D & F Block

In One Shot
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY OM PANDEY , IIT-Delhi
Topics
1 Complete Chapter

Colour + Magnetic Property + CuSO4.5H2O

 He
H
B C N O F Ne
Li Be

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te l Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
D Block Elements

ScYLa Ac Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Tina Zor Haaf Rafi* Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Voh Nabab Tha Dabangg
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Crying Moti Wife
Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
Maan Tac* Rekha
Fer* Rouya Osama
Con* Rahega Iran
Nahi Padoge Pitoge
Cyu Aage Aau
Zindagi Cadbury Hogyi
 Science Ticher Very Cruel Mange Fees Copy Niha Cukkar Zinbaad

3d Series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Yari Zara Nibhana Maut Tac Rukawat Rah Pade Aag Cudo
4d Series Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

La HafTa Warna Re Osama Idher Pitayi Aur Hogi

5d Series La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

Ac Rathurford Dube Sagar me Bohr Has Mat Darse Rogya Caun

6d Series Ac89 Rf104 Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn112

 Electronic Configuration
Cu Ag Au Pt Cr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd

3d Series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

4d Series Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

5d Series La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
 Transition Elements The elements whose atoms or simple ions
contain partially filled d-orbitals.
Ti Zn

Ti 2+ Zn2+

Variation of Oxidation state

❖ Due to similar energies of ns and (n – 1)d orbitals e-s both can participate
to show variable oxidation state.
 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Most Common
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 Oxidation State
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +5
Highest Oxidation State
+6 +6 +6
+7

Highest Oxidation State Ru and Os : +8

The heavy elements in d – block stable at higher O.S.

Mo(VI) & W(VI) are found more stable than Cr(VI).
QUESTION

The element that usually does NOT show variable oxidation states is :
[2019/12th Jan/Shift-1]

A Cu

B Ti

C Sc

D V
QUESTION

The set of correct statements is:

(i) Manganese exhibits +7 oxidation state in its oxide.
(ii) Ruthenium and Osmium exhibit +8 oxidation in their oxides.
(iii) Sc shows +4 oxidation state which is oxidizing in nature.
(iv) Cr shows oxidising nature in +6 oxidation state. [2023/29 Jan/Shift-2]

A (ii) and (iii)

B (i), (ii) and (iv)

C (i) and (iii)

D (ii), (iii) and (iv)

 F Block Element Inner transition elements

Cene Pr Nadiyan Prem ki Samayi Eu Gadgad Tab Dyl Ho gya Er Tum Yebhi Lu

Thor ke Papa ne U bola Nepal me Purane Am Cam Bikenge Cafe me jana Ease
Farmana Madam Noodles Lare .

❑ All elements are radioactive in actinoid series.

❑ Only Promethium, is radioactive in Lanthanides.
❑ Metals of f-block are soft in nature and on expose to air get oxidized.
 Lanthanoids Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Electronic Configuration

❑ Lanthanoids generally show +3 oxidation

state
QUESTION

The electronic configurations of bivalent europium and trivalent cerium

are : (atomic number : Xe = 54, Ce = 58, Eu = 63) [2020/05th Sept/Shift-I]

A [Xe]4 f2 and [Xe]4 f 7

B [Xe]4 f 7 and [Xe]4 f1

C [Xe]4 f 7 6s2 and [Xe]4 f2 6s2

D [Xe]4 f4 and [Xe]4 f9

QUESTION

The correct electronic configuration and spin-only magnetic moment (BM)

of Gd3+ (Z = 64), respectively, are : [2020/05th Sept/Shift-I]

A [Xe]4 f 7 and 8.9

B [Xe]4 f 7 and 7.9

C [Xe]5 f 7 and 8.9

D [Xe]5 f 7 and 7.9

 Lanthanide Contraction

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

❑ This decrease in radius is called as Lanthanide contraction.

❑ This decrease is due to poor shielding of f-orbital electrons.

 Effect of Lanthanide Contraction

4 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

5 39Y 40Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

58Ce 71Lu 72Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

6 57La
Atomic Radius Nuclear Charge Inter Electron Repulsion

Sc to Cr : Decreases
Nuclear charge dominates

Radius / nm
Mn to Ni : Nearly constant
NC = IER

Cu to Zn : Slightly increases
IER dominates Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
QUESTION

The atomic radius of Ag is closest to: [2020/07th Jan/Shift-I]

A Au

B Ni

C Cu

D Hg
QUESTION

The pair that has similar atomic radii is : [2019/12th April/Shift-II]

A Mn and Re

B Ti and Hf

C Sc and Ni

D Mo and W
 Metallic Bonding

➢ As we move from top to bottom , metallic bonding increases .

