Chapter 8 The Periodic Table

4
3 Potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride, KCl.
(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Potassium chloride is an ionic compound.
Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of the ions present
in potassium chloride.
Give the charges on both ions.
........ ........
K Cl
[3]
(c) Molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.
(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii)
Name the products formed at the positive electrode (anode) and negative electrode
(cathode) when molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.
anode ...................................................................................................................................
cathode ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Concentrated aqueous potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.
(i) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Name the product formed at the positive electrode (anode).
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Name the potassium compound that remains in the solution after electrolysis.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
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5
(e) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
chlorine, Cl 2.
Show the outer electrons only.
Cl Cl
[1]
(f) The melting points and boiling points of chlorine and potassium chloride are shown.
melting point boiling point

/ °C / °C
chlorine –101 –35
potassium chloride 770 1500
(i) Deduce the physical state of chlorine at –75 °C. Use the data in the table to explain your
answer.
physical state .......................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why potassium chloride has a much higher
melting point than chlorine.
Your answer should refer to the:

● types of particle held together by the forces of attraction
● types of forces of attraction between particles
● relative strength of the forces of attraction.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 19]
© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21 [Turn over

4
3 Sodium reacts with fluorine to form sodium fluoride, NaF.
(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound.
Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of the ions present
in sodium fluoride.
Give the charges on both ions.
........ ........
Na F
[3]
(c) Aqueous sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.
(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) ame the products formed at the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode
N
(cathode) when dilute aqueous sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.
anode ...................................................................................................................................
cathode ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Molten sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.
(i) ame the products formed at the positive electrode (anode) and the negative electrode
N
(cathode) when molten sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.
anode ...................................................................................................................................
cathode ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
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5
(e) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
fluorine, F2.
Show the outer electrons only.
F F
[1]
(f) The melting points and boiling points of fluorine and sodium fluoride are shown.
melting point boiling point

/ °C / °C
fluorine –220 –188
sodium fluoride 993 1695
(i) Deduce the physical state of fluorine at –195 °C. Use the data in the table to explain your
answer.
physical state .......................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why sodium fluoride has a much higher melting
point than fluorine.
Your answer should refer to the:

● types of particle held together by the forces of attraction
● types of forces of attraction between particles
● relative strength of the forces of attraction.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 18]

9
5 Iron is a transition element. Potassium is a Group I element.
(a) Iron and potassium have the same type of bonding.
Name and describe the type of bonding in these two elements.
name ...........................................................................................................................................
description ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Transition elements and Group I elements have some similar physical properties.
They can both:
● e hammered into a shape

b
● conduct electricity
● be stretched into wires.
(i) Name the term used to describe the ability of elements to be hammered into a shape.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Describe what happens to the particles in iron when it is hammered into a shape.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Suggest why copper, rather than other transition elements, is used for wires which conduct
electricity.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) Transition elements are harder and stronger than Group I elements.
Describe how two other physical properties of transition elements are different from those of
Group I elements.
1 ..................................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]
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10
(d) Chemical properties of some Group I elements are shown in the table.
flame test
element reaction with cold water reaction with oxygen
colour
● steadily effervesces
lithium very slowly forms an oxide layer red
● forms a colourless solution
● strongly effervesces
sodium slowly forms an oxide layer
● v ery strongly effervesces
potassium quickly forms an oxide layer
rubidium ruby red
(i) Add to the table:
● the flame test colours for sodium and potassium

● the predicted reactions of rubidium with water and with oxygen.
[4]
(ii) Name the gas produced when Group I elements react with water.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Name the solution formed when potassium reacts with water.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Predict the pH of the colourless solution formed when potassium reacts with water.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(v) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of sodium with oxygen.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(e) Iron is a typical transition element. It is the catalyst used in the Haber process.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs in the Haber process.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the temperature and pressure used in the Haber process. Include units.
temperature .........................................................................................................................
pressure ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 22]
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12
7 The Periodic Table can be used to classify elements.
(a) Group I elements react with cold water to form alkaline solutions.
(i) Place the Group I elements caesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium and sodium in their
order of reactivity with water.
Put the most reactive element first.
most reactive least reactive
[1]
(ii) Name the alkaline solution formed when caesium reacts with cold water.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Group I elements have lower melting points than transition elements.
Describe one other difference in the physical properties of Group I elements and transition
elements.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Group VII elements are known as the halogens.
Astatine is below iodine in Group VII.
Predict the physical state of astatine at room temperature and pressure.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Some Group VII elements react with aqueous solutions containing halide ions.
When aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous potassium bromide a reaction occurs.
The ionic half-equations for the reaction are shown.
Cl 2(aq) + 2e– → 2Cl –(aq)
2Br –(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2e–
(i) Describe the colour change of the solution.
original colour of potassium bromide solution .....................................................................
final colour of reaction mixture .............................................................................................

