Department of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, UPM

Course: Mechanical Engineering Laboratory I

Course Code: EMM3822

Session: Semester 1 (2022/2023)

Lab Title: BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

Group No.: B3

Group Members:
Name Matric No.

AHMAD DANISH AQIL BIN AHMAD FAIROS 211562

MUHAMAD AZIZI BIN JAMSARI 211701

KIRTHIRAJ A/L SIVASELVAM 211948

MUHAMMAD AZIM HILMAN BIN RESYIDI 211997

SYAZLEEN NOOR BINTI SHAHMAN 212134

Submission date of report: 28/12/2022

Lecturer Name: Associate Professor Dr. Eris Elianddy bin Supeni
 Abstract

The Venturi effect illustrates how a fluid's flow rate alters as it enters a narrowed channel in an

enclosed system. Bernoulli's principle can be used to explain this variation in fluid flow rate

along a conduit. The Bernoulli equation and the Venturi effect both make claims regarding the

conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Through conservation laws, the Venturi effect

and Bernoulli's principle are connected. The fluid level of the manometer will be measured

after it was stabilized and the volume flow rate can be measured after the water outlet in the

hydraulic bench was closed. The time for 5 liter fluid volume will be taken. In the end of the

experiment, students should be able to measure the volume flow rate of the water by venturi

meter and determine the discharge coefficient of venturi meter

Introduction

For many years, the discharge or flow along a pipe has been measured using the Venturi meter,

a device. The fluid running through the pipe is directed through a contraction section to a throat,

which has a smaller cross-sectional area than the pipe and a greater velocity than the pipe itself.

Due to the fact that this rise in velocity is followed by a reduction in pressure, the size of which

is dependent upon the rate of flow, it is possible to determine the discharge by measuring the

pressure drop. To recover as much kinetic energy as possible, the fluid is decelerated beyond

the throat in a pipe with slowly diverging sections, also referred to as a diffuser. According to

Bernoulli's principle, hurricane-related window explosions are more common than implosions.

Hurricanes cause the air outside the window to move at a very rapid pace, resulting in lower

air pressure than inside where the air is stationary. The conflicting pressures cause the windows

to thrust outward and burst. That is why during a storm it is best to leave all windows open.
The objective of this experiment is to determine the discharge coefficient (Cd) of the venturi

meter and to measure the volume flow rate using the venturi meter. The implementation of

Bernoulli's principle in calculating fluid flow rate is another illustration. Reduce the diameter

of the flow by using tools like venturi meters or orifice plates, which may be inserted into a

pipeline. Since the fluid flow speed will rise due to the reduction in diameter, Bernoulli's law

states that the pressure must also drop. According to Daniel Bernoulli's book, "the pressure

within a moving fluid (liquid or gas) falls as the fluid's speed rises. In 1738, he developed this

idea and published it in his book Hydrodynamica. The hypothesis of water flowing down a

tube and out of a hole in a container, which explained the hydronomic pressure, is described in

the book.
 Materials And Methods

Figure 4.1: Arrangement of venturi meter apparatus

Apparatus: Hydraulic bench, stopwatch, and venturi meter.

Procedure:

1. The discharge valve was adjusted to the maximum measurable flow rate of the venturi

meter.

2. The fluid level of the manometer was recorded after the fluid level stabilized.

3. The water outlet in the hydraulic bench was closed and the volume flow rate of the fluid

was measured.

4. Time taken of 5 liters fluid volume was recorded by using a stopwatch.

5. Step 1 to step 4 was repeated three times with decreasing flow by regulating the venturi

discharge valve.
 Results and Analysis

Figure 1 shows the graph of Qe against Qt

Data analysis

Experimental Cd = 0.8904
Theoretical Cd is between the range from 0.90 to 0.99.
 Discussion

In order to test the validity of Bernoulli's Theorem when applied to the steady flow of water in

a tapering duct and to measure the flow rates and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid

convergent or divergent tube of geometry for a range of steady flow rates, the experiment was

carried out. According to the Bernoulli principle in fluid dynamics, an increase in the fluid's

speed happens simultaneously with a drop in either the pressure or the fluid's potential energy

for a viscous flow.

