Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped Data)

The graph shows the scores of 22 students in their pre-test and post-test.

a. What information can be obtained from the graph?

b. What conclusion can be made? Why?

Mean
The mean (also known as the arithmetic mean) is the most commonly used measure of
central position. It is used to describe a set of data where the measures cluster or concentrate
at a point. As the measures cluster around each other, a single value appears to represent
distinctively the typical value.

It is the sum of measures x divided by the number N of measures in a variable. To find the mean of an ungrouped data,
use the formula:
Σ𝑥
𝑥= 𝑁
Example 1: The grades in Geometry of 10 students are 87, 84, 85, 85, 86, 90, 79, 82, 78, 76. What
Is the average grade of the 10 students?

Example 2: The table shows Charlie’s grades in different subjects from the 1st to 4th quarter. I
 Math 89 92 87 95

Science 90 88 88 89

English 89 92 94 87

History 87 88 90 95

A. What is Charlie’s average grade in all four subjects?

B. Rank them from highest to lowest?
C. Which subject does Charlie excel the most?
D. Charlie wants to enroll in AP (Advance Placement) classes next year. He must get an average of 90 to qualify for
enrollment. Which AP classes can he enroll to?

Example 3: The first three test scores of each of the four students are shown. Each student
hopes to maintain an average of 85. Find the score needed by each student on the
fourth test to have an average of 85.

a. Lisa: 78, 80, 100 c. Lina: 79, 80, 81

b. Mary: 90, 92, 95 d. Willie: 65, 80, 80

Median
The middle value here or term in a set of data arranged according to size/magnitude
(either increasing or decreasing) is called the median.

Example 1: The library logbook shows that 58, 60, 54, 35, and 97 books, respectively, were borrowed from Monday to
Friday last week. Find the median.

Example 2: Given the following scores 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10. Find the median

Mode
The mode is the measure or value which occurs most frequently in a set of data. It is the
value with the greatest frequency.
To find the mode for a set of data:

1. select the measure that appears most often in the set;

2. if two or more measures appear the same number of times, then each of these values is a mode
3. if every measure appears the same number of times, then the set of data has no mode.

Find the mode in the given sets of scores.

1. {10, 12, 9, 10, 13, 11, 10}

2. {15, 20, 18, 19, 18, 16, 20, 18}
3. { 5, 8, 7, 9, 6, 8, 5}
4. { 7, 10, 8, 5, 9, 6, 4}
5. { 12, 16, 14, 15, 16, 13, 14}
Quiz # 1

I. The following students would like to maintain their grades to qualify as honor students. They should at
least get an average of 90 to qualify. Given their first four score, find their missing score to qualify for
the honor role.

A. Joel: 90, 92, 87, 89 C. Erlyn: 97, 82, 90, 89

B. Cherry: 85, 94, 85, 93 D. Santi: 88, 90, 83, 91

A. Did all of them qualify for the honor roll?

II. The following are grades of three students who are qualified to be the valedictorian. After taking to
account all aspects, their academic grades are left:

Student A Student B Student C

96 99 97

99 100 100

97 99 96

98 98 100

100 94 97

A. Calculate the Mean, Median, and Mode of the three students.

B. Based on the data you collected, which of the three students should be valedictorian. Justify your
answer.

Measures of Central Tendency (Grouped Data)

Mean
When the number of items in a set of data is too big, items are grouped for convenience. To find the mean of grouped data
using class marks, the following formula can be used:
Where: f is the frequency of each class
X is the class mark of each class

Below are the test scores of students in their Mid-term exam in Physics. Calculate their mean

Scores Frequency (f) Class Mark (X) fX

41 - 45 1

36 - 40 8

31 - 35 8

26 - 30 14

21 - 25 7

16 - 20 2

𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 + 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

Class Mark =
2

Median
The median is the middle value in a set of quantities. It separates an ordered set of data into two equal parts. Half of the
quantities are located above the median and the other half is found below it, whenever the quantities are arranged
according to magnitude (from highest to lowest.) In computing for the median of grouped data, the following formula is
used:

Scores Frequency (f) <cf

41 - 45 1

36 - 40 8
 31 - 35 8

26 - 30 14

21 - 25 7

16 - 20 2

⅀f = 40

Mode
The mode of grouped data can be approximated using the following formula:

Find the mode of the scores:

Scores Frequency (f)

41 - 45 1

36 - 40 8

31 - 35 8

26 - 30 14

21 - 25 7

16 - 20 2

Solving for the mode of data with the same frequency:

MODE = 3(Median) - 2(Mean)

The table shows the percentage score of students who took Colegio De Montalban’s entrance examination last August
2024. Calculate the mean, median, and mode.