[2]
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13
(ii) Identify the species that is oxidised.
Explain your decision.
species oxidised ..................................................................................................................
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) Bromine monochloride, BrCl, is made by the reaction between bromine and chlorine. The
chemical equation is shown.
Br2(g) + Cl 2(g) → 2BrCl (g)
bond bond energy in kJ / mol

Br–Br 190
Cl –Cl 242
Br–Cl 218
Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction using bond energies.
Use the following steps.
● alculate the total amount of energy required to break the bonds in 1 mole of Br2(g) and
C
1 mole of Cl 2(g).
.............................. kJ
● alculate the total amount of energy released when the bonds in 2 moles of BrCl (g) are
C
formed.
.............................. kJ
● Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.
.............................. kJ / mol
[3]
[Total: 11]

6
3 Transition elements are found in the middle block of the Periodic Table.
(a) Chromium has several isotopes. Manganese has only one isotope.
(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the nucleon number of manganese.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a 24
52
Cr3+ ion.
protons neutrons electrons
[3]
(b) One chemical property of transition elements is that they form coloured compounds.
(i) Give the colours of the following hydrated salts.
● hydrated copper(II) sulfate ��
● hydrated cobalt(II) chloride ��

[2]
(ii) State two other chemical properties of transition elements.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) T
ransition elements and Group I elements are metals. They share many physical properties
including the ability to:
● conduct electricity
● be hammered into shape.
(i) Explain why transition elements and Group I elements conduct electricity.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the property that describes a material which can be hammered into shape.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
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7
(d) Transition elements and Group I elements differ in other physical properties. Transition
elements are harder and stronger than Group I elements.
Describe two other ways in which the physical properties of transition elements differ from
Group I elements.
1 ..................................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 14]

8
4 Fluorine and chlorine are halogens.
(a) Suggest the appearance of fluorine.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fluorine reacts with sulfur to form a compound which has 25.2% sulfur by mass and a relative
molecular mass of 254.
Determine the molecular formula of this compound.
molecular formula = .............................. [3]
(c) Nitrogen trichloride, NCl 3, is a covalent compound.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of NCl 3.
Show outer electrons only.
Cl N Cl
Cl
[3]
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9
(d) Lithium chloride, LiCl, is an ionic compound.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the
ions in lithium chloride.
..... .....
Li Cl
[3]
(e) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why LiCl is a solid at room temperature
but NCl 3 is a liquid with a relatively low boiling point.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 13]

12
6 The Periodic Table can be used to classify elements.
(a) The Group I metals react with cold water. Transition elements do not react with cold water.
(i) Describe two other differences in the chemical properties between Group I metals and
transition elements.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe the observations when potassium is added to cold water. Write a balanced
equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.
observations ........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
equation ...............................................................................................................................
[5]
(b) Transition elements are stronger than Group I metals.
Describe two other differences in the physical properties of Group I metals and transition
elements.
1 ..................................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Some Group VII elements react with aqueous solutions containing halide ions.
When aqueous bromine is added to aqueous potassium iodide a reaction occurs.
The ionic half-equations for the reaction are shown.
Br2(aq) + 2e– → 2Br –(aq)
2I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2e–
(i) Describe the colour change of the solution.
original colour of potassium iodide solution .........................................................................
final colour of reaction mixture .............................................................................................

[2]
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13
(ii) State the name of the general term given to the type of reaction in which electrons are
transferred from one species to another.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Identify the oxidising agent in this reaction. Give a reason for your answer.
oxidising agent .....................................................................................................................
reason ..................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Use the key to complete the table to show the results of adding aqueous halogens to aqueous
solutions of halides. One has been completed for you.
halides
KCl (aq) KBr(aq) KI(aq)
Cl 2(aq) key
✓ = reaction
✗ = no reaction
halogens Br2(aq) ✓
I2(aq)
[2]
[Total: 16]

3
2 Potassium is a Group I element.
(a) Name and describe the bonding in potassium.
name ...........................................................................................................................................
description ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Potassium combines with sulfur to form an ionic compound, potassium sulfide, K2S.
(i) Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.
1 ...........................................................................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of
the ions in potassium sulfide.
....... .......
K S
.......
[3]

4
(c) When potassium is added to water, it reacts vigorously and a coloured flame is seen.
The equation for the reaction is shown.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
(i) State the colour of the flame seen.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The solution formed is potassium hydroxide, a strong alkali.
State the formula of the ion responsible for alkalinity in a solution.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State the colour of litmus in a strong alkali.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of hydrogen gas formed when 2.34 g of potassium is added
to excess water at room temperature and pressure.
● Calculate the number of moles of potassium added.
= .............................. mol
● Determine the number of moles of hydrogen gas formed.
= .............................. mol
● Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas formed.
volume = .............................. cm3

