Q1.

Explain window Architecture with a neat diagram

Windows Architecture: A Layered Approach
Windows architecture is a layered design that consists of two main
components: User Mode and Kernel Mode. This layered approach provides a
structured and efficient way for the operating system to manage resources
and interact with applications.
User Mode
• Applications: This layer houses the applications that users interact
with, such as word processors, web browsers, and games. Windows architecture diagram
• Subsystems: These provide a bridge between applications and the Key Points:
kernel, translating application requests into system calls that the
kernel can understand. • Layered Design: The layered approach provides a clear separation of
concerns and improves system stability.
• Libraries: These offer reusable code modules that applications can
use to perform common tasks, such as file I/O and network • User-Kernel Separation: This separation ensures that applications
communication. cannot directly access hardware or critical system resources,
protecting the system from malicious code.
Kernel Mode
• Hardware Abstraction: The HAL allows Windows to be more portable
• Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): This layer isolates the kernel from and adaptable to different hardware platforms.
specific hardware details, allowing Windows to run on different types
of hardware. • Executive Services: These services provide essential system
functionality and reduce the complexity of application development.
• Kernel: The core of the operating system, responsible for managing
processes, memory, and other system resources. By understanding the architecture of Windows, you can gain a better
appreciation for how the operating system works and how it interacts with
• Executive Services: A collection of system services that provide applications.
functionality to the kernel and user-mode applications, such as I/O
management, security, and power management.
Diagram:
Q2. Explain Android Architecture with a neat diagram • Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation: This process compiles app code on-
demand as needed.
Android Architecture: A Layered Approach
Linux Kernel
Android architecture is a layered design that consists of four main
components: Applications, App Framework, Android Runtime, and Linux • Core OS: The foundation of the Android operating system, providing
Kernel. This layered approach provides a structured and efficient way for the essential system services such as memory management, process
Android operating system to manage resources and interact with scheduling, and device drivers.
applications.
• Hardware abstraction layer (HAL): This layer isolates the kernel from
Applications specific hardware details, allowing Android to run on different types
of devices.
• User-facing applications: These are the apps that users interact with,
such as games, social media apps, and productivity tools. Diagram:
• System apps: These are pre-installed apps that provide essential
system functionality, such as the phone app, messaging app, and
settings app.
App Framework
• Activities: These are the basic building blocks of Android applications,
representing a single screen of the app.
• Services: These run in the background and perform long-running
tasks, such as playing music or downloading files.
• Content Providers: These manage data access between applications. Android architecture diagram
• Broadcast Receivers: These receive and respond to system-wide Key Points:
broadcast messages.
• Layered Design: The layered approach provides a clear separation of
Android Runtime (ART) concerns and improves system stability.
• Dalvik Virtual Machine: This virtual machine executes Android • App Framework: This framework provides the tools and APIs for
applications in bytecode format. developers to create Android applications.
• Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation: This process pre-compiles app • Android Runtime: This runtime environment executes Android
code into machine code for faster execution. applications and manages memory.
 • Linux Kernel: The kernel provides the core system services and import android.view.View;
interacts directly with the device hardware.
import android.widget.Button;
By understanding the architecture of Android, you can gain a better
import android.widget.Toast;
appreciation for how the operating system works and how it interacts with
applications. import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

