AERO445 TURBOMACHINERY

AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES, part3 – WEEK7

Koray Sevinç, Ph.D.

Bu doküman ve ekleri sadece yollanan kişinin kullanımı içindir ve TEI’ye ait gizli ve/veya özel bilgi içerebilir. Herhangi bir izinsiz inceleme, kullanım veya dağıtım yasaktır. Eğer dokümanın yollandığı kişi değilseniz, lütfen gönderen kişiyle temasa geçin ve orjinal dokümanı tüm kopyaları ve varsa ekleri ile beraber yok
edin. Ayrıca bu dokümandaki ve/veya eklerindeki bilgiler uluslararası ihracat kontrol kurallarına tabi olabilir. Bu tip bilgiler öncelikle ilgili idari onaylar alınmadan yayınlanamaz ve üçüncü kişilerle paylaşılamaz.

UNCLASSIFIED
 AGENDA
AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF
TURBOMACHINES – Part3

 1D Flow with Friction & Losses

 Boundary Layer Concepts
 Reynolds Number and
Roughness Effects

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
Q1:
Air enters into an axial compressor at standard conditions with an axial velocity of 150m/s and 10deg preswirl . The
stage has a tip and hub radii of 560mm and 350mm respectively and it rotates at 8krpm. The air is turned by
15degrees and it flows thru the blade without any incidence/deviation.

Draw velocity diagrams at the inlet and exit, find all the flow angles and velocities at mean radius

Calculate mass flow rate, compressor work and PR with 90% isentropic efficiency

What would happen to work and PR if there was no preswirl and same 15deg rotation? Calculate and comment.

Assume γ=1.4, constant axial velocity thru the stage.

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
Q1: Gama
1.4
Gama-1 Gama+1
0.4 2.4
R
287
r_i
0.35
r_o
0.56
r_mean
0.455
N
8000 837.758
U [m/s]
381.2

Preswirl
Inlet
A A_vert V_ax alfa_1 V1 V1_teta W1_teta W1 beta_1 Pt Tt cp Ts Ps rho a mdot
0.600358 0.23382 150 10 152.314 26.44905 -354.7 385.1415 -67.0786 100000 288 1003 276.4 86632 1.09 333.2712 98.33551

M1 M1_rel XK
0.457027 1.15564 0.069387 Tt_rel
350.4049

Exit
A eff V_ax alfa_2 V2 V2_teta W2_teta W2 beta_2 Pt_2 Tt_2 cp delta_H delta_T a TR PR
0.600358 0.9 150 51.5 241.0119 188.6 -192.535 244.0694 -52.0786 185295.3 349.6653 61825.65 61.66527 358.9654 1.214116 1.85

Ts_2 Ps_2
320.6972 136903

Compressor Work
6079.656784 kW

No preswirl
Inlet
A A_vert V_ax alfa_1 V1 V1_teta W1_teta W1 beta_1 Pt Tt cp Ts Ps rho a mdot
0.600358 0.219841 150 0 150 0 -381.2 409.6317 -68.5196 100000 288 1003 276.8 87015 1.10 333.4814 98.64607

M1 M1_rel XK
0.4498 1.228349 0 Tt_rel
360.4606

Exit
A eff V_ax alfa_2 V2 V2_teta W2_teta W2 beta_2 Pt_2 Tt_2 cp delta_H delta_T a TR PR
0.600358 0.9 150 49.9 233.0204 178.3 -202.859 252.2927 -53.5196 195923.9 355.7962 67972.5 67.79617 363.4262 1.235403 1.96

Ts_2 Ps_2
328.7174 148512

Compressor Work
6705.219576 kW

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES

using isentropic relations and ideal gas law, it is expressed in terms of total conditions and Mach# (or pressure ratio)

Flow function based on total conditions

2 𝛾+1 ൗ
2𝛾 𝑃𝑠 ൗ𝛾 𝑃𝑠 𝛾
𝐹෡𝑓 𝑡 = −
𝛾 − 1 𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡

Max value is at M=1 (choking) and it is 0.6847 for γ=1.4

For a value of Fft there are two roots, one subsonic and other
supersonic, discriminated by pressure ratios.

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
For an isentropic flow, we know that the total pressure and total temperature remain constant in a variable-area duct. In a duct flow,
we can equate the mass flow rate at a give section of area A to that at the sonic throat area A∗(imaginary if it is outside the duct).

