2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 The rate of chemical reactions is affected by changes in temperature and pressure.

(a) (i) Draw a curve on the axes to show the Boltzmann distribution of energy of particles in a
sample of gaseous krypton atoms at a given temperature.

Label the curve T1 and label the axes.

[2]

(ii) On the diagram in (a)(i), draw a second curve to show the distribution of energies of the
krypton atoms at a higher temperature.

Label the second curve T2. [1]

(b) The Boltzmann distribution assumes that the particles behave as an ideal gas.

(i) State two assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) 2.00 g of krypton gas, Kr(g), is placed in a sealed 5.00 dm3 container at 120 °C.

Calculate the pressure, in Pa, of Kr(g) in the container.

Assume Kr(g) behaves as an ideal gas.

Show your working.

pressure = ........................................ Pa [3]

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(iii) State and explain the conditions at which krypton behaves most like an ideal gas.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Krypton reacts with fluorine in the presence of ultraviolet light to make krypton difluoride,
KrF2(g).

Kr(g) + F2(g) → KrF2(g)

activation energy for the reaction, Ea = +385 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of formation of KrF2, ∆Hf = +60.2 kJ mol–1

(i) Use this information to complete the reaction profile diagram for the formation of KrF2.
Label Ea and ∆Hf on the diagram.

Assume the reaction proceeds in one step.

energy reactants
/ kJ mol–1

progress of reaction
[2]

(ii) Explain, in terms of activation energy, Ea, and the collision of particles, how an increase in
temperature affects the rate of a chemical reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 14]

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2 Chlorine, Cl 2, is a reactive yellow-green gas. It is a strong oxidising agent.

(a) State how Cl 2 is used in water purification.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Chlorine has the highest first ionisation energy of the Period 3 elements Na to Cl.

(i) Construct an equation for the first ionisation energy of chlorine.

Include state symbols.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain the general increase in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) The halide ions, X– (where X = Cl, Br, I), show clear trends in their physical and chemical
properties.

(i) State and explain the relative thermal stabilities of the hydrogen halides, HX.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

The halide ions react easily with concentrated H2SO4.

The main sulfur-containing product of each reaction is shown in the table.

halide ion Cl – Br – I–

main sulfur-containing product of

HSO4– SO2 H 2S
reaction with concentrated H2SO4

oxidation number of sulfur

(ii) Complete the table to show the oxidation number of sulfur in each of the sulfur-containing
products. [1]

(iii) Explain why different sulfur-containing products are produced when each of these halide
ions reacts with concentrated H2SO4.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Cl 2 reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide in a disproportionation reaction.

(i) State what is meant by disproportionation.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of Cl 2 with cold aqueous sodium hydroxide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(e) Aluminium reacts with chlorine to form aluminium chloride.

Aluminium chloride can exist as the gaseous molecule Al 2Cl 6(g). This molecule contains
coordinate bonds.

(i) Draw a diagram that clearly shows all the types of bond present in Al 2Cl 6(g).

[2]

(ii) Describe what you would see when solid aluminium chloride reacts with water.

Name the type of reaction that occurs.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(f) 0.020 mol of element Z reacts with excess Cl 2 to form 0.020 mol of a liquid chloride.

The liquid chloride has formula ZCl n, where n is an integer.

ZCl n reacts vigorously with water at room temperature to give an acidic solution and a white
solid.

When excess AgNO3(aq) is added to the solution, 11.54 g of AgCl (s) forms.

(i) Suggest the type of bonding and structure shown by ZCl n.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the value of n in ZCl n.

n = .............................. [2]

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(g) Dichloromethane, CH2Cl 2, is widely used as an organic solvent.

CH2Cl 2 can be prepared by reacting CH3Cl and Cl 2 at room temperature.

The reaction proceeds via several steps, as shown.

initiation
Cl 2 2Cl •

propagation 1
Cl • + CH3Cl HCl + •CH2Cl

propagation 2
Cl 2 + •CH2Cl products

final step
Cl • + •CH2Cl CH2Cl 2

(i) Give the name of the mechanism of this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the essential condition required for the initiation step to take place.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Give the electronic configuration of Cl •.

1s2 ................................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Identify the products of the step labelled propagation 2.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Name the type of reaction shown in the final step.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(vi) Suggest the identity of another organic molecule that is a product of the reaction of CH3Cl
and Cl 2 under the same conditions.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 23]

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3 Compounds P, Q and R have all been found in the atmosphere of one of Saturn’s moons.

P Q R
H H

N C C C C N H C C C N C C

H C

(a) The equation for the complete combustion of P, C4N2(l), is shown.

C4N2(l) + 4O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + N2(g) ∆H = –2036 kJ mol–1

(i) The enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf, of CO2(g) is –384 kJ mol–1.

Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf, of P, in kJ mol–1.

∆Hf of P = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(ii) One of the products of the complete combustion of P is nitrogen gas, N2(g).

Explain the lack of reactivity of nitrogen.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) Q forms when HCN reacts with ethyne, H C C H.

(i) Ethyne, HCN and Q are all weak Brønsted–Lowry acids.

Explain what is meant by the term weak Brønsted–Lowry acid.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Ethyne, HCN and Q all contain triple bonds between two atoms.

A triple bond consists of one sigma (σ) and two pi (π) bonds.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the formation of one pi (π) bond.

[2]

(c) P and Q can be detected in the atmosphere by infrared spectroscopy.

Identify two absorptions, and the bonds that correspond to these absorptions, that will appear
in the infrared spectra of both P and Q.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(d) The flow chart shows some reactions of R.

R
H H H H dilute H2SO4(aq)
heat under reflux
C C C C S
reaction 1 reaction 2
H C H C
N
N

reaction 3 H2(g)

T
CH3CH2CH2NH2

(i) Name the type of reaction shown in reaction 1.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw the structure of S, the organic product of reaction 2.

[1]

(iii) Name T.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) T can also be formed by the reaction of CH3CH2CH2Br with ammonia.

State the necessary conditions of this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 13]

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4 Hydroxyethanal, HOCH2CHO, has been observed in dust clouds near the centre of our galaxy.

hydroxyethanal

H O
HO C C

H H

(a) Predict the bond angles labelled x and y in the diagram of hydroxyethanal.

H O
x
HO C C y

H H

x = ..............................°

y = ..............................°
[2]

(b) Hydroxyethanal reacts separately with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) and with Tollens’
reagent.

State what you would observe in each reaction.

reaction with 2,4-DNPH .............................................................................................................

reaction with Tollens’ reagent ....................................................................................................

[2]

(c) Hydroxyethanal is converted to ethanedioic acid, (CO2H)2, when it reacts with excess acidified
dichromate(VI) ions, Cr2O72–.

(i) State the role of acidified Cr2O72– in this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State and explain any other necessary conditions for this reaction to be successful.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) Hydroxyethanal can be reduced to ethane-1,2-diol, (CH2OH)2, as shown.

hydroxyethanal ethane-1,2-diol

H O H H
[H]
HO C C HO C C OH

H H H H

(i) Write an equation for the reduction of hydroxyethanal to (CH2OH)2.

Use [H] to represent an atom of hydrogen from the reducing agent.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Identify a reagent for this reduction reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) (CH2OH)2 also forms when an alkene A reacts with cold, dilute, acidified manganate(VII)
ions.

Name A.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

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