PRAYER

P
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 PUSH YOURSELF
BEYOND THE LIMITS
TOPICS
GROUP 3:
BALDEVIESO, MELVIN PAUL
BASCO, BENJIE
CAMAGAN, JHOANA SHANE
CAOL-OLAN, JASPHER
ESLERA, JOHN STEPHEN
LENTORIO, CHARLENE
SIMBA, NOVEE JHIN
SIRA, VAL RYAN
OBJECTIVES

1. Explained the chemical nature and

described the nomenclature and structures
of lipids.

2. Gave the uses of waxes, fats, and oil.

3. Differentiated the structure of each lipid.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Carboxylic Acid - is an organic compound containing a carboxyl
functional group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-
COOH, where COOH refers to the carboxyl group, and R refers to the
rest of the molecule to which this group is attached.

Cetyl palmitate - a fatty acid ester, meaning it’s made from the
combination of a fatty acid with an alcohol.

Fatty Alcohol - are long chain primary alcohol derived from

derived from natural fats and oils.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Hydrophobic nature - refers to the property of a molecule or
substances that repels water.

Lipases - are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of fats and

lipoproteins into fatty acids and glycerol.

Myricyl palmitate - found in beeswax is the ester of palmitic acid and

myricyl alcohol.

Polymers - a substance that has a molecular structure consisting

chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together.
WHAT IS LIPID?
Are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes,
sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K),
monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
·These organic compounds are nonpolar molecules, which are
soluble ONLY in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in water because
water is a polar molecule.
These are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and O2 contents.
Lipids = fatty acids + glycerols
Although the term “lipid” is sometimes used as a synonym for fats, the
fats are a subgroup of lipids called triglycerides.
LIPIDS STRUCTURE
are the polymers of fatty acids that
contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon Fatty Acids is a long chain of
chain with a small polar region carboxylic acids that are the
containing oxygen. structural components of many lipids.
they are made from two molecules:
Glycerol and Fatty Acids. Long chain of carbon + carboxylic
acids.
A glycerol molecule is made
up of three carbon atoms FOR EXAMPLE: CH3(CH2)10COOH
with a hydroxyl group
attached to it and hydrogen
atoms occupying the
remaining positions. LAURIC ACID
LIPIDS STRUCTURE
They may be SATURATED or Unsaturated fatty acids, on the other
UNSATURATED. hand, do contain C=C bonds.

Saturated fatty acids if every possible bond Monounsaturated fatty acids

is made with a Hydrogen atom, such that have one C=C bond.
there exist no C=C bonds (single bond).

FOR EXAMPLE: CH3(CH2)16COOH.

STEARIC ACID OLEIC ACID

LIPIDS STRUCTURE
Polyunsaturated have more
than one C=C bond.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
Lipids can be classified according to their
hydrolysis products and according to
similarities in their molecular structures.

Three major subclasses are recognized:

Simple lipids, Compound lipids, and
LINOELIC ACID Derived lipids.
SIMPLE LIPIDS
1. WAXES, which yield fatty acids and The acids and alcohols normally
long-chain alcohols upon hydrolysis. found in waxes have chains of the
order of 12-34 carbon atoms in length.
2. FATS AND OILS, which yield fatty
acids and glycerol upon hydrolysis. Waxes are synthesized by many
animals and plants.

WAXES Waxes are widely used throughout the

world for a range of applications,
Wax is an ester of long-chain
including packaging, coatings,
alcohol (usually mono-hydroxy)
cosmetics, foods, adhesives, inks,
and a fatty acid.
castings, crayons, chewing gum,
polishes, and – of course – candles.
 BEESWAX has been one of the most
SOURCES OF WAX popular candle-making waxes for
centuries.

ANIMAL WAX esters are typically

derived from a variety of carboxylic
acids and fatty alcohols.

·The best known animal wax is

beeswax. A major component of The natural wax has a subtle honey
beeswax is the ester myricyl scent and signature golden color.
palmitate, which bees use for Beeswax candles have the longest
constructing honeycombs. burn time and produce a warm-
toned flame that doesn't give off
any smoke, benefiting both your
home and the environment.
SOURCES OF WAX
Spermaceti is also a wax that occurs Plant Waxes: Waxy coverings on some
in large amounts in the oil of a sperm leaves are used as protective
whale’s head. coatings.
One of its main constituents is cetyl
palmitate, an ester of a fatty acid
and fatty alcohol.