From table 1, we obtained the results of different heights of manometer reading when

the volume flow rate is reduced. There were four readings taken at various volume flow rates.

We consider the height of each tube from A to F. However, for the calculation, we mainly focus

on the height of the manometer from tube A and tube C. For the first volume flow rate which

was set high, the manometer readings from tube A and C are 290 mm and 6 mm respectively.

When the flow rate is reduced, the time taken to fill the 5 liters fluid volume increases which

indicates the decrease in the volume flow rate. We decrease the volume flow rate based on the

different height of the manometer for tube A starting from 290 mm and then decreasing by 30

mm for every next reading. Finally, we obtained the fourth reading that shows the manometer

reading for tube A and tube C which are 200 mm and 65 mm respectively.

For table 2, we have to do calculations using the Bernoulli equation and other equations

derived from it. Firstly, we obtain the experiment volume flow rate from the volumetric

method. Then, theoretical volume rate is calculated using manometer reading from h1 and h3

using the derived equation. We calculated the percentage of error between the experiment flow

rate and actual flow rate using the equation shown in table 2. Use the following formula to

determine the error: error = | (Qe-Qa)/Qa |*100%. Allbthe calculated flow rates are bigger than
Qe, per the data, but if the calculated flow rates were computed using the ideal discharge

coefficient, the Qa would be smaller.

A graph is plotted using these values (QT and QE ) and Coefficient of discharge (Cd) is

determined from the slope. The Cd value obtained from the graph is 0.8094. Therefore, the

inaccuracy in the Cd calculation was where the error in the flow rate estimate came from.The

theoretical range obtained for coefficient of discharge has the range between 0.90 and 0.99.

There are few reasons why errors generated in this experiment. Another error comes from the

leaking of the machine and not only the tube but also the pump. The error of the

manometer reading and the measure of flow rate Qe, according to the data of the result, is

that different Qe have the same hA-hC which is impossible in real life. There are possibilities

where there are some bubbles present in the plastic transfer tube that affect the manometer

reading. In order to reduce these errors, we have to check the function of the device carefully

before starting the experiment and make sure that the air bubbles escape from the pipe. We

may also record five different times then use the average time to measure the flow rate Qe.

Hence, we can conclude that the Cd from the slope is not within the range of the

theoretical value but close to theoretical range. The coefficient of discharge should always be

less than 1 because in any experiment we cannot end up with more energy than we started with.

The discharge coefficient can be thought of as a correction factor for real flow meter devices.

Another reason for the coefficient of discharge is less than 1 is due to the effect of surface

tension and friction from the external fluid. Therefore, we can accept the experimental results

because each data corresponds to the theoretical values accordingly which are the coefficient

of discharge and the volume flow rate measured using the venturi meter.
 In the Continuity equation part, the error comes from the calculation of Qe. The error

of Qe is due to the reading and the time measure. Using the average time to calculate Qe can

decrease the amount of error. Activity the error of the Continuity equation part should be less

than the Bernoulli equation part if the Qe is calculated by the average time, the Qe would

become almost the same with the ideal flow rate. However there still have those error in the

manometers reading of h1 and h3, which make the Bernoulli equation part more inaccurate
 Literature Cited

1. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2022). Bernoulli’s Theorem | Definition,

Derivation, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis-theorem

2. Cadence, CFD., (2022). The Venturi Effect and Bernoulli’s Principle.

https://resources.system-analysis.cadence.com/blog/msa2022-the-venturi-
effect-and-bernoullis-principle

3. Baumann, R.; Schwaneberg, R.(1994): Interpretation of Bernoulli's Equation

The Physics Teacher, Vol. 32, , pp. 478 – 488

4. Mansfield, M; O’Sullivan, C. (1998). Understanding Physics, Chichester, New

York
Appendices