Q3. Write an android application to display Alert Dialog Box on click of a public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
buttion
1. Create a new Android project:
@Override
• Open Android Studio and create a new project.
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
• Choose an appropriate project name and save location.
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
• Select the minimum API level for your target devices.
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
2. Design the layout:
• In your activity_main.xml layout file, add a Button element with an ID
Button button = findViewById(R.id.button);
(e.g., button).
button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
3. Implement the button click listener:
@Override
• In your MainActivity class, find the Button using findViewById and set
an OnClickListener. public void onClick(View view) {
4. Show the AlertDialog: showAlertDialog();
• Inside the OnClickListener, call a function to show the AlertDialog }
package com.example.alertdialogdemo; });
}
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.content.DialogInterface; private void showAlertDialog() {
import android.os.Bundle; AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
 builder.setTitle("Alert"); });
builder.setMessage("This is an alert dialog."); builder.show();
builder.setPositiveButton("OK", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { }
@Override }
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int i) {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "OK button clicked", Q4. What is Layout? Explain any one layout with suitable example
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
Layout in Android refers to the arrangement of UI elements (like buttons,
} text views, images, etc.) on the screen. It defines how these elements are
positioned, sized, and interact with each other.
});
One of the most commonly used layouts in Android is the LinearLayout.
builder.setNegativeButton("Cancel", new
DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { LinearLayout:
@Override • Description: Arranges child views in a single line, either horizontally
or vertically.
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int i) {
• Attributes:
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Cancel button clicked",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); o android:orientation: Specifies the direction of the layout
(horizontal or vertical).
}
o android:weightSum: Defines the total weight for all child
});
views.
builder.setNeutralButton("Neutral", new
o android:layout_weight: Assigns a weight to a child view,
DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
determining its share of the available space.
@Override
Example:
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int i) {
XML
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Neutral button clicked",
<LinearLayout
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
}
android:layout_width="match_parent"
 android:layout_height="match_parent" Other common layouts:
android:orientation="vertical"> • RelativeLayout: Positions child views relative to each other or to the
parent layout.
<TextView
• ConstraintLayout: Provides a flexible way to define the layout of your
android:layout_width="match_parent"
UI elements using constraints.
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
• FrameLayout: Places child views one on top of another.
android:text="Hello, World!" />
By understanding different layouts and their attributes, you can effectively
design and create visually appealing user interfaces for your Android
applications.
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
Q5. What is Intent? Explain types of intent with a suitable example
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
Intent in Android is a messaging mechanism used to communicate between
android:text="Click
different components of an application or between applications. It's a way to
Me" /> request actions from other components, such as starting activities,
broadcasting messages, or sending data.
</LinearLayout>
Types of Intents:
Explanation:
1. Explicit Intents:
• The LinearLayout is set to have a vertical orientation, meaning the
child views will be stacked one on top of the other. o Specifies the exact component (activity, service, or broadcast
receiver) that should handle the intent.
• The TextView and Button have
android:layout_width="match_parent" and o Used when you know the target component's package name
android:layout_height="wrap_content". This means they will fill the and class name.
entire width of the parent layout and their height will be adjusted to
Intent intent = new Intent(this, SecondActivity.class);
fit their content.
startActivity(intent);
This code starts a new activity named SecondActivity within the same
application.
 2. Implicit Intents: 1. Create a new Android project:
o Does not specify the exact component but declares the action • Open Android Studio and create a new project.
to be performed, the data to be used, and the category of the
• Choose an appropriate project name and save location.
component that can handle the intent.
• Select the minimum API level for your target devices.
o The Android system finds a suitable component based on the
intent filters declared in the manifest of other applications. 2. Design the layout:
• In your activity_main.xml layout file, add a ListView element.
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW); XML
intent.setData(Uri.parse("http://www.example.com")); <ListView
startActivity(intent); android:id="@+id/fruitListView"
This code opens a web browser to the specified URL. The Android system will android:layout_width="match_parent"
find a suitable browser app that can handle the ACTION_VIEW intent with
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
the given URL.
3. Create a string array:
Other Intent Types:
• In your strings.xml file, define a string array containing the fruit
• Service Intents: Used to start or stop services.
names.
• Broadcast Intents: Used to broadcast messages to interested
XML
receivers.
<resources>
Key Points:
<string-array name="fruits">
• Intents are essential for building complex Android applications that
interact with other components. <item>Apple</item>
• Explicit intents provide direct control over the target component. <item>Banana</item>
• Implicit intents allow for more flexible and reusable code. <item>Orange</item>
• Understanding the different types of intents is crucial for effective <item>Mango</item>
Android development.
<item>Grapes</item>
Q6. Demonstrate Array Adapter using List view to display list of fruitsname
</string-array>
</resources>
4. Implement the ArrayAdapter and ListView: }
• In your MainActivity class, create an ArrayAdapter to populate the }
ListView with the fruit names.
Explanation:
Java
1. Create a ListView: In your layout file, add a ListView element.
import android.os.Bundle;
2. Define fruit names: In your strings.xml file, create a string array
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter; containing the fruit names.
import android.widget.ListView; 3. Create an ArrayAdapter: In your MainActivity, create an ArrayAdapter
using ArrayAdapter<String>.
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
4. Set the adapter to the ListView: Use listView.setAdapter(adapter) to
set the ArrayAdapter to the ListView.
public class MainActivity extends
Running the app:
AppCompatActivity {
• Run your app on an emulator or physical device.
@Override
• The ListView will display the list of fruit names from the string array.
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
This demonstrates how to use an ArrayAdapter with a ListView to display a
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); list of items in an Android application.

setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
ListView Q7. Write an android using SQLite to create a table student (Sid, sname,
scourse, smark) and update a record of student
listView = findViewById(R.id.fruitListView);
Android JSON Parsing is the process of extracting data from JSON (JavaScript
String[] fruits = getResources().getStringArray(R.array.fruits);
Object Notation) formatted text and converting it into a usable format within
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(this, an Android application. JSON is a lightweight data-interchange format that is
android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, widely used to transmit data between servers and applications.

fruits); Key steps involved in Android JSON parsing:

listView.setAdapter(adapter); 1. Obtain JSON data: This can be done through network requests (e.g.,
using HTTP) or by reading from local files.
 2. Parse JSON data: Use a JSON parsing library (e.g., Gson, Jackson, or • Ensure that the JSON structure matches the Java object structure for
the built-in JSONObject and JSONArray classes) to convert the JSON correct parsing.
string into a Java object representation.
• Handle potential exceptions (e.g., JSONException) during parsing.
3. Access and process data: Extract the desired data from the parsed
• Consider using a network library like Retrofit to simplify HTTP
objects and use it in your application.
requests and JSON parsing.
Example using Gson library:
Additional considerations:
Java
• JSON validation: Use a JSON validator to ensure the correctness of
import com.google.gson.Gson; your JSON data.
// Assuming you have a JSON string named jsonString • Data security: If dealing with sensitive data, implement appropriate
security measures to protect it.
Gson gson = new Gson();
• Performance optimization: For large JSON datasets, consider
Student student = gson.fromJson(jsonString, Student.class);
optimizing parsing performance using techniques like caching or
// Access and process the student data asynchronous parsing.

