Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Waste Management Bulletin

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wmb

Review on E-waste management and its impact on the environment and

society
Muskan Jain a, Depak Kumar a, Jyoti Chaudhary b, Sudesh Kumar c, Sheetal Sharma d, Ajay Singh Verma e,f,⇑
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India
b
Department of Physics, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022 India
c
Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India
d
Department of Physics, Government Degree College Samba, Jammu and Kashmir 184121, India
e
Division of Research & Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 284007, India
f
University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Electronic trash, often known as E‐waste, is a type of garbage generated by electronic in the industrial world,
E‐waste management trash is one of the most difficult and rapidly expanding issues. E‐waste is made up of old or end‐of‐life elec-
Environmental pollution tronic appliances such as computers, laptops, televisions, generators, DVDs, mobile phones, freezers, and other
Human health items that are typically discarded by their original owners due to their short lifespan. It contains a number of
E‐waste recycling
hazardous constituents that have a negative impact on the environment and, more importantly, human health
if not properly managed. Because it includes harmful chemical elements, E‐waste proves to be a significant dif-
ficulty. Since it is believed that E‐waste is a future of communications but due to the short life span of various
appliances, they are being trashed and pollutes the environment. Many groups and governments from various
nations have implemented a variety of ways to address the problem and threat to the environment and human
health. Hence, this review presents a compendium of various sources of E‐waste, environmental hazards, its
composition and characterization, E‐waste scenarios in India and global world. For the sake of the future, tech-
niques of handling and processing, as well as E‐waste recycling, should be used. This paper mainly outlines the
issue of E‐waste also covering the improvement and plan to tackle the issue.

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
E- waste sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Households’ E-waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Business sector E-waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Manufacturers and Retailer’s E-waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Imports of E-waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Global E-Waste production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
E-waste production in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Impact of E-Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
On human health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
On the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Harmful effects on air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Harmful effects on soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Harmful effects on water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Global scenario of E-waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Indian scenario of E-waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
E-Waste administration in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
E-Waste collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

⇑ Corresponding author at: Division of Research & Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 284007, India.
E-mail address: ajay_phy@rediffmail.com (A. Singh Verma).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2023.06.004
Available online 27 June 2023
2949-7507/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

Various recycling methods for electronic waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Landfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Incineration process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Acid bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Biological procedure for E-waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Safety precautions and measures towards E-Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Declaration of Competing Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Introduction