➢ No. of unpaired electrons : Metallic bonding

• Involvement of greater number of electrons from (n – 1)d in addition to the

ns electrons in the inter-atomic metallic bonding.

❑ As Mn and Zn has stable configuration, so they won’t like to lose electron

for delocalization leads weak metallic bonding .
 Melting point and Boiling Point

➢ No. of unpaired electrons : Metallic bonding : M.P. / B.P.

• Because of stronger interatomic bonding, transition elements have high

M.P and B.P.
➢ Chromium has highest M.P. among 3d-series.
 Q. Which Group element has the highest Melting point ? Group 6
3d : Cr
4d : Mo
5d : W
4

W
Re
Ta
3
Mo Os
Nb Ru
Ir
Note : Due to high melting point Hf Tc
Tungsten W is used in bulb filament

M.P. / 103 K
Cr
2 Zr V Rh Pt
Fe Co Pd
Ti
Ni
Mn Cu
❑ Mn and Zn has low M.P. in 3d series . Au
Ag
1
Atomic number
 Heat of Atomization

The energy required to break 1 mole of metal lattice in to neutral metal atom

➢ No. of unpaired electrons : metallic bonding : heat of atomization.

➢ VANADIUM has highest heat of atomization among 3d-series.

 3d < 4d < 5d
900
Series 3 Mn and Zn has low
800
Series 2 enthalpy of atomization ?
700 Series 1

600

500
, H– / kJ mol–1

400

300

200

100

0
Atomic number
QUESTION

The element that has lowest enthalpy of atomization is :

[2019/09th Jan/Shift-II]
A Fe

B Cu

C V

D Zn
 Interstitial Compounds

When small atoms ( H, C , N ) are trapped inside the crystal lattices of metals.
They are usually non stoichiometric and are neither typically ionic nor covalent.
Example : TiC , Mn4N , Fe3H , VH0 .56 and TiH1.7

Physical and Chemical Characteristics :

(i) They have high melting points, higher than those of pure metals.

(ii) They are very hard .

(iii) They retain metallic conductivity.
(iv) They are chemically inert.
QUESTION

The statement that is INCORRECT about the interstitial compounds is :

[2019/08th April/Shift-II]
A They are chemically reactive

B They are very hard

C They have metallic conductivity.

D They have high melting points.

Catalytic Activity Factors responsible for catalytic activity of
transition metals.

❑ Large surface area.

❑ Variable oxidation state.
❑ Ability to form complexes.
❑ Presence of empty d – orbitals.
Fe
Fe Habers Process N2 + H2
as promoter

Mn MnO2 Used as a catalyst in producing oxygen

MnO2
❑ KClO3

Ti TiCl4 + Et3Al Ziegler Natta Catalyst Polythene from ethene

V V2O5 V2O5 is used in Contact process

Cr Al2O3 + Cr2O3 Used for aromatization

Note : The photographic industry relies on the special light-sensitive

properties of AgBr.
QUESTION

Match the catalysts (Column I) with products (Column II).

Column I (Catalyst) Column II (Product)
(a) V2O5 (i) Polyethylene
(b) TiCl4 / Al(Me)3 (ii) ethanol
(c) PdCl2 (iii) H2SO4
(d) Iron Oxide (iv) NH3 [09th April 2019 (I)]

A (a) – (iii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (i), (d) –(ii)

B (a) – (ii), (b) – (iii), (c) – (i), (d) –(iv)

C (a) – (iii), (b) – (i), (c) – (ii), (d) –(iv)

D (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c) – (ii), (d) –(i)

 Oxides

Amphoteric Oxides As Fe Sb Cr V Te

Zn Sn Be Al Pb Ga
Basic Oxides

Basic Oxides CrO

Metals Amphoteric Cr2O3

Oxides

Acidic Oxides CrO3

 Oxides of Transition Elements
Oxidation Groups
3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12
Number 7
+7 Mn2O7
+6 CrO3

+5 V2O5

+4 TiO2 V2O4 CrO2 MnO2

+3 Sc2O3 Ti2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3
Mn3O4 Fe3O4 Co3O4
+2 TiO VO (CrO) MnO FeO CoO NiO CuO ZnO
+1 Cu2O

❑ All the metals except Sc form MO oxides with are ionic.

