WEEK 3 LAB EXERCISE - Cell Structures and Functions - UY-OCO

Name : Bianca Louise M.
Uy-oco Date : 9/16/2021

Course/Year/Sec: BSN 1-YA-6 Teacher: Dr. Ma. Luisa
Crisostomo
EXERCISE NO. 2
CELLULAR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
GIO: To learn the different parts of the cell and its functions SIO
1. Draw and label the important parts of a hypothetical cell.
2. Enumerate the 2 major classes of cells
 Prokaryotic Cell – They don’t have nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles. They’re
all single called microorganisms.
 Eukaryotic Cell – They have organelles, which includes the nucleus, plus the other parts
are more advanced complex cells. Size of cells are between 10-100 in diameter.
3. Discuss the structure of the cell membrane and Enumerate

its functions.
Lipids is one of the main components of the cell membrane that makes up the cell’s structural
framework that has 2 subtypes which are Phospholipids that are amphipathic molecules (with
hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head), One of the phospholipid tails exist mostly in a trans
configuration, providing more fluidity to the membrane. Cholesterol works by preventing
phospholipids from being too closely packed thus preventing the cell membrane from becoming
stiff. While Proteins is the second major type of cell membrane, it has 2 subtypes which are
Integral Membrane Proteins, also called intrinsic proteins, they are permanently embedded
within the cell membrane. It is hydrophobic in nature. Peripheral Membrane Proteins, also
called extrinsic proteins, they are only temporarily associated with the membrane. Most
peripheral membrane proteins are hydrophilic. It is the least abundant component of the cell
membrane. Carbohydrates are found on the outside surface of cells that exists in either of the
following two forms, Glycoproteins, Proteins having carbohydrate chains attached to them.
They are embedded within the cell membrane and are important in cell-to-cell communications
and transport of substances across the membrane. Glycolipids: Lipids having carbohydrate
chains attached to them. They are located on the surface of the cell membrane, extending from
the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment. Glycolipids help to maintain
membrane stability and to facilitate cellular recognition and cell-to-cell communication.
 Contains the cell
 Regulates the traffic of molecules and substances in and out of the cell (semi-permeable
membrane)
 Protection and Cell Defense: Insulates the interior of the cell and provides mechanical
support from outside shock and harmful agents
 Maintaining Homeostasis: Determines the internal milieu of the cell, the physiological
conditions such as temperature and osmotic pressure by maintaining the salt balance
 Maintaining Concentration Gradient: Maintains the differences in concentration of
substances inside and outside the cell thus helping in their transport
 Signal Transduction: Receives and processes the extracellular signals by receptor
molecules present in the cell membrane and relay them inside the cell for necessary
actions
4. Classify the formed elements of the cytoplasm and give their
functions.
Cytosol - Suspends organelles and inclusions. also known as intracellular fluid,

The fluid portion of cytoplasm surrounding the organelles, Constitutes about 55% of total cell
volume. 75-90% water plus various dissolved and suspended components
Organelles - depends on the type; carry out specific functions for the cell as a whole to
maintaining its life. also known as little organs specialized structures within the cell that have
characteristic and shape and perform specific functions.
Inclusions - nonfunctioning units.
5. Discuss the nucleus and explain its immense functions.
Nucleus is the ‘headquarters’ or the control center of the cell, it contains DNA or genetic
material, also contains nucleolus. It is a large organelle that houses most of the cell’s DNA. In
addition to that, nucleus is the site of ribosome formation
 It contains the cell’s hereditary information and controls the cell’s growth and
reproduction.
 The nucleus has been clearly explained as a membrane-bound structure that comprises
the genetic material of a cell.
 It is not just a storage compartment for DNA, but also happens to be the home of some
important cellular processes.
 First and foremost, it is possible to duplicate one’s DNA in the nucleus. This process has
been named DNA Replication and produces an identical copy of the DNA.
 Producing two identical copies of the body or host is the first step in cell division, where
every new cell will get its own set of instructions.
 Secondly, the nucleus is the site of transcription. Transcription creates different types of
RNA from DNA. Transcription would be a lot like creating copies of individual pages of
the human body’s instructions which may be moved out and read by the rest of the cell.
 The central rule of biology states that DNA is copied into RNA, and then proteins.

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Name : Bianca Louise M.

Uy-oco Date : 9/16/2021

3. Discuss the structure of the cell membrane and Enumerate

 Contains the cell

Cytosol - Suspends organelles and inclusions. also known as intracellular fluid,

5. Discuss the nucleus and explain its immense functions.

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