String name = student.getName(); By understanding these concepts and following best practices, you can
effectively parse JSON data in your Android applications and leverage its
int age = student.getAge();
benefits for data exchange and communication.
Example using built-in classes:
Java
Q8. Write short note on Content value with example
import org.json.JSONObject;
Content Values in Android are a key-value pair data structure used to store
// Assuming you have a JSON string named jsonString and retrieve data in a structured way. They are often used to pass data
between components within an Android application, such as activities,
JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(jsonString);
services, and content providers.
String name = jsonObject.getString("name");
Key points about Content Values:
int age = jsonObject.getInt("age");
• Key-value pairs: Each entry in a Content Values object is a key-value
Key points: pair, where the key is a string and the value can be of various data
types (e.g., String, Integer, Long, Boolean, etc.).
• Choose a suitable JSON parsing library based on your project
requirements and preferences.
 • Immutable: Content Values objects are immutable, meaning their Content Values provide a convenient and efficient way to handle structured
contents cannot be modified once created. data within Android applications. By understanding their usage and key
methods, you can effectively work with data in various scenarios.
• Put methods: To add or update values, you use methods like
put(String key, Object value).
• Get methods: To retrieve values, you use methods like Q9. Write steps to build simple Flutter application
getAsBoolean(String key), getAsInteger(String key), etc.
Steps to Build a Simple Flutter Application
Example:
2. Create a New Flutter Project:
Java
• Open your chosen IDE or editor.
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
• Create a new Flutter project using the built-in tools or command-line
values.put("name", "John Doe"); interface.
values.put("age", 30); • Choose a project name and location.
values.put("is_student", true); 3. Structure Your Project:
Use code with caution. • The basic structure of a Flutter project includes:
In this example, a Content Values object is created and populated with three o lib/main.dart: The main entry point of your application.
key-value pairs: "name" with the value "John Doe", "age" with the value 30,
o pubspec.yaml: The project's configuration file, specifying
and "is_student" with the value true.
dependencies and assets.
Common use cases for Content Values:
4. Write Your Flutter Code:
• Passing data between activities: When starting a new activity, you can
• Open the main.dart file and start writing your Flutter code.
pass Content Values as an intent extra.
• Use Flutter's widget-based architecture to build the user interface.
• Inserting data into a content provider: You can use Content Values to
define the data to be inserted into a table. • Refer to Flutter's documentation and examples for guidance.
• Updating data in a content provider: You can use Content Values to Basic Flutter code example:
specify the new values for columns to be updated.
Dart
• Querying data from a content provider: You can use Content Values
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
to define selection criteria for a query.
void main() {
runApp(const MyApp()); final String title;
}
@override
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget { Widget build(BuildContext context) {
const MyApp({super.key}); return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
@override
Widget build(BuildContext title: Text(title),
context) { ),
return MaterialApp( body: Center(
title: 'My Flutter App', child: Column(
theme: ThemeData( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
primarySwatch: Colors.blue, children: <Widget>[
),
home: const Text(
const MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'), 'You have pushed the button this many times:',
); ),
} Text(
} '$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
const MyHomePage({super.key, required this.title}); ),
 ], By following these steps and leveraging Flutter's powerful tools and
community, you can create beautiful and functional Android and iOS
),
applications.
),
Q10. Write a short note on Android Project Folder structure
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
Android Project Folder Structure
onPressed: () {},
An Android project typically has a well-defined directory structure to
tooltip: 'Increment', organize its files and resources. Here's a breakdown of the key folders and
their contents:
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
1. app:
), ); } }
• src/main/java: Contains Java source code files for your application's
classes.
5. Run Your Flutter App:
• src/main/res: Stores various resource files, including:
• Use the flutter run command in your terminal or the run button in
o drawable: Image files (PNG, JPEG, etc.).
your IDE to run your app on an emulator or connected device.
o layout: XML files defining the layout of your app's user
6. Test and Iterate:
interface.
• Test your app on different devices and screen sizes.
o mipmap: Launcher icons for your app.
• Iterate on your code to improve the user experience and
o values: XML files containing strings, colors, dimensions, and
functionality.
styles.
Additional Tips:
• AndroidManifest.xml: The project's manifest file, declaring
• Explore Flutter's rich ecosystem of packages and widgets to enhance components, permissions, and other app-level information.
your app's features.
2. androidTest:
• Learn about state management techniques like setState and Provider
• java: Contains test classes for Android instrumentation tests.
to manage data efficiently.
3. test:
• Follow Flutter's style guidelines for consistent and readable code.
• java: Contains test classes for local unit tests.
• Consider using a linter to enforce code quality standards.
4. gradle:
 • wrapper: Contains scripts for setting up the Gradle wrapper. • Native performance: React Native renders components directly into
the native view hierarchy, resulting in near-native performance.
• build.gradle: Gradle build scripts for the project and modules.
• Hot reloading: See changes instantly as you edit code, improving
development efficiency.
5. .idea:
• Large community and ecosystem: Benefit from a vast community of
• Contains IntelliJ IDEA project-specific settings. developers, libraries, and tools.