[3]
© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

5
(d) Aqueous potassium hydroxide reacts with a dilute acid to produce aqueous potassium chloride,
KCl (aq), which is a salt.
(i) Name the dilute acid used.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State the type of reaction taking place.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Name the experimental technique used when salts are made by reacting a dilute acid with
an aqueous alkali.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(e) When aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), is added to aqueous potassium chloride, a precipitate
is formed.
(i) State the colour of the precipitate formed.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Name the precipitate formed.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 23]

3
2 Sodium is a reactive metal.
(a) Suggest why sodium is stored under oil.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Sodium burns in air to form sodium oxide, Na2O.
(i) State the term given to a reaction in which a substance burns.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the colour of the flame seen when sodium burns.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) rite a chemical equation for the reaction which takes place when sodium burns in air to
W
form sodium oxide.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of
the ions in sodium oxide.
....... .......
Na O
.......
Na
[3]

4
(c) S
odium reacts vigorously with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH, which is a
strong base.
(i) Explain in terms of proton transfer what is meant by a base.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State a pH number that indicates the presence of a strong alkali.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State the colour of methyl orange in aqueous sodium hydroxide.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) The equation for the reaction is shown.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
alculate the concentration of NaOH(aq) formed, in g / dm3, when 0.345 g of sodium is

C
added to 50.0 cm3 of distilled water. Assume there is no change in volume.
● Calculate the number of moles of Na added.
= .............................. mol
● Determine the number of moles of NaOH formed.
= .............................. mol
● Calculate the concentration of NaOH in mol / dm3.
concentration of NaOH = .............................. mol / dm3
● Determine the Mr of NaOH and calculate the concentration of NaOH in g / dm3.
concentration of NaOH = .............................. g / dm3

[5]
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5
(d) When NaOH(aq) is added to aqueous iron(III) chloride, FeCl 3(aq), a solid product is formed.
(i) Name the type of reaction where a solid is formed from two solutions.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the colour of this solid product.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name this solid product.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 22]

4
2 Lithium, sodium and potassium are Group I elements.
(a) Name the type of bonding in these elements.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Sodium reacts with cold water to form hydrogen gas and a solution of a strong alkali.
(i) State the test for hydrogen gas.
test .......................................................................................................................................
positive result .......................................................................................................................

[1]
(ii) Suggest the pH of a solution of a strong alkali.
pH = .............................. [1]
(iii) Name a substance which can be used to confirm the pH of a solution of a strong alkali.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Write the symbol equation for the reaction between sodium and cold water.
Include state symbols.
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(c) Lithium has two naturally occurring types of atoms, 6Li and 7Li.
(i) State the name given to atoms of the same element with different nucleon numbers.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Complete Table 2.1 to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom
and ion of lithium shown.
Table 2.1
6
Li 7
Li+
protons
neutrons
electrons
[3]
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5
(iii) Table 2.2 shows the relative abundance of the two naturally occurring atoms of lithium.
Table 2.2
atom 6
Li 7
Li
relative abundance 10% 90%
Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium to one decimal place.
relative atomic mass = .............................. [2]
(d) Potassium oxide, K2O, is an ionic compound.
Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the electronic configurations of the ions in potassium oxide.
Show the charges on the ions.
...... ...... ......
K O K
Fig. 2.1
[3]
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2023 0620/42/F/M/23 [Turn over

4
2 The elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table are known as the halogens. Halogens can form
halide ions.
(a) Identify the halogen with the lowest density at r.t.p. (room temperature and pressure).
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the appearance of bromine at r.t.p.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Use the Periodic Table to:
● give the symbol of the halogen with the highest atomic number
.....................................................................................................................................................
● deduce the number of occupied electron shells in an atom of this element.
.....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Bromine molecules have covalent bonding.
(i) State what is meant by the term covalent bond.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Name one halide ion which bromine molecules can displace.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Explain why bromine can displace the halide ion in (d)(ii).
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(e) Name a halide compound which can be used to detect the presence of water.
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
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5
(f) Calcium chloride is an ionic compound.
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 2.1 for the ions in calcium chloride.
Give the charges on each of the ions.
...... ...... ......
Cl Ca Cl
Fig. 2.1
[3]
(g) Aqueous lead(II) ions are added to aqueous chloride ions. A white precipitate of insoluble
lead(II) chloride, PbCl 2, is formed.
(i) Name a lead(II) compound which can be used in this reaction.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Write the ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(iii) Name one other insoluble chloride.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2024 0620/42/F/M/24 [Turn over

Chapter 8 The Periodic Table

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4

3 Potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride, KCl.

(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

(b) Potassium chloride is an ionic compound.

Give the charges on both ions.

(c) Molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.

(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

(d) Concentrated aqueous potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.

