EFFECTIVENESS OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV)

IN SOLVING CRIME INCIDENT

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

As nations develop and their economies grow bigger, social problems also

intensify. One great concern deals with peace and order as well as safety and security of

the people. Various psychologists would render different explanations to the cases of

crimes but what is apparent even to the most innocent individual is that crimes are

everywhere. Anyone can be a victim of crime; which fosters fear to a lot of people.

Knowing its responsibility, the government of different nations have launched various

innovations on how to prevent crimes. One of these innovations is the use of CCTV. A

common goal of most CCTV systems has been the prevention of crime and disorder

through deterrence. Claims are also made that CCTV provides public reassurance and

therefore reduces fear of crime, which may, in turn, increase the use of public spaces

(Bennett & Gelsthorpe, 2010).

CCTV has popularly been used worldwide. It can be found in large buildings, wide

establishments or areas such as malls or park. It is also need on streets for monitoring

and supervising traffic flow. Its effectiveness to provide useful information has been

attested by many agencies and establishments. In California and neighboring states,

CCTV ‘s were used of security measure such as identification of people specially before

entering a highly security facility such as pent house and executive offices.

In the Philippines, CCTV has been popular on stores, gasoline stations, streets,

elevators, laboratory, banks, condominiums, hallways and privately owned area. One of

the most popular uses of CCTV was the case of Its Showtime Host, Vhong Navarro,
against Cedric Lee and Deniece Cornejo where it proved several points such as

identification of people involved and time lapsed when incident happened. Also, the case

wherein Magaspac‘s identity was revealed; PO3 Magaspac a traffic police at Pasay who

was caught asking extra money to truck drivers passing the expressway. The popularity

and use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) camera has grown rapidly since the

technology was first introduced. As students under the BS Criminology Program and with

motivation from two professional courses, the researchers became highly interested in

exploring all means on how crime can be minimized.

The researchers chose to conduct the study on CCTV cameras due to the

increasing number of violations done by the community members, the irregularities made

by the people around the area, the different person in contact with the premises and

various incidents during events that can be solved through the aid of CCTV footages.

This study could be used as basis for the improvement of the future generation

technology. In addition, this study was anchored on the concept of how effective are

CCTV cameras as tool for community properties’ safety and security.

For example, at LPU-Batangas, CCTV is used to log employee attendance and

monitor student behavior in laboratories and classrooms. The Management Information

Systems (MIS) Department oversees and reviews footage in cases of property damage

or theft. In Batangas City, police officers also utilize CCTV to prevent crimes and

apprehend offenders. Downtown residents assist law enforcement by helping minimize

criminal activities through cooperation with surveillance efforts. This collective effort

underscores the growing reliance on CCTV for enhancing public safety and security in

the city.
 As nations advance and their economies expand, social issues tend to become

more pronounced. A major concern revolves around maintaining peace, order, and the

safety and security of citizens. Psychologists offer various explanations for crime, but

what is clear, even to the average person, is that crime is prevalent. Anyone can fall

victim to it, which instills fear in many people. Recognizing their duty, governments

across the world have implemented various strategies to combat crime. One such

innovation is the use of CCTV. The primary goal of most CCTV systems is to deter crime

and maintain order.

It is also claimed that CCTV reassures the public, reducing the fear of crime, and

in turn, encourages the use of public spaces (Bennett & Gelsthorpe, 2010). CCTV has

gained widespread use globally and can be found in large buildings, public spaces like

malls and parks, and along streets to monitor traffic flow. Many organizations and

agencies have testified to its effectiveness in providing valuable information. For

instance, in California and nearby states, CCTVs are employed for security purposes,

such as identifying individuals, especially before entering highly secure areas like

executive offices or penthouses.