6. .gitignore: • Declarative syntax: Use a declarative approach to describe your UI,

making it easier to reason about and maintain.
• Specifies files and directories to be ignored by Git version control.
• Component-based architecture: Build reusable components to
Additional folders:
structure your code and promote code reusability.
• assets: Stores raw resource files (e.g., fonts, databases) that are not
• Integration with native code: Access native APIs and features for
compiled into the APK.
tasks that require platform-specific implementations.
• libs: Contains external libraries that your project depends on.
• Continuous updates and improvements: React Native is actively
This structure provides a clear organization for your Android project, making maintained and receives regular updates with new features and
it easier to manage and maintain your codebase. You can customize the performance enhancements.
structure to fit your project's specific needs, but adhering to this general
React Native offers a powerful and efficient way to build high-quality mobile
layout is recommended for best practices.
applications, combining the best of both native and web development.

Q11. What is React Native? State the advantages of React Native

React Native is a JavaScript framework developed by Facebook that allows
you to build native mobile applications for both iOS and Android platforms
using a single codebase. It leverages React's declarative paradigm and Q12. What is view? Explain any two view with suitable example
component-based architecture to create efficient and performant mobile
View in Android refers to the basic building block of a user interface. It
apps.
represents a single visual element on the screen, such as a button, text view,
Advantages of React Native: image view, or layout. Views are responsible for drawing themselves and
handling user interactions.
• Cross-platform development: Write code once and deploy it to both
iOS and Android, saving time and effort. Two common types of views in Android:
1. TextView:
 o Displays text on the screen. • EditText: Allows users to enter text.
o Can be customized with various attributes like font, color, size, • LinearLayout: Arranges child views in a linear layout.
and alignment.
• RelativeLayout: Positions child views relative to each other or to the
Example: parent layout.
XML • ConstraintLayout: Provides a flexible way to define the layout of your
UI elements using constraints.
<TextView
By understanding the different types of views and their attributes, you can
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
create visually appealing and interactive user interfaces for your Android
android:layout_height="wrap_content" applications.

android:text="Hello, World!" />

Use code with caution.
2. Button: Q13. What is Fragment? Explain Fragment Life cycle.

o Represents a clickable button that can trigger actions when in Android development, a Fragment is a reusable, self-contained portion of
clicked. a user interface within an Activity. Think of it as a modular section of an
Activity's layout that has its own lifecycle and is capable of handling its own
o Can be customized with text, background, and other
input events. Fragments are particularly useful when creating dynamic and
attributes.
flexible UIs that adapt to different screen sizes, such as phones and tablets.
Example:
Fragment Life Cycle
XML
The fragment lifecycle is similar to an activity’s lifecycle, but with additional
<Button specific states due to its dependency on the activity in which it resides.
Here’s an overview of each major stage:
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
1. onAttach(Context context):
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
o Called when the fragment is first attached to its parent
android:text="Click Me" />
activity. The fragment now has access to the context, which
Use code with caution. can be used to interact with the activity.

Other common views: 2. onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState):

• ImageView: Displays images.