The electronics industry is the world's largest and fastest‐growing

industrial sector. Humans have a significant reliance on modern tech-
nologies merely to live a luxury existence. As a result, the demand and
the rate of consumption of these appliances has expanded globally
(Arya and Kumar, 2020). People's use of electronic gadgets is quite
high in today's situation, which aids the world's economy in the mas-
sive expansion of inventions and new technologies. Due to the wide-
spread of new gadgets there is a huge segment of electrical waste on
the planet. According to a survey, approximately seven billion people
lives on this planet, out of which only 5 billion of them have access of
their basic requirements and are capable of getting it. And more than 6
billion people uses mobile phones which becomes a basic need and Fig. 1. Human habits for E-waste collection (Guerrero et al., 2013).
necessity now (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2018; What a Waste Global
Database, 2021; Programme, 2007). As a result of its harmful influence for all these things, there must be an organization which gives the reg-
on human health, it poses a hazard to the ecosystem. The massive vol- ular suggestion on the improvement of these issues (Bhutta et al.,
ume of E‐waste produced by the electronics industry is starting to have 2011).
serious effects. The phrase E‐waste, or electronic trash, refers to obso- To that end, the present study examines electronic waste genera-
lete and end‐of‐life electronics such as televisions, laptops, generators, tion in India and throughout the world in order to better understand
freezers, computers, and other electronic gadgets that have been dis- the waste management and, in particular, the effects on the environ-
carded by their owners. Thus, E‐waste is produced which made up ment and human health from such wastes.
of things that are somewhat costly yet long lasting. Whenever there’s
a discussion about the term ‘electronic trash’ is mainly refers to any-
E- waste sources
thing that rely on electricity or power to function efficiently and effec-
tively. Technically, E‐waste is a division of electrical and electronic
Due to the high demand of electronic waste especially mobile
devices or equipment’s. Since, E‐waste composition is quite difficult
phones, computers, solar cells, electric vehicles and laptops, the eco-
and complex as it constitutes of around 1000 substances or more than
nomic growth of IT sectors is growing exponentially in high volumes
that. Further these substances subdivided into the hazardous and non‐
which resulted in a good economic rate of the country. To introduce
hazardous categories (Wath et al., 2011). A wide range of source gen-
new technology to the market, the public and private sectors are
erates E‐waste as discussed earlier, however, the bulk of E‐waste ele-
replacing obsolete electronic products with new ones, resulting in an
ments led to the landfilling (EUR‐Lex, 2022). There are three main
increase in E‐waste garbage. Household appliances, small and big
reasons that why E‐waste is becoming a huge health threat, firstly, a
enterprises, PC manufacturers, institutions, and other industries create
major lack of knowledge and understanding about the proper manage-
domestic E‐waste. Since, as compared to the generation of mobile
ment and handling techniques of E‐waste (http://www.basel.int/
phones and computers, households contribute the least.
TheConvention/Overview/tabid/, 2022). Second, as the volume of
However, in many countries, disposing such items is forbidden,
electronic waste produced increases, it becomes a threat and a bigger
causing problems with E‐waste disposal. Cheaper processing prices,
risk to human health and the environment. Garbage and rubbish of all
lower labour costs, and a lack of environmental regulatory enforce-
kinds have a significant influence on both physical and emotional
ment are all contributing factors to the surge in illegal E‐waste imports.
health, whether direct or indirect (Rautela et al., 2021). Third, fast
Although there is no accurate way to estimate the created E‐waste
advancements in automation have resulted in a reduction in the num-
since no one knows how much E‐waste is produced or how much is
ber of legislations governing E‐waste recycling. One main cause of E‐
imported and exported to other nations. On the other hand, getting
waste collection is due to the people’s habits which is shown in Fig. 1.
accurate statistics on recycled E‐waste by various sectors is problem-
Globally, various rules and regulations are imposed related to the
atic. (Mundada et al., 2004).
import and exports of waste generated and policies related to that.
But no such serious action has been imposed on this serious issue.
One reason of not taking action to such wastes which are increasing Households’ E-waste
steeply worldwide, that since it is believed, electronic industry is the
future of communications and due to this the economic growth is Since household contributes the less share in E‐waste production.
expanding day by day. The electronic devices are designed to be It's difficult to estimate the actual amount of E‐waste produced.
trashed so that they make future profits and upgraded the performance According to a survey, household appliances that includes personal
of products. These products are hardly new just for the time period of computers, freezers, generators, etc. are not the major contributors
six months or one year and after that its monetary value gets reduced for the production. It is around only 20–21% and other sectors are
significantly, which resulted in the form of e‐ trash (LeBel, 2012). So, responsible for the E‐waste production (LeBel, 2012; Mundada et al.,
2004).

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M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

