1ml punishments.

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• According to Freud, 1hc-rc :ire two kinds o f instinc:1 Lhal drive individual behavior- 1he t..'l'OS or lhc life
i11stinct nnd the 1luma1os or 1hc dead, instinct. The energy or ero.s is called libido und includes urges
necessary for individual and species: Slu'\•i\•al like 1.htist hUJ1ger. and sei.i11 cases 1.ba1 human behaior is
djrectt.'tl lowards di$truction in the fonn of agsrts.liion and vioh.'.n<:c, such ;u-e the rrumifC$ttilions or
1Juuw1t,.'i..

GIibert Ryle
• ;\ Brilish .in:ilytk.:sl philosopher. He was an imponruu
figuri: in the field of Ling.uis1ic An:ilysis whicih focUS<.'tl on the
solving or philosophic.al puzzle.� 1hrough an analys is of
lan,g.uagc.
• According to Ryle, the sdf is best undrn.tood IL'> II pattern
or behavior, 1.hc tendency or disposition for n person 10 bchnvc
in a cenain way in ecnnin circums1anccs..
• He 01>poscd ihc nomble id<:3s or 1he previous
philosoph-:rs and even cloim<XI thot those were rcsuhs of
confu.i;cd concep1u:il thfoking he 1enned. category mistake.
• The cmcgory mistake happens when we speak about the

----- �elf us S4)mcahing indcpcnden1 of 1he physical body: a purely

mc-ntnl cn1ity cxis1ing in lime but not space

lmnmnud Kanl
• A Gcmmn Philosopher who m.1dc grcut comribu1ion 10
the fields of mcrnphysics. cpi�tcmology. and ethics. Kan1 is
widely regarded as tJu: greatest philosopher c,f the modem
period.
• Kmu mainu:,jncd that an individual self 111:t.kcs the
experience of the world comprehensible btt�msc it is
responsible for .synlhcsiz.ing 1hc discreet datn of sense
experience into a mea.ningrul whole.
• 11 is 1hc self lhn1 mnkcs consciousness for the person to
01:i.ke sense of everything. It is 1hc ooe that help every individunl
gain insight and knowlcdg('. If d1e self failed to do this

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syn1hcsi7Jng function., lhcre would be a chaotic :ind insignifi<:anl
collection of scnSltlions..
• Additionally. the sclris 1he product of rcaMln. ti rcgul.i1ivc
principle bccau,<;c the sc1r rcguto1cs e�pcricncc by making
unified experience possible and unlike Hume. Kam·s selris not the obj4.-C . t of consciousness. bm ii
makes the consciousness undcrs1andable and ui1ique.
• Tmnsccndemal uppcrception hapJ)cns when pt.'Oplc do no1 experience self din.'(:tly. instead as {I
unity of all impn.-ssions that are ors�1nizt.-d by 1hc mi11d through perceptions. Kant cc;rncluded that

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 t1II objects or knowledge. which includes lhc self, are phenomenal. That lhe 1ruc n3mro of1hings is
allogc1her unkno\,'n aod unknowable (Price. 2000).
• For Kam. the kingdom of God is ,\➔1hin man.. God is m,,nif�ted in people's li\'cs lhtrefo,c it is
man·s duly 10 n10\'C 1owords- perfcc1ion. K:int emph;l.:;izt.'tl 1ha1 people should alw.iys sec duty n..:; .1
divine command (Price. 2000).