 o Called when the fragment is created, used to initialize o Called when the fragment is about to go into the background,
essential components of the fragment that should persist for usually because the activity is being paused. Save any
the fragment's life. You generally initialize variables and start transient data here if necessary.
tasks that don’t depend on the fragment's UI.
9. onStop():
3. onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle
o Called when the fragment is no longer visible to the user,
savedInstanceState):
often because the activity is in the stopped state.
o Called to inflate the fragment’s layout. Here, you define the UI
10. onDestroyView():
by returning a view hierarchy, usually by inflating a layout
resource. This is where you set up UI elements like buttons or o Called when the view hierarchy associated with the fragment
text fields. is removed. Any bindings to the UI should be cleared here to
avoid memory leaks.
4. onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState):
11. onDestroy():
o Called immediately after onCreateView, and provides the final
view for the fragment. This is where you bind UI elements to o Called to clean up fragment state. This is the last opportunity
your fragment’s code logic and add any required listeners. to release resources that won’t persist across fragment
recreation.
5. onActivityCreated(Bundle savedInstanceState):
12. onDetach():
o Called after the activity’s onCreate method has completed,
signaling that the fragment’s activity is fully created and the o Called when the fragment is disassociated from its parent
fragment can interact with the activity’s views. Useful if you activity, marking the end of the fragment's lifecycle in that
need a fully initialized activity and fragment setup. activity context.
6. onStart(): Fragment Lifecycle Flow
o Called when the fragment becomes visible to the user. At this The lifecycle of a fragment is tied to the lifecycle of its hosting activity. When
stage, the fragment is visible but not yet in the foreground. an activity is paused, stopped, or destroyed, its fragments undergo similar
state transitions.
7. onResume():
o Called when the fragment is ready to interact with the user.
This is the active state, where the fragment can handle user Q14. What are Adapter? Explain ArrayAdapter with suitable example
interaction.
In Android, an Adapter acts as a bridge between a data source and a UI
8. onPause(): component (like a ListView or RecyclerView). The Adapter prepares data for
display by creating the required views and populating them with data from
the data source. Adapters are essential when working with collections of Copy code
items and dynamically displaying them in UI components.
<!-- activity_main.xml -->
Types of Adapters
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
1. ArrayAdapter: Works with an array or a list of objects. It is a simple,
<LinearLayout
commonly used adapter for small lists.
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
2. CursorAdapter: Uses a database Cursor as a data source, often used
android:layout_width="match_parent"
to retrieve and display data from a SQLite database.
android:layout_height="match_parent"
3. RecyclerView.Adapter: A powerful, flexible adapter for use with
RecyclerView, providing more control over layout and performance android:orientation="vertical"
for large data sets.
android:padding="16dp">
ArrayAdapter
The ArrayAdapter is a specific adapter designed to work with an array or list
<ListView
of items, transforming them into views for a ListView, Spinner, or similar
widget. It’s a convenient way to quickly display items in a list. android:id="@+id/listView"
• Data Source: ArrayAdapter takes an array or List of items as its data android:layout_width="match_parent"
source.
android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
• Layout: The adapter is typically provided with a layout for displaying
</LinearLayout>
each item in the list.
Step 2: Create the MainActivity Class
• Binding Data to Views: It maps each item in the data source to a
corresponding view. In MainActivity.java, create an array of fruit names, use ArrayAdapter to bind
the data to the ListView, and set up the adapter.
Example of ArrayAdapter
java
In this example, we’ll create a simple Android app that displays a list of fruits
in a ListView using an ArrayAdapter. Copy code
Step 1: Set up the Layout XML // MainActivity.java
In activity_main.xml, add a ListView to hold the list items. package com.example.arrayadapterexample;
xml
import android.os.Bundle; fruits // Data source
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter; );
import android.widget.ListView;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity; // Step 6: Set the adapter for the ListView
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { }
}
@Override Explanation of Code
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { 1. Data Source: The fruits array contains the data to be displayed.
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); 2. ArrayAdapter Initialization: An ArrayAdapter is created with:
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); o this: The context of the activity.
o android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1: A simple built-in layout
that displays each item as a single line of text.
// Step 3: Define an array of strings (data source)
o fruits: The data source array.
String[] fruits = {"Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Date", "Elderberry",
"Fig", "Grape"}; 3. Setting the Adapter: The ArrayAdapter is then set as the adapter for
the ListView to handle data binding and display.
Result
// Step 4: Get a reference to the ListView
When this code runs, the ListView will display a scrollable list of fruits, with
ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.listView);
each item populated using the data from the fruits array.
Custom ArrayAdapter
// Step 5: Create an ArrayAdapter
If you need more complex views with custom layouts, you can create a
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>( custom ArrayAdapter class by extending ArrayAdapter<T> and overriding the
getView method to define how each item should look.
this, // Context
android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, // Layout for each item
The ArrayAdapter is quick to implement and ideal for displaying small, simple 5. Replaced by ART: Dalvik was the primary runtime for Android up until
lists with single-line text items. For more complex or larger lists, consider Android 5.0 (Lollipop). In Lollipop, it was replaced by the Android
using a RecyclerView with RecyclerView.Adapter. Runtime (ART), which offers improved performance through Ahead-
of-Time (AOT) compilation, translating the app’s bytecode to native
code at install time, resulting in faster execution and reduced CPU
Q15. Write a short note on Dalvik Virtual Machine usage.

The Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a custom virtual machine developed by In summary, the Dalvik VM was essential to Android's initial architecture,
Google specifically for Android operating systems. It is designed to run enabling applications to run efficiently on limited-resource devices. However,
applications on devices with limited memory, CPU, and battery capacity, ART has since replaced Dalvik to provide better performance and overall
making it suitable for mobile environments. Dalvik is a key component of improvements.
Android's application framework and serves as the runtime environment for
Q16. What is Curson? Demonstrate a SQLite database application to insert
executing Android applications.
a record in table.
Key Characteristics of Dalvik Virtual Machine
In Android, a Cursor is an interface that provides random read-write access
1. Optimized for Mobile: Dalvik was built to be lightweight and to the result set of a database query. It is used to navigate and interact with
optimized for mobile devices, focusing on low power consumption data retrieved from a database, usually from an SQLite database. Cursors
and efficient memory use. It runs compiled Java bytecode in a format allow you to read rows of data from the result set, accessing specific
called Dalvik Executable (DEX), which is a compact, optimized columns by their index or name. They’re essential when working with
bytecode format specifically suited for mobile use. databases in Android as they allow efficient data retrieval and manipulation.
2. Register-Based Architecture: Unlike the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), SQLite Database Application to Insert a Record in a Table
which is stack-based, Dalvik uses a register-based architecture. This
Below is a simple example of an Android application that uses SQLite to
makes Dalvik more efficient for Android apps, as it reduces the
insert a record into a table.
number of CPU instructions needed for certain operations, saving
processing time and battery power. Step 1: Create a Database Helper Class
3. Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation: DVM incorporates a JIT compiler that Create a helper class that extends SQLiteOpenHelper, which will handle
dynamically translates bytecode into machine code at runtime, database creation and management.
improving performance by optimizing frequently executed code
java
paths.
// DatabaseHelper.java
4. Runs Multiple Instances: Each Android app runs in its own instance of
the Dalvik VM, ensuring that applications run in isolated package com.example.sqliteexample;
environments for better security and stability. If one app crashes, it
doesn’t affect others.
import android.content.ContentValues; db.execSQL(createTable);
import android.content.Context; }
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase; @Override
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper; public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion)
{
db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + TABLE_NAME);
public class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
onCreate(db);
}
private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "example.db";
// Method to insert a record into the database
private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
public boolean insertUser(String name, int age) {
private static final String TABLE_NAME = "users";
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
private static final String COLUMN_ID = "id";
ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();
private static final String COLUMN_NAME = "name";
contentValues.put(COLUMN_NAME, name);
private static final String COLUMN_AGE = "age";
contentValues.put(COLUMN_AGE, age);