In the Philippines, CCTV is commonly found in stores, gas stations, streets,

elevators, laboratories, banks, condominiums, hallways, and private areas. One well-

known case involving CCTV was the controversy between "It's Showtime" host Vhong

Navarro and Cedric Lee with Deniece Cornejo, where the footage helped identify

individuals involved and establish the timeline of events. Another instance was when the

identity of PO3 Magaspac, a traffic police officer in Pasay caught extorting money from
truck drivers, was revealed through CCTV footage. The use of CCTV has grown rapidly

since the technology was first introduced.

As criminology students, motivated by our professional courses, we became

particularly interested in how crime prevention can be improved. We decided to focus our

study on CCTV cameras due to the increasing violations in our community, irregular

behavior, and incidents that could be resolved with CCTV footage. This research aims to

serve as a foundation for future technological advancements and investigates the

effectiveness of CCTV as a tool for safeguarding community properties.

Theoretical Framework

The effectiveness of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in solving crime incidents

can be developed by drawing on various criminological and surveillance theories. This

framework outlines the relationships between CCTV use and its impact on crime

prevention, detection, and resolution.

Situational crime prevention theory focuses on reducing opportunities for crime by

altering the immediate environment. CCTV is a tool for situational crime prevention as it

increases the difficulty of committing a crime and the likelihood of being caught. By

monitoring high-risk areas, CCTV changes the environment in a way that discourages

criminal activity.

CCTV is a form of technological surveillance that enhances accountability in

crime-solving efforts. The ability to record, review, and share footage provides law

enforcement agencies with crucial evidence, facilitating the investigation and prosecution

process. Furthermore, the presence of cameras promotes transparency and

accountability, as both citizens and authorities know their actions are being monitored.

Routine Activity Theory, developed by Cohen and Felson (2021), suggests that for

a crime to occur, three elements must be present: a motivated offender, a suitable target,

and the absence of capable guardians. CCTV acts as a "capable guardian" by increasing
the perceived risk of being caught, thus discouraging offenders. CCTV footage can also

assist in identifying offenders after a crime occurs, aiding in investigation and resolution.

Deterrence theory posits that crime can be prevented when the perceived risks

outweigh the potential rewards. CCTV serves as a deterrent by increasing the chances

of detection and apprehension. When individuals know they are being monitored, they

are less likely to commit crimes due to the fear of being recorded and identified.

Rational choice theory assumes that criminals are rational actors who weigh the

costs and benefits before committing a crime. CCTV increases the potential cost of

committing a crime by creating a higher likelihood of detection and arrest. It also

influences criminals' decision-making processes, as they must consider the risk of being

recorded.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a multidisciplinary

approach to deter criminal behavior through environmental design. CCTV is an integral

part of CPTED, as it enhances the visibility of public and private spaces. The placement

of cameras in strategic locations reduces "blind spots" and increases the overall safety of

an area by monitoring high-risk zones.

This theoretical framework combines multiple criminological theories to explore

the role of CCTV in solving crime incidents. CCTV acts as both a deterrent and an

investigative tool, influencing the behavior of potential offenders and assisting law

enforcement agencies in solving crimes more efficiently.

Conceptual Framework

The use of surveillance technology, especially Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV),

has profoundly changed how we approach crime detection, prevention, and investigation

in modern society. CCTV systems provide real-time monitoring, enabling law

enforcement to identify suspects and reduce the number of unsolved cases (Gill &

Spriggs, 2005). Despite its widespread adoption, questions remain regarding the true

effectiveness of CCTV in deterring crime, solving cases, and supporting criminal

investigations.

CCTV is often considered a crucial tool for gathering evidence and assisting law

enforcement in solving crimes. While CCTV footage can be a valuable resource for

investigations, its effectiveness is influenced by factors like image quality, camera

placement, and the expertise of those analyzing the footage (Welsh & Farrington, 2009).

CCTV is not a stand-alone solution but rather a complementary tool that enhances other

investigative strategies, increasing the chances of resolving cases and apprehending

criminals.