Paul :md P11lridn Churchl11nd

• An Amcricun
philosopher interested in 1hc
fields of J>hilosophy or mind.
philosophy or science. cogni1ive
neurobiology. cpistemoloS)', and
pcrccplion.
• Churohlaml1 ( centml
argwncnt is thtu the concepts and
1hcore1ical vocabulary 1hm pco1>lc
lL'iC 10 1hj11J.:. t1bou1 the sclvcs­
lL',ing such terms as belief, desire.
foar. $CJ1�11fon, pain, joy­
aclually mi.srcprcscnt 1hc reality
of minds and selves. He claims
111:u the self is :i product or brnin
(ICliVity.
• lltc bch,wior of the sclf coui be :mributed 10 1hc ncumphannacologicoJ suues. the 1\.Cuml neLivity in
s�i11lizcd anruomical orcas.
• Neurophilosopy wos coined by Patricia Chutchl=utd. the mode.n1 s<:icnllfic inquiry looks into the
npplicr.ulon of neurology 10 11gc-old problems in philosophy. The philO!,aphy or ncumscience is 1hc
study oflhe philosophy of science. neuroscience. ,md psychology. It aims 10 explore lhe n:levnncc
of ncurolinguis1ic c:<pcrimcn1s/s1udics 10 1hc philosophy or1.hc mind,
• Pillricfo Churchlnnd claimed llun man·s brnin is n..-sponsiblc for 1he identhy known us self. The
biochemical 1>ropcnics of the brain uccording 10 1his 1>hiloso11hy of neuroscience is really
responsible for m::m·s 1hough1s. f«lings. and behnvior.
• raul Churc.hland is one of the many philosophers and psychologists thot viewed 1hc self from :i
matcrktlis1ic point of view, c:or11c,wlins duu in the final ;.\milysi.s 11,enutl stmes arc identical with,
reducible to. or explninnble in tcmi.;; of physicnl brain states. Thii. wump1ion wa,..; ma.de due 10 the
physiologic�1l procei;ses orthe body I hut direcdy:iffecting the menlul slntc of the person. The advenl
or sophis1icmcd technology und scicntilic research gives hope to undcrst3nd the conncc1ion
bctwt.-cn the physical body und lhc mind/bnlin rehnionsh.ip ,ho1 ln1eg.rntc.. -d in the self.
• Being u.n clirnimuh-c m::ucriu.list, he 1.x:lievc.-s thtu there is u need 10 dcvelo1> ;1 new voci!bulOJ')' und
concepnrnl framework 1h31 is grounded in neuroscience. ·111is new fromework will be 11 111orc
nc<.·urutc rcllee1ion of the human mind urid sclr.

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Maurke l\'lerlt'llu•ronry
• A F'rench philosc.>pher nnd phcnomcnofogist
• He 100k :1 \'cry diffcri.:nl 11p1>m:tch 10 the selrrmd
the mind/body ··problem:· According 10 him, the division
beiwccn the "mind" ond the ..body·· is a product of
coofuscd 1Mnking. 17lc self is experienced as a uni1y in
which the 111c:1ual and phys.ic.al :Lre sc�unle:ssly woven
together. Thii. unity is the pri111::uy experience of selves
and begin to doubt it when an indi\'idual u.-.c 1hc.ir mind,;
to concoc1 obsmu;t notions of n scpimnc mind :ind body.
• Developed the conccp1 of sclf-subjccl and
contended thin perceptions occur cxistcntfo.lly. Thus. the
c-0nsciousness. 1hc world. and the human body arc all
interconnected as they mulu111ly pel'Ceivc 1he world.

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• According to hint. the world and the sense of self
are emcrgcn1 phenomena in the ongoing proc.-ess of 111:111·s
becoming.
• l)hcnomcnulogy pn,vidcs a direct description of the hurrum c.xpcrience which $Crvc.-, Ill guidc m;m's
conscious nc1ions. He runhcr nddcd 1hn1. 1hc world is o field or perception. nnd hum:m
consciousness assigns meaning to 1hc world. Thus man canno1 scpam1e himS<:lf rrom his
pcrceplion.s of 1hc world.
• Pcrccp1ion Is not purely Lhc re.suit of scnsntions nor his purely in1c:rorc1n1ions. Rnthc.rconsciousncss
is a process that includ1.-s sensing :is well as in1erprc1in,Wrcasoni1lg.

Rcforcnc-es/Sourccs:
Arcega, A NI.• Cullnr. 0. S•• Evangclls1a, L. 0. & P-:dculnn. L. M. (201 $), Und1.-rstomding 1ho Self. Malnbon
City: Mu1y:1 Publishing llousc Inc.
Gl.ltzingnn. L.B. ct 111. (2019). Undcrst:;mding the Self. Mun1inlup;1 Ci1y: Ptmdny,L.-,hi Publishing Housc.
Inc.
AlaJa, EJ.I,.• Coslib. 13.N., Scmfk-n. J.P.L, Pnwilcn, R.A. (2018). Unscrt,mding thc Self. Rc;x 13ook S1orc
Inc.. Sm Mesa Mcights, Quc1.on City. Philippines

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