PLANT WAXES are derived from

mixtures of long-chain hydrocarbons
containing functional groups such as
alkanes, fatty acids, alcohols, diols,
ketones, and aldehydes.
SOURCES OF WAX CARNAUBA PALM TREE

Waxes are valuable to both plants

and animals because of their
hydrophobic nature. This makes
them water resistant, which prevents
water from sticking on surfaces.

CARNAUBA WAX, a vegetable wax

obtained from the fronds of the carnauba
palm (Copernicia prunifera) of Brazil. It is CARNAUBA
still common as a component of certain WAX
furniture, leather, car, and shoe polishes
and is used in cosmetics such as lipsticks.
USES OF WAX
EXAMPLES

Spermaceti candles Lip balm made Car polish made

made from Sperm of beeswax of carnauba wax
whale wax
FATS AND OILS
are the most abundant lipids in nature.
They provide energy for living
.
OILS
organisms, insulate body organs, and
transport fat-soluble vitamins through Oils are liquid at room
the blood. temperature.
Oils are UNSATURATED.
FATS Oils have low melting &
Fats are solid at room temperature. boiling point.
Fats are SATURATED.
Fats have high melting & boiling point.
STRUCTURE OF FAT AND OILS
Fats and oils are called triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) because they are
esters composed of three fatty acid units joined to glycerol, a trihydroxy
alcohol:
STRUCTURE OF FAT AND OILS

If all three OH groups

on the glycerol
molecule are esterified
with the same fatty
acid, the resulting
ester is called a
simple triglyceride.
STRUCTURE OF FAT AND OILS
A typical triglyceride obtained from A triglyceride is called a fat if it is a
naturally occurring fats and oils solid at 25°C; and it is called an oil if it
contains two or three different fatty is a liquid at that temperature. These
acid components and is thus termed a differences in melting points reflect
mixed triglyceride. differences in the degree of
unsaturation of the constituent fatty
acids.

TRIGLYCERIDE obtained from

animal sources are usually solids,
while those of plant origin are
generally oils.
REACTIONS OF FATS AND OILS
FATS and OILS gives following chemical reactions:

DRYING OF
HYDROLYSIS SAPONIFICATION
OILS

RANCIDITY HALOGENATION
REACTION OF FAT AND OILS
Fats and oils can participate in a variety of chemical reactions.
Triglycerides are easily hydrolyzed by enzymes called lipases
HYDROLYSIS (catalyst) in the digestive tracts of animals to give fatty acids
and glycerol.
REACTION OF FAT AND OILS
Fats and oils can participate in a variety of chemical reactions.
Saponification is simply the process of making soaps.
Generally, it occurs when triglycerides are reacted with potassium
SAPONIFICATION or sodium hydroxide (lye) to produce glycerol and fatty acid salt,
called ‘soap’.
 REACTION OF FAT AND OILS
Fats and oils can participate in a variety of chemical reactions.
H Unsaturated glycerides react with hydrogen in the presence of a
Y metal catalyst (usually nickel) to give saturated glycerides.
D This reaction in similar to the catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes.
R Here, the hydrogenation process saturates the double bonds present
O in fatty acids components of the glyceride, thereby converting them
G into saturated acids components.
E
The result is the transformation
N
A of liquid glyceride.
T
I
O
N
REACTION OF FAT AND OILS
Fats and oils can participate in a variety of chemical reactions.
Neutral fats containing unsaturated fatty acids have the
HALOGENATION ability of adding halogen at the double bond.
It is very important property to determine the degree of
unsaturation of the fats and oils that determine its biological
value.
 REACTION OF FAT AND OILS
Fats and oils can participate in a variety of chemical reactions.

DRYING OF OILS
When highly unsaturated oil are exposed
to air, they undergo oxidation and
polymerization to form a thin waterproof
film.
these oils are called a drying oil.
reaction and process are known as
drying.

FOR EXAMPLE: Linseed oil, which is rich in

Linolenic acid, is a common drying oil used
in oil based paints.
REACTION OF FAT AND OILS
Fats and oils can participate in a variety of chemical reactions.

RANCIDITY
The term rancid is applied to any fat or
oil that develops a disagreeable odour
when left exposed to warm, moist air for
any length of the time.
Rancidity is by hydrolysis of the ester
links and oxidation of double bonds of
the triglycerides.
The lower molecular weight acids that
that are produced are volatile and
impart an offensive odour to fat or oil.
THANK YOU!