This framework aims to evaluate how CCTV systems contribute to crime

prevention and resolution while acknowledging their limitations and the crucial role of law
 enforcement practices. It underscores that CCTV, like other tools within the criminal

justice system, operates within a broader context that encompasses human elements,

technological capabilities, and procedural efficacy.

I. Profile of the II. CCTV System III. Law Enforcement

Respondents as to: Characteristics Utilization

(Quality, Placement, (Training, Access,

Maintenance, Footage Integration)
● Age
Availability)
● Gender
● Position

III. CCTV Effectiveness

(Crime Detection,
Prevention, Resolution)

IV. Crime Resolution

Rate

(Solved Cases, Impact)

 Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV)

systems in solving crime incidents within specific areas. It focuses on understanding how

CCTV contributes to crime detection, prevention, and resolution. The research seeks to

determine the role of CCTV in providing evidence and assisting law enforcement

agencies in criminal investigations. Specific questions that the researchers aim to

answer include:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age;

1.2. Gender;

1.3. Position;

2. How effective are CCTV systems in identifying perpetrators of crime?

3. What is the impact of CCTV on the rate of crime resolution?

4. How do law enforcement agencies utilize CCTV footage in the investigative process?
Significance of the Study

Department of Public Safety and Law Enforcement. The researcher believes this

study’s findings will give the Department of Public Safety and Law Enforcement valuable

insights into how CCTV systems aid in crime prevention, detection, and resolution.

These results could also guide the formulation of policies that enhance surveillance

technology as part of comprehensive crime-solving efforts in urban settings.

Municipality of Cantilan. The outcomes will provide a crucial foundation for improving

crime-prevention programs throughout the municipality and the broader region, including

Surigao del Sur. The insights gained can assist in developing more effective security

measures involving CCTV.

Police Authorities and Law Enforcement Agencies. This research can offer useful

perspectives on the role of CCTV in solving crimes, helping law enforcement agencies

refine their strategies for crime prevention and detection. This, in turn, could lead to more

effective deployment of surveillance systems in areas with higher crime rates and ensure

timely responses to criminal incidents.

Community Members. The study aims to inform the community about how CCTV

systems impact their overall safety and security. It may encourage them to support the

installation of surveillance systems in public spaces while addressing any privacy

concerns they might have.

Business Owners. The research findings will help business owners adopt CCTV

systems to safeguard their establishments from theft, vandalism, and other crimes. It will

also help them navigate the legal and ethical considerations of using such technologies,

ensuring compliance with local regulations.

Parents and Families. The study will aid parents and families in understanding how

CCTV systems contribute to the safety of their communities and schools. It will

underscore the role these systems play in preventing crimes that affect children and

young people, offering reassurance to parents.

Future Researchers. This research will serve as a valuable reference for future studies

exploring surveillance technology’s role in crime prevention. It will provide a solid

foundation for analyzing other technological innovations in public safety and how they

can be incorporated into crime-prevention strategies.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study specifically examines the effectiveness of closed-circuit television

(CCTV) in solving crime incidents. It focuses on the use of CCTV technology in the

Municipality of Cantilan, Surigao del Sur, and its impact on crime resolution. The

research is limited to Police Officers, Security Personnel, and Police Information

Technology Officers in Cantilan. The study was carried out at the North Eastern

Mindanao State University, Cantilan Campus, and data collection started in October.

Bruner (1966) stated, “The essence of teaching and learning is to help learners

acquire knowledge and use that knowledge to create new knowledge.” While the scope

of this research diverges from Bruner's focus on education, the information gathered

aims to contribute to the literature on the use of ICT, particularly CCTV, as a tool for

crime prevention and resolution.

Definition of Terms

Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV). A video monitoring system where footage is

broadcast to a restricted set of screens or recording devices, commonly used for security

and surveillance.

Crime Prevention. Actions or strategies aimed at minimizing or stopping criminal

activities, usually by discouraging offenders or increasing the chances of being caught.