Business sector E-waste describes the E‐waste production produced in metric tonnes every
year.
This sector consists of government departments, public and private According to a survey, PC’s, mobiles and televisions contributed 5.5
sectors, MNCs, etc. Since, this sector is the main benefactor for the E‐ million metric tonnes in year 2010. In rich countries, E‐waste
waste production. As per the survey, they are subjected to around 79% accounted for 8% of total trash volume. The mass (in kg), quantity
of total installed PC’s which is the highest in all the sectors. Around (in numbers) in the market, consumption (N), and average life cycle
1.38 million out of date PC’s are being trashed from this sector as well L (in year) of each electronic item indicate its contribution to yearly
as from the households too (LeBel, 2012; Mundada et al., 2004). E‐waste creation, or MN/L = E.
According to a current report, it has been claimed that around 4500
Manufacturers and Retailer’s E-waste Eiffel Towers can be constructed from the amount of waste generated
every year and by starting of the year 2022, the production rate has
PCs, IC chips, motherboards, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), and a vari- been started increasing (Baldé et al., 2017). China and other parts of
ety of peripheral goods are all produced or manufactured in this indus- the Asian countries are moreover responsible for generating around
try. The waste generated from this sector is second major donor in this 40% of the total world’s trash generated. There is a huge amount of
list. It has been observed that around 1050 million tonnes of these such waste in the world, but only about 20% of it is collected and recy-
peripheral devices being trashed every year (Mundada et al., 2004). cled; the remaining 80% of the unknown garbage is dumped, resulting
in E‐waste, which is exported to poor countries for dumping and pri-
marily for the extraction of precious metals from the waste produced.
Imports of E-waste Waste is imported and exported between nations under diverse condi-
tions. (Sthiannopkao and Wong, 2013).
It is believed that importing garbage is undeniably the most prof-
itable business. The primary goal of importing old electronics is to
E-waste production in India
recover precious metals and elements that are mainly found in the
electronic trash which includes steel, aluminium, gold, titanium, cop-
Since electronic garbage, often known as E‐waste, is the world's
per, tin, mercury, cadmium, etc. present in a bulk amount. These com-
fastest increasing waste source. The fast rise of the E‐waste stream
modities provide useful raw material for the production of new
has been attributed to the expansion of the industrialisation process,
products. Many markets extract kinds of plastics and other materials
technological advancements, and higher living standards. According
from the trash products. However, trade of export and import of elec-
to the global market, about 53.6 million metric tonnes of electronic
tronic waste products has become an important ingredient for the E‐
garbage were created worldwide in 2020, with only 17–18% of the
waste recycling (Secretariat, 2011).
waste being recycled. However, when it comes to E‐waste creation,
India is the world's third largest contributor, with roughly 3.2 million
Global E-Waste production metric tonnes of rubbish created every year, trailing only China and
the United States.
Economic growth and widespread access to technology are pre- Prime Minister Narendra Modi talked in December 2020 on the
dicted to expand global E‐waste generation, as higher GDP leads to importance of maximising the use of electronic devices while properly
more purchases of electronic goods and, in turn, more E‐waste produc- eliminating the obsolete ones, as well as the need to effectively man-
tion. The growth of electronic devices around the world is occurring in age the E‐waste. He announced an initiative dubbed 'Garbage to
lockstep with the rapid shift in global information and technological Wealth' in August 2021, which focuses on putting waste to better
advances (Rautela et al., 2021; Gaidajis et al., 2010). According to sev- use. According to the Central Pollution Control Board of India's 2020
eral predictions, garbage output in 2019 will set a new high of roughly reports, about 1,014,961 tonnes of E‐waste were created in the years
53.6 million metric tonnes. As in just five years, there is an increment 2019 and 2020 (https://science.thewire.in). As previously stated, most
of 21% of generated waste, which becomes a serious threat now. In the of the waste whether it is municipal or electronic, generated and
year 2015, United Nations University in the year 2015, released a exported from different countries particularly China and India show
report and claimed that global electronics waste has reached around the pattern in the Fig. 3.
41.8 million metric tonnes. With rapidly changing of technologies In Fig. 3, G shows the generating or origin country whereas, D
and demand for the new advancements, results in the wastage of old shows the exporting or dumping country of E‐waste (Baldé et al.,
products, which becomes the E‐waste. 2017; 2015 | Latest Major Publications). Purple colour line i.e., G1,
E‐waste generation is expected to reach 20–50 Mt every year, is North America, G2 is Western Europe and included some part of
accounting for 1–3 percent of worldwide rubbish production
(Perkins et al., 2014; Widmer et al., 2005) as shown in Fig. 2 which

Fig. 2. E- waste production in different years (Widmer et al., 2005). Fig. 3. Origin and Dumping country pattern of exporting E-Waste (“, 2022).

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M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

Eastern Europe as well, G3 is Australia, D1 is Brazil, D2 shows some The many sources of E‐waste created in India are depicted in Fig. 4.
parts of Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, D3 is Thailand, D4 is India, D5 Household activities account for 15% of the source, the government,
is China and D6 is Vietnam. public, and commercial sectors for another 15%, and electrical and
Despite the country’s high rate of production and usage, official electronic trash accounts for the majority of the remaining 70%.
recycling and disposal procedures are only in use in some cities and
towns. Most states have informed recycling techniques with about
Impact of E-Waste
the presence of one million people in that place working in recycling
processes which poses safety risks and environmental implications.
Various harmful impacts due to electronic waste are faced by the
But the problem arises with the informal sector as they are not aware
humans and as well as the environment. Due to improper management
and not having proper education about the hazardous health conse-
and advancements in the technologies, this situation has escalated into
quences (Awasthi and Li, 2017).
a major hazard to human life. The two main essentials that are badly

Fig. 4. A) e-waste sources in india and b) e-waste generation in different sectors (Arya and Kumar, 2020).

Table 1
Diseases caused by E-waste in human beings.