Acceleration in subsonic flow, FFt↗ A↘

Deceleration in subsonic flow, FFt↘ A ↗

Acceleration in supersonic flow, FFt↘ A ↗

Deceleration in supersonic flow, FFt↗ A↘

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
For an isentropic flow, we know that the total pressure and total temperature remain constant in a variable-area duct. In a duct flow,
we can equate the mass flow rate at a give section of area A to that at the sonic throat area A∗(imaginary if it is outside the duct).

Isentropic flows equations:

Astar is the area where Mach number reaches unity (flow is choked), no more mass flow can pass thru without changing incoming
flow conditions.

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
Generic 1D flow equation with area change, rotation, friction and heat transfer:

Nonlinear equation based on velocity/Mach#, numerical solution required. Considering one effect at a time;

1D flow equation with area

change

Nonlinear equation based on velocity/Mach#, numerical solution required. Considering one effect at a time;

1D flow equation with friction

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES

Friction decreases Pt due to entropy generation, which results in increase in ff and hence M.
entropy generation due to friction in
subsonic flow

• Pt ↘ Ff(M)↗, ps ↘

• Tt=ct (due to no heat or work) and as M ↗ Ts ↘

• ρt ↘ due to Pt ↘ and as M ↗ ρ ↘
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• Therefore velocity increases thru the pipe, when there is friction.

• If the pipe is long enough frictional choking can occur, M=1

• This flow is called Fanno flow.

entropy generation due to friction in supersonic flow

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES

When frictional choking occurs (M=1), starred quantities can be computed as follows:

f is friction factor = f(ReD, ε/D)

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
f is friction factor = f(ReD, ε/D)
• For laminar flow:

• f is friction factor = 64/ ReD

• When ReD>2500, transition takes place to

turbulence

• For turbulent flow:

1 𝜀ൗ
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐷 + 2.51
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑓

• Roughness increases friction more at high

turb. ReD than at low turb. ReD

Losses increase with • High ReD implies thinner boundary layers;

𝑓𝐿 1 • Friction factor
∆𝑃𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ൗ2 𝜌𝑉 2 𝛿 1 𝛿 1
𝐷 • Pipe length ≈ lam, ≈ turb
• Dynamic pressure 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥0.2

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES

TABLES and EQUATIONS are the same for 1D flow with friction

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
The generally recognised sources of loss in all turbomachinery are viscous losses on the profiles and end-walls, shock losses,
clearance losses and leakage losses, but these cannot always be clearly separated from each other.

𝑃𝑡1 − 𝑃𝑡2
𝜔= Loss coefficients for stators
𝑃𝑡1 − 𝑃𝑠1

𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙1 − 𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙2
𝜔= Loss coefficients for rotors
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙1 − 𝑃𝑠1

2𝜎 2𝜎
𝜔 = 0.007 ∗ 𝜔 = 0.007 ∗
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2
Empirical loss correlations function of solidity, 𝜎 = 𝑐Τ𝑠,
and exit angle

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
The generally recognised sources of loss in all turbomachinery are viscous losses on the profiles and end-walls, shock losses,
clearance losses and leakage losses, but these cannot always be clearly separated from each other.

B
poly.eff

2000k

200k

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES

• Boundary layers form around aerodynamic bodies as a result of friction and

no-slip condition

• They grow along the body as a result of momentum transfer in normal direction

• Usually they are thin compared to characteristic length of the body and don’t
deflect the streamlines outside

• They govern friction drag and heat transfer coeff.s

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES
Turbulent blayers are:

• more energetic compared to laminar ones due to

velocity fluctuations occurring at various time and
length scales

• more resistant to adverse pressure gradients and

separate harder

• are with more friction losses

Aerodynamic surfaces lose effectiveness when there

is significant separations

UNCLASSIFIED
 AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF TURBOMACHINES

UNCLASSIFIED
 COURSE REFERENCES
• Turbomachinery Course Notes’23: Erdem E.
• Propulsion and Power: Kurzke J., Halliwell I.
• Gas Turbine Theory: Saravanamuttoo H.
• Principles of Turbomachinery in Air-Breathing Engines: Baskharone E. A.
• Modern Compressible Flow: Anderson J.
• Axial&Radial Compressors: Aungier
• Turbine Aerodynamics: Aungier
• Gas Turbines Internal Flow Systems: Sultanian B.

UNCLASSIFIED
 TEŞEKKÜRLER
UNCLASSIFIED