Crime Detection. The process of uncovering and identifying a crime, often assisted by

tools like CCTV to collect evidence.

Crime Resolution. The process of solving a criminal case by identifying, capturing, and

prosecuting the offender, frequently aided by surveillance systems like CCTV.

Surveillance. The systematic observation of individuals or locations, often through

technology like CCTV, for monitoring and gathering evidence for security purposes.

Law Enforcement. Organizations that maintain public order and enforce laws, such as

the police, who frequently use CCTV footage in their investigations.

Deterrence Theory. A theory in criminology that suggests crime can be discouraged

when the potential risks, such as being detected by CCTV, outweigh the potential

rewards.

Routine Activity Theory. A theory stating that crime occurs when a motivated offender,

a suitable target, and the lack of a capable guardian converge; CCTV serves as a

"capable guardian."

Situational Crime Prevention. A crime-reduction strategy that minimizes opportunities

for criminal behavior by modifying the environment, such as by using CCTV to deter

crime.

Evidence. Information or materials (such as CCTV footage) used to support criminal

investigations, helping to confirm the facts of a case.

 Chapter 2

REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis generalization or conclusion,

methodologies and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing

information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Related Literature

Foreign

According to IFSEC (2020). Numerous countries have adopted public video

surveillance as a crucial method for overseeing population movements and deterring

crime and terrorism across both private and public sectors. In the UK, councils, law

enforcement, and security management professionals significantly rely on video

surveillance to combat crime and terrorism. Currently, there are approximately 5.2 million
CCTV cameras in the UK, translating to one camera for every 13 people; this figure

includes public surveillance, privately operated business cameras, and doorbell

cameras. Since the original article's publication in 2014, the capabilities of video

surveillance systems have dramatically evolved due to significant advancements in

digital data collection, analysis, sharing, and storage. Security cameras are now integral

to the development of smarter cities and the expanding industrial Internet of Things. The

emergence of deep learning and AI technologies has enhanced cameras’ ability to

accurately collect data and make predictions through sophisticated analytical software

developed by manufacturers. Furthermore, the shift towards smart homes has facilitated

consumer access to user-friendly wireless devices and doorbell cameras. The UK is

recognized as a leader in CCTV usage, with the public accustomed to seeing

surveillance cameras on nearly every high street. While these systems enjoy broad

public support, they also raise concerns about privacy and the intrusion into the daily

lives of individuals. The effectiveness of public surveillance technology was notably

highlighted in April 2013 when investigators identified the suspects in the Boston

Marathon bombing through video footage from the city's cameras, resulting in the swift

apprehension of the bombers. Although the effectiveness of public cameras on that

occasion is unquestionable, ongoing debates about privacy and surveillance will persist.

In India, many major metropolitan areas are embarking on city surveillance initiatives;

however, authorities must establish regulatory frameworks to prevent policy gaps before

implementation.

Ayeni (2020). Stated that numerous studies have explored the effectiveness of

Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) systems in deterring and detecting criminal activity.

Research conducted by in Lagos State, Nigeria, demonstrated the potential of CCTV in

reducing crime, particularly in high-risk areas. The study highlighted the importance of

proper installation, maintenance, and monitoring for optimal results.

Similarly, Bhuiyan and Chowdhury (2019). Investigated the role of CCTV in Dhaka

City, Bangladesh, finding that it played a significant role in reducing street crime and

theft. Their research emphasized the need for integrated crime prevention strategies,

incorporating CCTV as a key component.

A comprehensive review of the literature by Clarke (2012) concluded that while

CCTV can be effective, its success depends on various factors, including system design,

location, and usage. Eck (2002) further explored the application of environmental design

principles in conjunction with CCTV, suggesting that strategic placement of cameras

alongside other design features could significantly reduce crime rates.

Gill and Spriggs (2014), conducted a thorough analysis of the evidence, finding

that CCTV can positively impact crime rates, particularly in reducing theft and vandalism.