Hazardous Present In Consequences of hazardous components being present in E- References

Components waste

Arsenic Semiconductors, diodes, microwaves, LEDs, The nervous system and the skin may be impacted. Long-term (Yang et al., 2020; Kumarathilaka et al.,
solar cells asbestos exposure can cause lung cancer. 2018; El-Ghiaty and El-Kadi, 2021)

Asbestos Insulators in heating equipment’s Breathing problems, coughing, lung damage, and even cancer are all (Debnath et al., 2021; Disposal of
serious adverse effects. Asbestos, 2022)
Barium Fillers for plastics and rubbers, as well as Heart muscle can be affected by this (Pinto, 2008; Ari, 2016)
electron tubes.
BFR Different Casing, circuit boards, chips The reproductive and immune systems may be harmed. Hormone (Julander et al., 2014; Segev et al.,
imbalances and endocrine system issues are possible side effects. 2009)
CD PCB, batteries, some pigments, solders, and Joints and the spine are particularly vulnerable, resulting in terrible (Ari, 2016; Yang et al., 2013; Grant
alloys pain. It weakens the bones and damages the kidneys. et al., 2013)
CFC Cleaning solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol There is a risk of skin cancer and perhaps genetic harm as a result. (Salhofer, 2017)
propellants.
CR Dyes, pigments Asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, as well as damage to the liver and (97% of collected E-waste recycled for
kidneys, are all possible side effects. useful applications, 2022)
Dioxins (PWB), different type of cables and from Increased cancer risk (Tue et al., 2019)
metal smelting
Pb Thermal elements that convert heat into The kidneys, reproductive system, and nervous system may all be (Yang and Zhang, 2018; Zeng et al.,
electricity, such as thermoelectric elements, impacted. It's possible that this causes blood and brain illnesses. 2020)
thermocouples, and thermistors
Li Batteries of mobiles, photographic Long-term exposure to lithium vapours can cause nausea, vomiting, (A Closer Look, 2022; Saha et al., 2021;
equipment disorientation, and muscular weakness, among other things. Zhang et al., 2012)
Hg Batteries, flat screen monitors, copper It has a deleterious influence on the central nervous system, kidneys, (Decharat, 2018)
machines, switches, and immunological system, as well as on foetal development. It has
the potential to harm the brain or liver, as well as cause skin issues.
PAH Wiring, printed circuit boards Eye discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and disorientation are (Wang et al., 2012; Sánchez-Quiles and
all possible side effects of this medication. Long-term exposure can Tovar-Sánchez, 2015)
result in cataracts, kidney and liver damage, as well as jaundice and
other symptoms.
PVC Cables, insulation coating It can cause respiratory and immune system damage. (E-Waste – Silicon Valley Toxics
Coalition, 2022; Kurup and Senthil
Kumar, 2017; Stapleton et al., 2008)
(PCB Transformers, capacitors, softening agents Damage can occur to the immunological system, reproductive system, (Stapleton et al., 2008; Tai et al., 2020;
neurological system, and endocrine system. PCBs are a concern to the Managing And Reducing E-Waste From
environment as a result of their continual pollution. PCBs, 2022)

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M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

affected by the electronic wastes are environmental conditions and absorbing these toxins, which can result in a range of illnesses and
human health. reduce agricultural productivity. Finally, the existence of plants and
animals was jeopardised, resulting in internal troubles for those who
On human health rely on nature (https://elytus.com).