public DatabaseHelper(Context context) {

// Insert data into the table
super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
long result = db.insert(TABLE_NAME, null, contentValues);
}
@Override
return result != -1; // If result is -1, insertion failed
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
}
String createTable = "CREATE TABLE " + TABLE_NAME + " (" +
}
COLUMN_ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " +
1. Database Constants: Constants such as DATABASE_NAME,
COLUMN_NAME + " TEXT, " +
DATABASE_VERSION, and table/column names are defined for easy
COLUMN_AGE + " INTEGER)"; reference.
 2. onCreate Method: Creates the users table with id, name, and age // Insert a record
columns.
boolean isInserted = databaseHelper.insertUser("John Doe", 25);
3. insertUser Method: Accepts name and age as parameters, creates a
// Show a message based on whether insertion was successful
ContentValues object to map column names to values, and inserts
the data into the table using the insert method. If the insertion is if (isInserted) {
successful, it returns true.
Toast.makeText(this, "Record Inserted Successfully",
Step 2: Use the Database Helper to Insert Data Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
In your main activity, you can now use the DatabaseHelper class to insert a } else {
record into the database.
Toast.makeText(this, "Insertion Failed", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
java
}
Copy code
}
// MainActivity.java
}
package com.example.sqliteexample;
Explanation of MainActivity Code
import android.os.Bundle;
1. Database Helper Initialization: Creates an instance of DatabaseHelper.
import android.widget.Toast;
2. Insert Record: Calls insertUser to insert a new user with name "John
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity; Doe" and age 25.
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { 3. Feedback to User: Displays a Toast message to indicate whether the
record was successfully inserted.
DatabaseHelper databaseHelper;
Q17. What is Android XML paring explain with example
@Override
Android XML Parsing
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
In Android development, XML parsing refers to the process of reading and
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
interpreting XML data to extract specific information. This is a common task,
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); especially when dealing with data fetched from web services or stored in
local XML files.
Key Methods for XML Parsing in Android:
databaseHelper = new DatabaseHelper(this);
 1. SAX Parser: StringReader(xmlData));
o Event-based parser that processes XML data sequentially.
o Efficient for large XML files as it doesn't load the entire int eventType = parser.getEventType();
document into memory.
while (eventType != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT) {
o Requires implementing a DefaultHandler to handle events like
String tagName = parser.getName();
start tags, end tags, and character data.
switch (eventType) {
2. DOM Parser:
case XmlPullParser.START_TAG:
o Tree-based parser that creates a DOM tree in memory to
represent the XML document. if (tagName.equalsIgnoreCase("item"))
o Allows random access to any part of the document. {
o Less efficient for large XML files due to memory consumption. // Handle the start of an item
3. Pull Parser (XMLPullParser): } else if (tagName.equalsIgnoreCase("title")) {
o Event-based parser that reads XML data sequentially, similar // Handle the start of a title tag
to SAX.
}
o More efficient and flexible than SAX as it provides more
break;
control over the parsing process.
case XmlPullParser.TEXT:
o Widely used in Android development.
// Extract text content
Example: Parsing XML using XMLPullParser
String text = parser.getText();
Java
// Process the text based on the current tag
import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser;
break;
import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserFactory;
case XmlPullParser.END_TAG:
XmlPullParserFactory factory = XmlPullParserFactory.newInstance();
if (tagName.equalsIgnoreCase("item")) {
XmlPullParser parser = factory.newPullParser();
// Handle the end of an item
parser.setInput(new
}
 break; import android.os.Bundle;
} import android.webkit.WebView;
eventType = parser.next(); import android.webkit.WebViewClient;
} import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
Explanation: public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
1. Create a Parser Factory: An XmlPullParserFactory is created to @Override
provide a XmlPullParser instance.
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
2. Set Input Source: The setInput method sets the XML data source,
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
which can be a file or a string.
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
3. Parse the XML: The while loop iterates through the XML document,
checking the event type at each step. WebView webView = findViewById(R.id.webview);
4. Handle Events: Based on the event type, different actions are taken: // Enable JavaScript
o START_TAG: Handles the start of a tag. for interactive web content
o TEXT: Extracts the text content within a tag. webView.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
o END_TAG: Handles the end of a tag. // Load a specific URL
By effectively using XMLPullParser, you can parse complex XML structures webView.loadUrl("https://www.google.com");
and extract the desired information for your Android app.
// Prevent the default browser from opening links
webView.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient());
Q18. Demonstrate a webview to display the web page in an android
}
application
}
Displaying a Web Page in an Android App using WebView
Layout File (activity_main.xml):
A WebView is a view that displays web pages inside your Android app. It
provides a flexible way to integrate web content into your native app. XML
Here's a basic example: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
Java
<LinearLayout • Caching: You can control caching behavior using methods like
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" getSettings().setCacheMode().
android:layout_width="match_parent" • Security: Be cautious when loading external web content, as it could
potentially expose security vulnerabilities. Consider using a Content
android:layout_height="match_parent">
Security Policy (CSP) to mitigate risks.
By following these steps and considering the additional factors, you can
<WebView effectively integrate web content into your Android app using WebView.