Their research also underscored the importance of considering the social and ethical

implications of widespread CCTV deployment.

Hope and Shaw (2006), found that CCTV can be effective in deterring crime,

especially in areas with high visibility and clear messaging about surveillance. Jones and

Maguire (2005) further emphasized the importance of camera quality, monitoring levels,

and law enforcement agency response in maximizing CCTV effectiveness.

 McLaughlin (2010), analyzed a range of studies, concluding that CCTV can

effectively reduce crime, particularly theft and vandalism. The study also highlighted the

need to consider the cost-effectiveness of implementing CCTV systems.

Welsh and Farrington (2009), provided a comprehensive overview of crime

prevention strategies, including CCTV. Their research emphasized the importance of

considering the broader context of crime prevention and integrating CCTV with other

strategies for optimal results.

Weisburd, Majmundar & Shariati, (2018). The importance of CCTV monitoring is

rooted in the interplay between individuals and their environments, as situational factors

significantly influence criminal behavior Consequently, crime distribution correlates with

the spatial characteristics that facilitate specific criminal activities.

Fitwi et al., (2021). CCTV systems, therefore, serve multiple functions and are

prevalent in both public and private settings. CCTV cameras are specifically designed for

security purposes and surveillance of particular areas. As noted, the utilization of CCTV

camera systems in public spaces, businesses, streets, schools, and along public

highways has become increasingly widespread emphasizes that the growth of CCTV

should be understood in the context of innovations shaping the future of video

surveillance.

Local

The primary objective of most CCTV systems is to deter crime and disorder

(Cuevas, Corachea & Bautista, 2017). There are claims that CCTV cameras also

enhance public reassurance. Recently, Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) has become a

fundamental aspect of everyday life. These cameras play a crucial role in the security

systems of various establishments, including homes, stores, and shopping malls.

Additionally, millions of CCTV cameras are installed on streets to reduce crime, prevent

incidents, and enhance public safety. The effectiveness of CCTV installations in crime

prevention is evaluated in specific barangays of Ozamiz City, focusing on their utility in

deterring traffic violations, crimes against individuals, and property crimes, while also

proposing action-based plans based on the findings. The study employs a descriptive-

correlational design, utilizing mean and standard deviation for data analysis. Results

indicate that CCTV installations are highly effective for crime prevention by continuously

monitoring and recording activities, aiding in the resolution of reported incidents such as

theft or robbery. Moreover, CCTV installations prove beneficial in addressing crimes

against individuals and properties, as well as in curbing traffic violations, given their

capacity to serve as evidence in legal proceedings. Awareness of CCTV monitoring

encourages drivers to comply with regulations to avoid penalties.

Acosta (2023), emphasizes the crucial function of CCTV in preventing and

detecting crime, especially in urban settings. The research points out that the presence

of CCTV cameras acts as a deterrent, resulting in decreased crime rates through

enhanced monitoring and the increased perception of risk.

Cruz & Santos (2022), examined how effective CCTV systems are at deterring

and solving crimes in the Philippines. Their findings indicate that strategically placed

CCTV systems, particularly when combined with other security measures, can

significantly aid in reducing crime and boosting law enforcement effectiveness.

 De Leon (2021), studied the influence of CCTV on community safety in the

Philippines. The research concluded that CCTV systems can improve public safety by

instilling a sense of security and lessening residents' fear of crime. Additionally, the study

highlighted the necessity of community involvement in the deployment and management

of these systems.

Fernandez (2020), investigated how CCTV can enhance trust and cooperation

between law enforcement and the community. The study revealed that when CCTV

systems are implemented transparently and ethically, they can promote a shared sense

of responsibility for community safety and stimulate active participation in crime

prevention initiatives.

Garcia & Reyes (2019), looked into the challenges and drawbacks of using CCTV

in the Philippines. The research underscored issues such as privacy concerns, the risk of

misuse, and the importance of establishing clear legal frameworks for the deployment

and usage of CCTV systems.