Since then, dioxin poisoning in the air has resulted in human expo-
Harmful effects on water
sure levels that range from 15 to 56 times the WHO's recommended Following soil contamination, heavy metals from E‐waste, such as
maximum intake. Dioxin levels were found to be raised in human milk,
mercury, lithium, lead, and barium, seep further deeper into the earth,
placentas, and hair, indicating that dioxins are being ingested in signif- finally reaching groundwater. After reaching groundwater, these
icant quantities by humans through the air, water, or food to pose a
heavy metals eventually make their way into rivers, ponds, and lakes.
serious health risk (Robinson, 2009). Health implications, on the other These routes produce acidification and toxification in the water, which
hand, are a direct reflection of the hazardous impact of E‐waste, as is detrimental to animals, plants, and communities even if they are
illustrated in the Table 1. Since the previous decade, the volume of kilometres away from a recycling facility. Even finding safe drinking
E‐waste has been steadily growing, posing major health risks to water becomes tough (Mundada et al., 2004; https://elytus.com).
humans. Many illnesses are affecting individuals as a result of elec- Table 2 illustrates the various E‐waste components which are in the
tronic waste, including ingestion, inhalation, and most notably skin surroundings and have a large environmental impact that affects and
contact concerns (Köhler and Erdmann, 2004). disturbs the whole ecosystem.
The diseases related to E‐waste faced by humans which includes
the hazardous components in which they are present in, along with
the consequences of these components on humans which is described Global scenario of E-waste management
in given Table 1.
The worldwide E‐waste monitor research found that just 20% of
On the environment the total world’s waste is properly handled. In an informal way, the
great majority of the garbage was discarded or recycled. In comparison
E‐waste affects human health, which can be considered in the cat- towards the profits that may be generated from recycled electronic
egory of environment. But the main aspects of environment like air, components, efficient E‐waste disposal and recycling is quite time con-
water and soil are badly affected by the improper management of elec- suming and expensive (Gregory, 2009). Stakeholders and legislators
tronic waste. The consequences of improper management leads to have made multiple attempts over the last decade to develop an effec-
landfills, releasing of toxic chemicals, impacting earth’s surface and tive E‐waste collecting system. As part of a larger effort to combat E‐
most importantly human health (https://elytus.com). waste, the take back system was devised as step initiative. In this pro-
cess, garbage is collected, processed and controlled by the govern-
Harmful effects on air ment, third parties via a particular drop off location and clearly
Dust particles and chemicals like as dioxins are discharged into the marked pick up point in this system. A financial system that serves
environment when E‐waste is disposed of informally by dismantling, society, producers and consumers is required to support all three
shredding, or melting the components, creating air pollution and hurt- objectives (StEP solving the E‐waste Problem, 2021). The illegal
ing respiratory health (Mundada et al., 2004). Diseases like cancers import of E‐waste is the next obstacle to overcome. Orphan goods
and tumours especially chronic diseases are at high risks in human and free riders are two major difficulties with illicit imports having
beings as the E‐waste releases very fine particles which are hard to a detrimental impact on economic growth in nations where they are
handle, creates numerous health issues to humans and animals. The prominent. Only by implementing rules governing the movement of
high risks are especially for those humans who handles this type of E‐waste will this be managed. Another endeavour to control hazardous
waste. Due to this waste, the problem of air pollution kept on increas- waste mobility is the Basel Convention on the limiting of transbound-
ing day‐by‐day. Over the time, the quality of air, water and soil gets ary movements and disposal of hazardous wastes. Since its inception in
polluted and resulted in harmful damage to the ecosystem (Mundada
et al., 2004; https://elytus.com).
Table 3
Worldwide Electronic waste generation from year
Harmful effects on soil
2010 to 2030 (Forti et al., 2020).
When electronic trash is incorrectly disposed of in typical landfills
or in areas where it is abandoned illegally, heavy metals and flame Year Waste volume in million metric tonnes
retardants can leach directly into soil, poisoning underlying ground- 2010 33.8
water or crops that may be cultivated locally or in the future. When 2011 35.8
heavy metals are present in the soil, crops are more vulnerable to 2012 37.8
2013 39.8
2014 44.4
2015 46.4
Table 2
2016 48.2
Environmental impact of E-waste components (Mundada et al., 2004). 2017 50
E-Waste Components Environmental Impact 2018 51.8
2019 53.6
CRT (Cathode Ray Heavy metals such as lead, barium, and other heavy 2020 55.5
Tube) metals, as well as harmful phosphorus, are leached into 2021 57.4
groundwater. 2022 59.4
Circuit Boards Air emission of substances 2023 61.3
Chips and gold-plated Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, brominated compounds and 2024 63.3
components some other chemicals dumped into the rivers and oceans 2025 65.3
that cause the problems of acidification and toxicity 2026 67.2
which badly harms the flora and fauna. 2027 69.2
Computer Wires Hydrocarbons discharged into the atmosphere, water and 2028 71.1
soil. 2029 72.9
From metal smelting Emission of dioxins causes cancer and tumour risks. 2030 74.7

