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    Course Everyday Sciences Handout 5B

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    Noorulain Fatima

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Course Everyday Sciences Handout 5B

    Uploaded by

    Noorulain Fatima
    2 views2 pages

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    course everyday sciences handout 5B

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    2 views2 pages

    Course Everyday Sciences Handout 5B

    Uploaded by

    Noorulain Fatima

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Handout # 5B

    Course outline: Everyday Sciences


    Topic: Biomolecules
    Lipids:
    They are the compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids can be
    classified into these categories:
    1. Acyl-glycerol: they are the esters of fatty acids and glycerol. They may be fats and oils
    according to their state at room temperature. They usually considered as the reserve form
    of energy.
    2. Phospholipids: they are the molecules contain hydrophobic tails of fatty acids with
    hydrophilic choline phosphate head. These molecules make cell membrane of organisms.
    3. Waxes: these molecules are the esters of long chain fatty acids to long chain alcohols.
    They are usually present on furs of animals, fruit coats and coating of stem/ stalk/ leaves
    of deserted region plants.
    4. Terpenes: these molecules made up of few to multiple isoprenoid units. They can be:
    a. Terpenoids: like vitamin A, menthol and camphor.
    b. Carotenes: like pigments of plants i.e. chlorophyll, Carotenoids or xanthophyll.
    c. Steroids: they are the large terpenes contain steroid nucleus. They usually form
    hormones, bile acids and bile salts.
    Nucleic acids:
    They are the biomolecules discovered first in pus cells.
    They simply known as nucleotide. A nucleotide generally consist of a phosphate group, sugar
    molecule and a nitrogenous base.
    They can be classified as:
    1. Mononucleotide: ATP or GTP usually need as an energy currency of cells.
    2. Dinucleotides: NAD, FAD or NADP, usually act as the electron carrier in plant processes
    or involve in making essential vitamins.
    3. Polynucleotide: may be DNA or RNA
    DNA RNA
    1. They are the double stranded helix in 1. They are single stranded
    structure. polynucleotide.
    2. The sugar in DNA is Deoxyribose. 2. The sugar in RNA is ribose.
    3. DNA is a genetic material. 3. RNA helps in protein synthesis and
    other function.
    The cell:
    The cell is the basic unit of living organisms. It can be of different types and proportion of
    cellular component might be different based on the locality of cell in the body of organism.
    These are the general component of cells:
    1. The nucleus: it controls all the vital activities of cells. It is generally spherical in shape
    usually single in one cell but some cells may contain more than one nucleus. It contains
    genetic material named as deoxyribose nucleic acid or DNA.
    2. The cytoplasm: the liquid that contain all the cellular component of cells. It is a medium
    where cellular organelles can reside.
    3. Cell membrane: it is an outer covering of cell. It provide basic structure, support the
    cellular material, maintains water electrolyte balance of cell, permits selective molecules
    to enter or exit the cell. It also helps in identification of cell.
    4. Endoplasmic reticulum: they are the tubular structures involved in different functions
    based on their types. They may be:
    a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum: involves in protein synthesis in the cell as it contains
    ribosomes.
    b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: it involves in lipid synthesis and involved in related
    metabolism of carbohydrate and lipids.
    c. Sarcoplasm: specially involves in the sequestration of Ca+2 ions in muscle cells.
    5. Golgi apparatus: these are the fluid filled sacs present in stacks. They involved in
    packaging, processing and transportation of various material inside and outside the cell.
    6. Mitochondria: they are the membrane bounded organelles helps in making ATP which
    are considered as energy molecules. Hence are known as power house of the cell.
    7. Lysosomes: they are the vesicles secreted by Golgi bodies, but when matured considered
    as the stomach of cells due to their digestion process of cellular nutrition.
    8. Ribosomes: they are the protein factories of cells.
    9. Chloroplasts: they are the major components of plants cells. They helps plant to
    synthesize carbohydrates by trapping sunlight.

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