Lopez (2018), assessed the effectiveness of CCTV in solving crimes in specific

regions of the Philippines. The findings indicated that while CCTV can offer valuable

evidence for criminal cases, its effectiveness is often hindered by factors like subpar

camera quality, insufficient infrastructure, and a lack of trained personnel.

Manalili (2017), examined recent technological advancements in CCTV and their

implications for crime prevention and detection in the Philippines. The study noted the

rise of high-definition cameras, facial recognition technologies, and cloud-based storage

solutions, all of which can improve the efficiency of CCTV systems in crime prevention

and investigation.

Perez (2016), discussed the legal and ethical issues surrounding the

implementation of CCTV in the Philippines. The research highlighted the need for well-

defined guidelines and regulations to ensure the responsible use of CCTV systems,

striking a balance between the necessity for security and the safeguarding of individual

privacy rights.

Related Studies

Foreign

Piza et al. (2019), conducted a thorough systematic review and meta-analysis

regarding the impact of CCTV cameras on crime rates, revealing that there is a

noteworthy, albeit modest, reduction in crime associated with their presence. The

effectiveness of CCTV varies based on several factors, including the geographical

context, crime type, monitoring methods, who oversees the cameras, the integration of

additional security measures, and even the country in which they are used.

Lepon and Popkin (2007), from Harvard conducted a study that indicated CCTV's

effectiveness is limited, with only a 4% decrease in crime reported in areas equipped

with these systems. They found that CCTV is primarily effective in deterring auto theft
but has minimal impact on violent crime. Officer Steven G. Catalano of the Harvard

University Police Department noted that, despite the presence of CCTV cameras around

the campus, they remain ineffective as they are managed by various university

departments rather than the HUPD. The only cameras under HUPD's control are those

installed at their station and garage.

Beck & Willis, (1999) Despite the rapid advancement of CCTV technology,

challenges first identified two decades ago persist. The commitment to and expenditure

on CCTV often stem from unverified assumptions, such as "security wish fulfillment,"

"blind faith in CCTV effectiveness," or "technological fixation".

Investing in CCTV can be validated through various criteria, notably by measuring

its effectiveness in reducing crime rates in areas equipped with surveillance cameras.

While research indicates that CCTV systems can have preventive effects, these results

are not universally agreed upon. Furthermore, such findings may lead to unwarranted

investments in CCTV without considering other factors, such as the different categories

of crime that influence its effectiveness.

La Vigne et al., (2011). It has been suggested that policymakers should avoid

relying on these assumptions and on data provided by vendors or other interested

parties Welsh and Farrington (2004) argue that crime policies often lack a foundation in

hard evidence. Consequently, evidence-based crime prevention is essential for making

informed decisions regarding crime reduction strategies (Davies et al., 2000; Tonry,

2010). This approach necessitates independent evaluations (La Vigne et al., 2011;
Welsh et al., 2008) that utilize high-quality data and robust analytical methods to assess

the effectiveness of crime prevention initiatives (Beck & Willis, 1999; Welsh et al., 2004,

2008).

Lim, Kim, Eck, & Kim, 2016; Piza et al., (2019) In line with this perspective, the

effectiveness of CCTV systems has been extensively researched regarding their ability

to reduce crime in specific areas. However, many studies often overlook the costs of the

intervention and any savings generated from crime reduction, which is a critical aspect of

evidence-based crime policy (Lawson et al., 2018).

Welsh & Farrington (2009) This comprehensive review of 35 studies examining

the impact of CCTV on crime found mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness. While

some studies reported reductions in crime rates, others showed no significant effects.

The authors concluded that CCTV's effectiveness is dependent on various factors,

including the type of crime, the location, and the way it is implemented.