38
M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

1992, the treaty has been ratified by a total of 179 nations (Aston 17.4%. Since 2014, it has increased by 1.8 Mt, or approximately 0.4
et al., 2010). After following years of discussion, the European Union Mt year. However, the output of electronic trash as a whole grew by
proposed a new global initiative in 2016 to regulate hazardous waste 9.2 Mt, growing by over 2 Mt annually. This demonstrates how recy-
imports by putting them into three categories: prohibitive, notification cling efforts are not keeping up with the increase of e‐waste on a
controlled and green listed. All hazardous wastes were banned from worldwide scale. The vast majority of the e‐waste produced in 2019
entering African countries after being suggested in 1991 and becoming (82.6%) was probably not properly collected and not handled in an
law in 1998 (Thakur et al., 2020). environmentally responsible way. Most of the time, the flows are not
In 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched an E‐ systematically or consistently documented. The absence of information
waste and child health research to look at the impact on children's on e‐waste that is properly collected and recycled suggests that the
health. The purpose of this project was to bring together specialists majority of the 44.3 Mt of e‐waste produced in 2019 is managed out-
from all around the world to look at long term effects of children being side of the official collection system, and in some cases is exported to
exposed to hazardous E‐waste. Researchers from a variety of fields, underdeveloped nations. Small‐size gadgets can find their way into
including toxicology, industry, non‐governmental organisations, eco- regular trash bins and be disposed of alongside municipal solid waste
nomics, and demography, participated in a WHO evaluation on the in residences in better income nations.
effects of E‐waste on children's health. (Atasu et al., 2013; Forti As a result, it is not properly recycled, which results in a loss of
et al., 2020). materials. According to estimates, 0.6 Mt of e‐waste from EU nations
Internationally, to control E‐waste management, several laws and ends up in trash cans (Forti et al., 2020).
legal frameworks have been enacted. Many nations have enacted their
own legislation to limit and regulate the dangers of E‐waste, such as:

• In China, the Administration of Control of Pollution Caused by Indian scenario of E-waste management
Electronic Information Products, which was founded in February
2006, regulates total E‐waste. India has been the first country in South Asia to have a special E‐
• In the United Kingdom, waste electrical and electronic equipment waste law in place since 2011. The E‐Waste Handling Rules created
is governed by UK legislation, which was formed in 2007 after criteria for garbage transportation, storage, and recycling, as well as
being enacted by parliament. the concept of extended producer responsibility (EPR)
• The Ministry of Environment and Forests, India's national body, is (https://science.thewire.in). EPR is a well‐known policy tool that
in charge of waste management and environmental protection requires electronic device producers to take financial and physical
laws, which was adopted in March 2008. (Wath et al., 2011). responsibility for handling their products' disposal once they have
Table 3 shows the data of electronic waste generation worldwide reached the end of their useful lives.
from year 2010 to 2030. In 2016, the regulations were updated to establish a 'Producer
Responsibility Organization' (PRO) to help with electronic trash collec-
We have presented the data of electronic waste generation world- tion and recycling. One option for addressing the E‐waste problem is to
wide from year 2010 to 2030 in Table 3. E‐waste production in improve regulation and implementation. In addition, the government
2019 was estimated at 53.6 million metric tonnes (Mt) (excluding should set realistic, evidence‐based objectives. This would entail keep-
PV panels), or 7.3 kg per person. In 2030, more than 74Mt of e‐ ing track of how much E‐waste is generated and how well recycling
waste is anticipated to be produced. As a result, the amount of e‐ facilities can manage it. Second, a fundamental change in the policy
waste generated globally is rising at a startling pace of about 2 Mt year. framework is required. Most environmental rules in India are of the
In comparison to the amount of e‐waste created in 2019, the formal control and command variety, with manufacturers facing penalties if
documented collection and recycling in 2019 totalled 9.3 Mt, or they fail to fulfil a specified objective. (https://science.thewire.in).

Fig. 5. India’s electronic waste generation (Chatterjee, 2012).

39
M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

Fig. 6. E-Waste production (tonnes/year) in top states of India (Chatterjee, 2012).