❑ As the oxidation number of a metal increases, ionic character decreases. In
the case of Mn, Mn2O7 is a covalent green oil. Even CrO3 and V2O5 have low
melting points. In these higher oxides, the acidic character is predominant.
QUESTION

The correct order of following 3d metal oxides, according to their

oxidation numbers is:
(a) CrO3 (b) Fe2O3 (c) MnO2 (d) V2O5 (e) Cu2O [31th Aug 2021]

A (d) > (a) > (b) > (c) > (e)

B (a) > (c) > (d) > (b) > (e)

C (a) > (d) > (c) > (b) > (e)

D (c) > (a) > (d) > (a) > (b)

QUESTION

The correct order of basicity of oxides of vanadium is [2023/31 Jan/Shift-1]

A V 2 O 3 > V2 O 4 > V2 O 5

B V 2 O 3 > V2 O 5 > V2 O 4

C V2 O 5 > V2 O 4 > V2 O 3

D V2 O 4 > V2 O 3 > V2 O 5
Alloy Mixture of element i) Brass Cu + Zn
ii) Bronze Cu + Sn
iii) Gun metal / Bell metal Cu + Zn + Sn
iv) Stainless steel C + Fe + Cr + Ni
HMnO4 MnO4– Oxides/Oxo-anions of Mn

MnO4– MnO42–

H2MnO4 MnO42–

2 HMnO4 Mn2O7

Non-linear and symmetrical covalent molecule.

Each Mn is tetrahedrally surrounded by O’s including a Mn–O–Mn bridge.
QUESTION

The incorrect statements : [JEE Mains 2020]

A Manganate and permanganate ions are tetrahedral

B In manganate and permanganate ions, the -bonding takes place by

overlap of p-orbitals of oxygen and d-orbitals of manganese
C Manganate and permanganate ions are paramagnetic

D Manganate ion is green in colour and permanganate ion is purple in

colour
 Preparation of KMnO4

From S2O82– Mn2+ + S2O82– + H2O

From MnO2 ( Pyrolusite )

Acidic Solution
MnO2 + KOH + O2

Fused with KOH Electrolytic oxidation

MnO2
Oxidized with air/KNO3 in alkaline solution
QUESTION

When XO2 is fused with an alkali metal hydroxide in presence of an oxidizing

agent such as KNO3 a dark green product is formed which disproportionate in
acidic solution to afford a dark purple solution. Then X is : [16th April 2018]
A Mn

B Cr

C V

D Ti
 Acid

Heat Neutral
MnO4 –

Base
C2O42– KI

H2SO3 Fe2+(Green)

KMnO4 / H+
SO32– Oxalic acid

NO2–
H2S
 I–

S2O32–
MnO4–

Mn2+
ZnO as catalyst
QUESTION

4KOH,O2
A 2B + 2H2 O
(Green)
4 HCl
B 2C + MnO2 + 2H2 O
(Purple)
H2 O,KI
2C 2A + KOH + D
In the above sequence of reactions, A and D, respectively, are :
[11th Jan 2019 (II)]

A KI and KMnO4 B MnO2 and KIO3

C KIO3 and MnO2 D KI and K2MnO4

 Oxides/ Oxo-anions of Cr
H2CrO4

CrO42-

H+
CrO42– Cr2O72–
OH–
Cr2O72–
Preparation of Potassium Dichromate
From Chromite Ore : FeCr2O4

FeCr2O4 + Na2CO3 + O2

H2SO4 KCl
Na2CrO4

❑ Any chromate with acid gives dichromate .

 H2S

Sn2+

K2Cr2O7/H+

Fe2+

I–
QUESTION

The difference in oxidation state of chromium in chromate and dichromate

salt is _____________ [2022/24 June/Shift-1]
 Halides of d block elements
The ability of F to stabilise the highest oxidation state is due to 2 factors -
1. High lattice energy { in ionic compounds } : CoF3
2. High bond energy { in covalent compounds } : VF5 , CrF6

Highest Mn fluoride : MnF4 Highest oxide : Mn2O7

The ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds to metals explains its superiority.

+7 oxidation state is not represented in simple halides but in oxofluoride : MnO3F

 Cu
All Cu(II) halides are known except the iodide. In this case, Cu2+ oxidises I– to I2 .

The stability of Cu2+(aq) rather than Cu+ (aq) is due to the much more negative
∆Hhyd of Cu2+(aq) than Cu+, which more than compensates for the second
ionisation enthalpy of Cu.
QUESTION

Assertion (A) : Cu2+ in water is more stable than Cu+.

Reason (R) : Enthalpy of hydration for Cu2+ is much less than that of Cu+.
[2023/1 Feb/Shift-2]

A Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

B (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.