(ii) Name the product formed at the positive electrode (anode).

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21

melting point boiling point

physical state .......................................................................................................................

Your answer should refer to the:

© UCLES 2021 0620/41/M/J/21 [Turn over

3 Sodium reacts with fluorine to form sodium fluoride, NaF.

(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

(b) Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound.

Give the charges on both ions.

(c) Aqueous sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.

(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

(d) Molten sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/M/J/21

melting point boiling point

physical state .......................................................................................................................

Your answer should refer to the:

© UCLES 2021 0620/43/M/J/21 [Turn over

5 Iron is a transition element. Potassium is a Group I element.

(a) Iron and potassium have the same type of bonding.

Name and describe the type of bonding in these two elements.

They can both:

●  e hammered into a shape

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21 [Turn over

rubidium ruby red

(i) Add to the table:

● the flame test colours for sodium and potassium

© UCLES 2021 0620/42/O/N/21

7 The Periodic Table can be used to classify elements.

Put the most reactive element first.

most reactive least reactive

(c) Group VII elements are known as the halogens.

Astatine is below iodine in Group VII.

Predict the physical state of astatine at room temperature and pressure.

When aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous potassium bromide a reaction occurs.

The ionic half-equations for the reaction are shown.

Cl 2(aq) + 2e– → 2Cl –(aq)

2Br –(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2e–

(i) Describe the colour change of the solution.

original colour of potassium bromide solution .....................................................................

final colour of reaction mixture .............................................................................................

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/M/J/22

(ii) Identify the species that is oxidised.

Explain your decision.

species oxidised ..................................................................................................................

Br2(g) + Cl 2(g) → 2BrCl (g)

bond bond energy in kJ / mol

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.

3 Potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride, KCl.

(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

(b) Potassium chloride is an ionic compound.

Give the charges on both ions.

(c) Molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.

(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

(d) Concentrated aqueous potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis.

(ii) Name the product formed at the positive electrode (anode).

Your answer should refer to the:

3 Sodium reacts with fluorine to form sodium fluoride, NaF.

(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

(b) Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound.

Give the charges on both ions.

(c) Aqueous sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.

(i) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

(d) Molten sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.

Your answer should refer to the:

5 Iron is a transition element. Potassium is a Group I element.

(a) Iron and potassium have the same type of bonding.

Name and describe the type of bonding in these two elements.

They can both:

● e hammered into a shape

(i) Add to the table:

● the flame test colours for sodium and potassium

7 The Periodic Table can be used to classify elements.

Put the most reactive element first.

(c) Group VII elements are known as the halogens.

Astatine is below iodine in Group VII.

Predict the physical state of astatine at room temperature and pressure.

When aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous potassium bromide a reaction occurs.

The ionic half-equations for the reaction are shown.

(i) Describe the colour change of the solution.

(ii) Identify the species that is oxidised.

Explain your decision.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.

(ii) State the nucleon number of manganese.

(i) Give the colours of the following hydrated salts.

(ii) State two other chemical properties of transition elements.

4 Fluorine and chlorine are halogens.

(a) Suggest the appearance of fluorine.

Determine the molecular formula of this compound.

molecular formula = .............................. [3]

(c) Nitrogen trichloride, NCl 3, is a covalent compound.

Show outer electrons only.

(d) Lithium chloride, LiCl, is an ionic compound.

6 The Periodic Table can be used to classify elements.

(b) Transition elements are stronger than Group I metals.

When aqueous bromine is added to aqueous potassium iodide a reaction occurs.

The ionic half-equations for the reaction are shown.

(i) Describe the colour change of the solution.

2 Potassium is a Group I element.

(a) Name and describe the bonding in potassium.

(i) Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.

(i) State the colour of the flame seen.

(ii) The solution formed is potassium hydroxide, a strong alkali.

State the formula of the ion responsible for alkalinity in a solution.

(iii) State the colour of litmus in a strong alkali.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of potassium added.

● Determine the number of moles of hydrogen gas formed.

● Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas formed.

volume = .............................. cm3

(i) Name the dilute acid used.

(ii) State the type of reaction taking place.

(i) State the colour of the precipitate formed.

(ii) Name the precipitate formed.

2 Sodium is a reactive metal.

(a) Suggest why sodium is stored under oil.

(b) Sodium burns in air to form sodium oxide, Na2O.

(i) State the term given to a reaction in which a substance burns.

(i) Explain in terms of proton transfer what is meant by a base.

(ii) State a pH number that indicates the presence of a strong alkali.

(iii) State the colour of methyl orange in aqueous sodium hydroxide.

(iv) The equation for the reaction is shown.

alculate the concentration of NaOH(aq) formed, in g / dm3, when 0.345 g of sodium is

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of Na added.

● Determine the number of moles of NaOH formed.