The Hazardous Wastes Rules of 2008 and the Central Pollution The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) was required, among
Control Board were largely employed to monitor and advise on E‐ other things to register all of the mentioned states in order to ensure
waste management. Manufacturers and recyclers were not required adequate waste handling and disposal procedures as well as an expiry
to collect and dispose of E‐waste under these new guidelines. Further- date for the storage and processing of E‐waste at all levels of adminis-
more, the sector lacked an appropriate licencing system. The informal tration in order enable local government authorities to dispose of
sector that includes small businesses required to be licensed once the abandoned electronic trash in a safer and secure manner
Indian government issued its E‐waste collection and handling guideli- (Bandyopadhyay, 2008).
nes in May 2012 (UNU, 2022).
Consequently, it was changed and reformatted in some areas and
towns and reintroduced in 2016 according to the E‐Waste Manage- E-Waste administration in India
ment Rules. Producers now have more accountability as a result of this
rule. Because to the passage of these laws, 128 new recycling facilities The large amounts of E‐waste produced and are recycled which cre-
were registered up until September 2015 (Akenji et al., 2011). Fig. 5 ates a major problem. As of 2012, India has just 20 officially registered
shows the data of India’s E‐waste generation in metric tonnes in recycling facilities in two large cities. The informal sector, for say, is
upcoming years as well as in past years that how much it has been totally engaged in removing E‐waste, categorising it and reusing it.
actually generated in India. In India, dismantling of waste is done in a risky way for the recovering
Mumbai is the most E‐waste‐generating city in India, followed by of precious metals (Turaga et al., 2019; Ministry of Housing and Urban
Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Affairs, 2022).
Surat, and Nagpur. 65 cities are responsible for more than 60% of total In the organised industry, the use of technology in E‐waste process-
E‐waste generation, whereas ten states are responsible for 70% of total ing is safe and ecologically benign. Over 95% of E‐waste is made up of
E‐waste production (Chatterjee, 2012). Fig. 6 shows the state wise pro- recyclable elements including copper, plastic, iron, and aluminium.
duction of E‐waste across the popular cities of India. According to its statement, the Recycling Unit in the NCR region

40
M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

extracts more than a dozen components from garbage. The remaining management transactions must be done using traceable bank accounts
5% of hazardous E‐waste is transferred for processing and recycling to or cards. A central register for data gathering and monitoring activities
government‐approved treatment and disposal facilities. Only a few of must be established and updated on a regular basis (Heacock et al.,
the about 65 official sector recyclers have been licenced, according 2018; Ohajinwa et al., 2017; Heeks et al., 2015).
to CPCB statistics. Many of these companies have formed partnerships
with other organisations to dispose of their electronic waste (Corwin, Various recycling methods for electronic waste
2018).
The following are the phases of E‐waste recycling in a formal set- Various sectors implemented so many techniques/ methods for the
ting: E‐waste is separated into two stages: manual and mechanical pro- recycling of electronic trash. The four main techniques which are con-
cessing. Metallurgical treatment facilities convert nonferrous materials sidered in this review paper.
into aluminium, copper, and other metals. As a result, efficiency out-
performs rates of recycling and recovery. Even though there is a great
Landfilling
deal of data on the bigger, legal, informal electronic garbage recyclers
are not well documented and in India, there are both registered and
E‐waste breakdown at landfills is particularly labour‐intensive and
unregistered facilities for the disposal of electronic trash. (Heacock
takes a long time. It is no longer possible to look at the environmental
et al., 2018). People in the unorganised sector, on the other hand,
effects of E‐waste, but it still meets the compliance requirements.
manage about 90% of India's E‐waste. Informal units adopt riskier
• Landfills take a diverse range of waste kinds and mix them
techniques to concentrate on profitable components like gold, iron,
together.
copper, and silver (Ohajinwa et al., 2017; Heeks et al., 2015; Pandey
• Landfills receive a wide range of waste kinds and combine them.
and Govind, 2014; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2018; Ceballos and Dong,
In garbage dump study, the environmental consequences of land
2016). Many people are now suffering from a range of health concerns
dental filling of E‐waste are well‐documented (Awasthi et al., 2016;
as a direct result of these unhealthy practises. When unusable garbage
Uddin et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2020; “ASSOCHAM | Knowledge
is disposed of as a result of these activities, environmental damage
Architect of India.” https://www.assocham.org/ (accessed Feb. 20,
ensues (Heacock et al., 2018).
2022).
The bulk of employees in the informal sector, on the other hand,
Furthermore, cadmium and mercury are known to be produced in a
are uneducated and unaware of the long‐term dangers of releasing
number of ways, including by burning landfill gas. For compounds that
toxic chemicals into the water supply and the environment. Copper,
are unstable and do not spontaneously degrade, an eco‐audio treat-
metal, and glass must be manually removed from cathode ray tubes.
ment method based on land dental fillings does not appear to be a real-
Microchips, gold‐plated brass pins, and condensers ornament circuit
istic alternative. The E‐waste factory's product mix implies that
boards. Toxic vapours are created when these common components
environmental (long‐term) dangers, such as dental fillings in safe land,
are heated. Gold and brass are separated from gold‐plated brass pins
cannot be overlooked. This is presented in Fig. 7.
using acid. Acid is used in large volumes to dissolve metallic compo-
nents from condensers and microchips. (Singh et al., 2020).
Incineration process