C (A) is not correct but (R) is correct.

D Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
QUESTION

Cu2+ salt reacts with potassium iodide to give [20th July 2021]

A Cu2l2

B Cu2l3

C Cul

D Cu(l3)2
 Reduction Potential M2+ / M
Element: V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
o
EM 2+ /M : –1.18 –0.91 –1.18 –0.44 –0.28 –0.25 +0.34 –0.76

❑ E° = high (+) value means M2+ has great tendency to get reduced in Metal.
❑ E° = high (–) value means M2+ has low tendency to get reduced in Metal.

❑ All 3d metals have negative reduction potential except copper.

❑ Cu cannot liberate H2 from acids.

 M(s) M(g) Atomisation enthalpy

M(g) M2+(g) + 2e– IE1 + IE2

M2+(g) + H2O M2+(aq) Hydration enthalpy

❑ M(s) M2+(aq.) becomes very spontaneous when

1. Atomisation enthalpy of metal M(s) is low.

2. Sum of 1st and 2nd ionisation enthalpy of M(g) is low.

3. Hydration enthalpy of M2+(g) is high.

❑ E° values of Mn and Zn are more –ve than expected from the general trend.

This is due to low enthalpy of atomisation in Mn and Zn. (stability of half-filled d

subshell in Mn and configuration in Zn, is the reason for low enthalpy of atomisation)
 Reduction Potential M3+ / M2+

Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co
M3+ / M2+ : –0.37 –0.26 –0.41 1.57 0.77 1.97

1 Ti2+ + H +
1 Mn2+ + H +

2 V 2+ + H +
2 Fe2+ + H +
3 Cr 2+ + H +

Note : Aq. Solution of Ti2+, V2+, Cr2+ ions are strong reducing agents, can evolve H2 from
dil acid.
 Lanthanoids La Yb
Ce Lu

Many trivalent lanthanoid ions are coloured both in the solid state and in aqueous
solutions. Colour of these ions may be attributed to the presence of f electrons.

Neither La3+ nor Lu3+ ion shows any colour but the rest do so.

Magnetic Behaviour : f 0 type (La3+ and Ce4+)

f 14 type (Yb2+ and Lu3+)
QUESTION

The lanthanide ion that would show colour is : [08th April 2019 (I)]

A Gd3+

B Sm3+

C La3+

D Lu3+
 Basicity of Lanthanoids

➢ As the size of the element across the period decreases basicity decreases.

La (OH)3 - - - - - - - - - > Lu (OH)3 Size decreases

Basicity decreases
 Use of Lanthanides
The best single use of the lanthanoids is for the production of alloy steels for
plates and pipes.

A well known alloy is mischmetall which consists of a lanthanoid metal (~

95%) and iron (~ 5%) and traces of S, C, Ca and Al.

A good deal of mischmetall is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell

and lighter flint.
Mixed oxides of lanthanoids are employed as catalysts in petroleum cracking.

Some individual Ln oxides are used as phosphors in television screens and

similar fluorescing surfaces.
QUESTION

Mischmetal is an alloy consisting mainly of : [06th Sep 2020 (I)]

A Lanthanoid metals

B Actinoid and transition metals

C Lanthanoid and actinoid metals

D Actinoid metals
 Electronic
Actinides Atomic
Name Symbol configuration
Number
M
89 Actinium Ac 6d17s2

90 Thorium Th 6d27s2
91 Protactinium Pa 5f26d17s2
92 Uranium U 5f36d17s2
93 Neptunium Np 5f46d17s2
94 Plutonium Pu 5f67s2
95 Americium Am 5f77s2
96 Curium Cm 5f76d17s2

97 Berkelium Bk 5f97s2
98 Californium Cf 5f117s2
99 Einstenium Es 5f117s2
100 Fermium Fm 5f127s2
101 Mendelevium Md 5f137s2
102 Nobelium No 5f147s2
103 Lawrencium Lr 5f146d17s2
Oxidation state of Actinides

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7
QUESTION

The highest possible oxidation states of uranium and plutonium

respectively, are : [10th April 2019 (II)]

A 6 and 7

B 6 and 4

C 7 and 6

D 4 and 6
QUESTION

The maximum number of possible oxidation states of actinoides are shown by :

[09th April 2019 (II)]
A Nobelium (No) and lawrencium (Lr)

B Actinium (Ac) and thorium (Th)

C Berkelium (Bk) and californium (Cf)

D Neptunium (Np) and plutonium (Pu)