android:id="@+id/webview" Q19. Write a short note on firebase database.

android:layout_width="match_parent" the Firebase Realtime Database is a cloud-hosted NoSQL database provided

by Firebase, part of Google’s mobile platform. It allows developers to store
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
and sync data in real-time across multiple clients, making it a popular choice
</LinearLayout> for applications requiring live updates, such as chat apps, social media feeds,
or collaborative tools.
Explanation:
Key Features of Firebase Realtime Database
1. Add WebView to Layout: In the activity_main.xml layout file, we add
a WebView component to fill the entire screen. 1. Real-Time Syncing: Data updates in real-time across all clients
connected to the database, meaning changes made by one user are
2. Enable JavaScript: We enable JavaScript in the WebView settings to
immediately visible to others. This feature is especially useful for
allow for interactive web content.
apps where instant updates are essential.
3. Load URL: The loadUrl method is used to load a specific URL into the
2. JSON Data Structure: Firebase Realtime Database stores data in a
WebView.
JSON-like format, which is suitable for hierarchical data and is easy to
4. Prevent Default Browser: The setWebViewClient method prevents work with in JavaScript, Android, and iOS.
the default browser from opening links clicked within the WebView.
3. Offline Support: Firebase allows data to be stored locally on the
This ensures that all web content is displayed within the app.
device when offline, and it automatically synchronizes changes to the
Additional Considerations: cloud once the device regains connectivity. This makes Firebase ideal
for apps that need to work reliably in areas with unstable internet.
• User Agent: You can customize the user agent string to mimic
different browsers or devices. 4. Security and Access Control: Firebase provides authentication and
fine-grained permission settings, allowing developers to restrict
• Zoom Controls: You can enable or disable zoom controls using
access to specific parts of the database based on user roles and
getSettings().setBuiltInZoomControls(true/false).
 conditions. This enhances data security while simplifying user access • Accurate Location Data: Provides precise location data using the
control. device's GPS or network-based positioning systems.
5. Scalability: Though it’s designed for smaller to medium-sized • Background Location Tracking: Allows for continuous tracking of the
applications, Firebase can handle a large number of simultaneous user's location, even when the app is in the background.
users and provides automatic scaling for real-time data
• Permission Handling: Handles permission requests for accessing
synchronization needs.
device location, ensuring compliance with user privacy.
6. Cross-Platform Compatibility: Firebase Realtime Database can be
• Error Handling: Provides mechanisms to handle potential errors, such
accessed from Android, iOS, and web applications, making it versatile
as location permission denials or network issues.
for building multi-platform applications.
Using the Geolocation API:
Use Cases for Firebase Realtime Database
To use the Geolocation API in a React Native app, you typically follow these
• Chat Applications: Allows real-time messaging with instant
steps:
synchronization across devices.
1. Install the react-native-geolocation-service library:
• Collaborative Apps: Enables multiple users to work on a shared
document or project with immediate updates. Bash
• Social Media Feeds: Keeps users' feeds current by instantly updating npm install react-native-geolocation-service
new posts, likes, or comments.
2. Link the native modules: Follow the library's specific instructions for
Firebase Realtime Database provides developers with an easy-to-use, linking the native modules for Android and iOS.
scalable, and secure solution for applications requiring real-time
3. Request Location Permissions: Use the requestAuthorization method
functionality, making it a powerful tool for building modern, responsive
to request the necessary permissions from the user.
apps.
4. Get Current Position: Use the getCurrentPosition method to get the
current location of the device.
Q20. Explain React Native Geolocation API
5. Start Location Tracking: Use the watchPosition method to
React Native Geolocation API continuously track the user's location.
The React Native Geolocation API provides a way to access the device's Example:
location information, including latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, and
JavaScript
heading. This API is particularly useful for building location-based
applications like map apps, ride-sharing services, and weather apps. import * as Geolocation from 'react-native-geolocation-service';
Key Features:
const getCurrentLocation = () => { Q21. Design an android application for login activity.Write an android code
to check login credentials with user name = “SPPU” & password = “Exam”
Geolocation.getCurrentPosition(
Display appropriate message to the user
(position) => {
Create a layout file activity_main.xml for the login form with EditText fields
const { latitude, longitude } = position.coords; for username and password, and a Button to submit the login request.

console.log('Latitude:', xml

latitude); <!-- res/layout/activity_main.xml -->

console.log('Longitude:', longitude); <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