E-Waste collection Pyrolysis, which happens in the absence of oxygen and results in
the transformation of materials into gases, oils, and charcoal, as well
Additional precautions, in addition to those already in place, are as the ashes that remain after the combustion process is complete, is
required to counteract the rising public health threat posed by E‐ also dangerous. In gasification, however, just a small quantity of air
waste. Other steps that must be taken include the collection and con- is necessary to transform the components into fume, ash, and tar.
trol of waste management procedures, the formulation of a business On the African continent, as well as in India's neighbouring coun-
strategy, the creation of a monitoring mechanism, and worker tries, incinerating electrical waste is a common practise. When a plas-
protection. tic or PVC motherboard is heated, PCAs, PCDDs, and PCDFs, as well as
E‐waste management methods may be willingly improved by defin- carbon monoxide gas, SO2, and NO2, are released into the air, releas-
ing objectives, implementing fines, or providing incentives for towns ing a poisonous gas that is harmful to human health and the environ-
to collect the debris. To improve the control and efficiency of E‐ ment Smoke can also include trace amounts of heavy metal oxides
waste management, all parties engaged in the collection and treatment such as antimony, lead, thallium, arsenic, copper, manganese, mer-
of such trash should be forced to submit frequent reports to a central cury, and nickel as shown in Fig. 8 (Vehlow and Dalager, 2010;
body. To maintain transparency and accountability, electronic waste Hulgaard and Vehlow, 2010; Yang et al., 2012; Rotter, 2010).

Fig. 7. E-Waste landfilling.

41
M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

Fig. 8. Incineration procedure.

from ores, concentrates, and wastes into soluble salts in liquid media.
Bio metallurgy is a single field that combines biotechnology and met-
allurgy (Goyal and Goyal, 2020; Awasthi et al., 2016; Uddin et al.,
2021; Kwok, 2019).
Ore bioleaching is referred to as “direct” and “indirect” bio‐
oxidation in clinical terms. Most investigations have identified the
indirect bio‐oxidation route. As some researchers have demonstrated,
we use bacteria to make chemical oxidants in order to carry out this
hydrometallurgical physicochemical approach. (Awasthi et al., 2019)
Bacteria such as Acid thiobacillus ferroxidase, Leptospiral ferroxidase,
and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans are examples of bacteria that extract
metals from this sort of waste. (Researchers discover biological
recycling process for E‐waste, 2022) It is widely regarded as a well‐
known process for removing metals made up of diverse materials.
(Damgaard and Christensen, 2011).
Computers, mobile phones, and other electronic equipment, among
others, should all be built to be ecologically friendly. Computers,
Fig. 9. Acid bath of E-waste (Sivaramanan, 2013).
mobile phones, and other electronic equipment, among others, should
Acid bath all be built to be ecologically friendly.
Financial incentives can help to encourage the adoption of environ-
To remove copper, an acid bath is employed, which entails soaking mentally friendly and safe practises. Modern technology may enhance
the circuit board in sulfuric acid for around 10–15 h to liquefy metals profitability by enhancing recovery and decreasing exposure, as illus-
like copper. After that, using a steam bath, the leftover precipitated trated by business case studies, in addition to examining the financial
copper sulphate is mixed into the residual solution to eliminate any impacts of exposure and disease burden as shown in Fig. 10 (Awasthi
lingering copper spots. Lead was also dissolved and silver and gold et al., 2016; Awasthi et al., 2016).
were removed using acid treatments as shown in Fig. 9 (E‐Waste
Disposal Methods in US, 2022; Cleaning Up Electronic Waste, 2022). Safety precautions and measures towards E-Waste

Biological procedure for E-waste Newer, locally built solutions that combine technology and non‐
technological tactics, such as remedial tools, engineering controls,
The utilisation of biological techniques of metal extraction in steels and educational programming, can help to reduce direct and indirect
like Au and Cu has emerged as a unique innovation. A promising new exposures. This policy might also be implemented with an emphasis
technique involves using microbes to break down metallic ores and on electronic waste reduction, community development, and universal
electronic waste. Bio‐metallurgical methods transform metal directly health care coverage for workers in these unorganised industries

Fig. 10. Biological method for e-waste disposal.

42
M. Jain et al. Waste Management Bulletin 1 (2023) 34–44

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preventative measures observed, and finally educating local health Ari, V. 2016. A review of technology of metal recovery from electronic waste. E-Waste in
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