Percentage Score Frequency (f) Class Mark (X) fX <cf

80 - 76 133

85 - 81 100

90 - 86 100

95 - 91 89

100 - 96 78

Practice Activity
The data below shows the salary of 30 teachers teaching in privates schools in the Phillipines (in thousand pesos). Create
a frequency distribution table with 6 groups. Calculate the mean, median, and the mode.

11 15 18 30 25 27 12 10 36 29
13 15 18 40 33 21 22 31 19 13
21 38 25 17 23 25 16 30 11 9

Salary Frequency (f) Class Mark (X) fX <cf

Median Class

Modal Class
QUIZ #2
Class Interval

Total Frequency
The following data shows the scores of the 40 students on their 55-item Midterm Exam in Mathematics in the
Modern World. Create a frequency distribution table and calculate the mean, median, and mode.

20 25 31 40 42 35 19 30 45 50

29 28 48 51 39 37 27 32 15 24

49 36 34 21 22 31 54 50 13 20

28 33 55 41 24 37 45 17 9 39

1. How many students fall under the mean?

2. How many students are above the mean?
3. If the passing score is 28 out of 50, based on the mean, median, and the mode, did the class do well on
the exam?

Item Difficulty Index

An item’s difficulty index can be obtained by calculating the p value (p) which is the proportion of students
answering the item correctly.

P = R/T
Where:
P = difficulty index
R = Total numbers of students answering the item right
T = Total number of students answering the item

The p-value ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 which indicates from extremely very difficult as no one got the item correct
to extremely very easy as the everyone got the item right.

Example:

Item 1: There are 50 students in the class that Calculate the difficulty index
answered item 1 and 42 of them got it correctly.

Item 2: In the same class, only 12 students got Calculate the difficulty index
correct in item 2

Make a conclusion based on the difficulty index of the item.

Discrimination Index
An item-discrimation index shows the relationship between the student’s performance in an item and his total
performance n the test represent in the total score. A high item-total correlations indicate tha the items
contribute well to the total score.

For classroom assessments, the discrimination index shows if a difference exists between the performance of
those who scored high and those who scored low in an item. The nature of these differences can take various
directions:

Formula for Discrimination Index:

𝑅𝑢 𝑅
𝐷 = 𝑇𝑢
− 𝑇1
1
D = Discrimination index
𝑅𝑢 = number of upper group getting the item correct
𝑇𝑢 = numbers of upper group
𝑅1 = number of lower group getting the item correct
𝑇1 = number of lower group

How To Determine The Upper and Lower Groups

1. Obtain the scores of the test.
2. Order the test paper from highest to lowest
3. Split the test scores in upper and lower group based on this conditions:
● If the test papers are less than 50, split the group in half.
● If the test papers are greaters than 50, 25% of the test papers is the upper and the lower group.
4. Ensure that both lower and upper groups have the same number of students

Example:

A. Grade 6 - Sampaguita has 40 students. Teacher Koko wants perform an item discrimination test, how
many students belong in the upper and the lower groups?
B. Mr. Cooper administered a physics exam for the both all the sections in Grade 12. There are a total of
100 students. How many students belong to the upper and the lower group?
C. The administrators of Colegio De Montalban wants to know how well their entrance exams items
function through a discrimination. In 2024, there are 1,625 students who took the exam. How many
takers belong to the upper and lower groups?

Guidelines for Evaluating the Discriminating Efficiency of Items

 Discrimination Index Difficulty Level Item Evaluation

0.86 - Above Very Easy Discard

0.71 - 0.85 Easy Change or Revise

0.30 - 0.70 Moderate Retain

0.15 - 0.29 Difficult Change or Revise

0.14 - Below Very Difficult Discard

Practice Activity

A Mathematics teacher created a 10 - item quiz and administered it to 100 students. He wants to know how
well the item functioned by examining their difficulty and discrimination index.

Score Upper Group Middle Group Lower Group Difficulty Discrimination

( n = 25) (n = 50) (n = 25) Level Index
Item #

1 20 15 15

2 15 30 5

3 24 36 12

4 23 30 22

5 12 42 16

A. Make a conclusion about the difficulty level of each number.

B. Give the evaluation for each item.
C. Do you think the administered assessment is a good quiz?

Quiz #3
Mrs. Madrigal administered a 10-item pop quiz for 120 first year students taking English. She wanted to see if
her test is effective in assessing their skills.

Score
Upper Group Middle Group Lower Group Difficulty Discrimination
Level Index

Item # n= n= n=

1 19 23 12

2 28 43 20

3 30 16 24

4 13 9 9

5 23 40 19

6 29 32 9

7 30 60 29

8 18 34 15

9 28 44 20

10 8 15 3

A. Complete the table by solving for the difficulty level, discrimination index, and the number of students
included in the upper, middle, and lower group.
B. Give the evaluation for each item.
C. Do you think the administered assessment is a good quiz?