}, <LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
(error) => {
android:layout_width="match_parent"
console.error(error.message);
android:layout_height="match_parent"
},
android:orientation="vertical"
{ enableHighAccuracy: true, timeout: 15000, maximumAge: 10000 }
android:padding="16dp">
);
};
<EditText
Important Considerations:
android:id="@+id/usernameEditText"
• Battery Usage: Be mindful of battery consumption when using
background location tracking. Implement strategies like geofencing to android:layout_width="match_parent"
optimize battery usage.
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
• User Privacy: Always request location permissions explicitly and
android:hint="Username"
provide clear explanations to the user.
android:inputType="text"/>
• Error Handling: Implement robust error handling to gracefully handle
cases where location data is unavailable or permissions are denied.
By effectively utilizing the React Native Geolocation API, you can create <EditText
powerful location-based applications that enhance user experience and
android:id="@+id/passwordEditText"
provide valuable location-specific services.
 android:layout_width="match_parent" java
android:layout_height="wrap_content" Copy code
android:hint="Password" // MainActivity.java
android:inputType="textPassword"/> package com.example.loginapp;

<Button import android.os.Bundle;

android:id="@+id/loginButton" import android.view.View;
android:layout_width="match_parent" import android.widget.Button;
android:layout_height="wrap_content" import android.widget.EditText;
android:text="Login"/> import android.widget.TextView;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
<TextView
android:id="@+id/messageTextView" public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" private EditText usernameEditText;
android:paddingTop="16dp" private EditText passwordEditText;
android:text="" private TextView messageTextView;
android:textSize="16sp"
android:textColor="@android:color/holo_red_dark"/> @Override
</LinearLayout> protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
Step 2: Implement the Login Logic in MainActivity super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
In your MainActivity.java file, implement the logic to validate the username setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
and password when the "Login" button is clicked.
 // Initialize UI components
messageTextView.setTextColor(getResources().getColor(android.R.color.holo
usernameEditText = findViewById(R.id.usernameEditText);
_green_dark));
passwordEditText = findViewById(R.id.passwordEditText);
} else {
Button loginButton = findViewById(R.id.loginButton);
messageTextView.setText("Invalid username or password");
messageTextView = findViewById(R.id.messageTextView);
messageTextView.setTextColor(getResources().getColor(android.R.color.holo
_red_dark));
// Set up the login button's onClickListener
}
loginButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
}
@Override
}
public void onClick(View v) {
Explanation of the Code
checkCredentials();
1. UI Component Initialization: EditText fields for the username and
}
password, a Button for submitting, and a TextView for displaying
}); messages are initialized.

} 2. Login Button OnClickListener: When the login button is clicked, it calls

the checkCredentials() method.
private void checkCredentials() {
3. Credentials Check: The checkCredentials() method verifies if the
// Retrieve the user input
entered username and password match "SPPU" and "Exam",
String username = usernameEditText.getText().toString(); respectively.

String password = passwordEditText.getText().toString(); 4. Display Messages:

o If the credentials are correct, it displays "Login Successful" in
green.
// Check if the username and password match the required credentials
o If incorrect, it displays "Invalid username or password" in red.
if (username.equals("SPPU") && password.equals("Exam")) {
o
messageTextView.setText("Login Successful");
 • Correct Credentials: Entering "SPPU" as the username and "Exam" as o Used to start any time-sensitive operations, such as updating
the password will display "Login Successful". UI elements or starting background tasks.
• Incorrect Credentials: Any other username or password will display 4. onPause():
"Invalid username or password".
o Called when the activity is partially obscured, but still visible.
This code provides a simple login validation within the app, displaying
o Used to stop any ongoing operations that should not continue
immediate feedback to the user without using a backend or database.
when the activity is not in the foreground.
5. onStop():
Q22. Short note on Activity Life Cycle
o Called when the activity is no longer visible to the user.
Activity Lifecycle
o Used to release resources that are not needed when the
An Activity in Android is a single, focused thing that the user can do. It activity is not visible.
represents a single screen with a user interface. The Android system
6. onDestroy():
manages the lifecycle of Activities to ensure efficient use of system
resources. o Called before the activity is destroyed.
Key Lifecycle Methods: o Used to release all resources associated with the activity, such
as threads, listeners, and database connections.
1. onCreate():
Understanding the Lifecycle:
o Called when the activity is first created.
• Activity Stack: Activities are managed in a stack-like structure. When
o Used to initialize the activity, such as creating views, setting
a new activity is started, it is pushed onto the stack. When an activity
up listeners, and loading data.
is finished, it is popped off the stack.
2. onStart():
• Configuration Changes: When the device configuration changes (e.g.,
o Called when the activity becomes visible to the user. screen orientation), the current activity is destroyed and recreated.
o Used to start animations or other tasks that should be visible • Process Death: If the system needs to reclaim memory, the system
to the user. can kill the process hosting the activity. When the activity is later
brought back to the foreground, it is recreated.
3. onResume():
By understanding the activity lifecycle, you can optimize your app's
o Called when the activity is in the foreground and interacting
performance, prevent memory leaks, and provide a seamless user
with the user.
experience.