Gill & Spriggs (2011) This study investigated the impact of CCTV on crime in a

specific area of the UK. They found that CCTV deployment was associated with a

reduction in certain types of crime, particularly vandalism and theft. However, they also

noted that the effectiveness of CCTV was limited by factors such as the quality of the

cameras and the availability of resources for monitoring and investigation.

Clarke (2005) This study explored the role of CCTV in crime prevention and

detection. The author argued that CCTV can be an effective tool for deterring crime and

aiding in investigations, but its effectiveness is influenced by factors such as the visibility

of cameras, the quality of images, and the response time of law enforcement. [URL:
 Home Office (2010) This report, commissioned by the UK Home Office, reviewed

the evidence on the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing crime. The report found that

CCTV can have a positive effect on crime reduction, particularly in specific locations and

for certain types of crime. However, it also highlighted the need for careful planning and

implementation to ensure that CCTV is used effectively.

Local

Garcia (2019) This study examined the perceptions of residents in a specific

barangay (village) in the Philippines regarding the effectiveness of CCTV in deterring

crime. The study found that residents generally perceived CCTV as a positive deterrent,

but some expressed concerns about privacy and the potential for misuse.

According to AA2000PH (2023), the implementation of Closed-Circuit Television

(CCTV) systems has seen a significant rise in the Philippines, underscoring its crucial

role in improving security and surveillance nationwide. In response to the changing

landscape of security threats, the integration of sophisticated technology has become

vital for protecting both lives and property. This study examines the increasing

importance of CCTV in the Philippines, detailing its various applications, advantages,

and potential developments in the future.

According to Queen Denise

P. Cuevas “Effectiveness of
CCTV Cameras
Installation in Crime
Prevention” (2016) As
nations develop and their
economies
grow bigger, social
problems also intensify. One
great concern deals with
peace
and order as well as safety
and security of the people.
Various psychologists
would render different
explanations to the cases of
crimes but what is apparent
even to the most innocent
individual is that crimes are
everywhere. Anyone can
be a victim of crime; which
fosters fear to a lot of
people. Knowing its
responsibility, the
government of different
nations have launched
various
innovations on how to
prevent crimes.
According to Queen Denise P. Cuevas “Effectiveness of CCTV Cameras

Installation in Crime Prevention” (2016) As nations develop and their economies grow

bigger, social problems also intensify. One great concern deals with peace and order as

well as safety and security of the people. Various psychologists would render different

explanations to the cases of crimes but what is apparent even to the most innocent

individual is that crimes are everywhere. Anyone can be a victim of crime; which fosters
fear to a lot of people. Knowing its responsibility, the government of different nations

have launched various innovations on how to prevent crimes.

De Leon (2017) This study investigated the impact of CCTV deployment on crime

rates in Metro Manila, Philippines. The author found that CCTV installation was

associated with a significant reduction in crime rates, particularly in areas with high crime

rates. However, the study also noted that the effectiveness of CCTV is influenced by

factors such as the quality of the cameras, the availability of resources for monitoring,

and the cooperation of the public.

Lumaban “CCTV-Based Surveillance System with Face Recognition Feature

Study” (2020), The state of peace and order in the city or town plays a critical role in

social development. Criminals at large in public places become difficult to recognize.

Even law enforcers may not be able to detect their presence. One of the remedies

undertaken to detect crimes is the use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV). There has

been extensive research on the value of CCTV for preventing crimes. To keep track of

fraud and illegal activity, facial recognition has been used widely to build security

systems as well as the surveillance system. CCTV provides the trail for enforcers to

understand how these series of atrocities were committed. With the usefulness of CCTV,

recently, it is widely installed and utilized in shopping malls, grocery stores, offices,

industries, housing, factories, transportation units, air stations, and other public places.

Larry Alton “For Business, Securing CCTV Should be a Primary Concern” (2021).

For a business that has lots of customers and employees on the premises throughout
the day, CCTV cameras provide a valuable way to track what’s happening in real-time

without having a heavy security presence on the ground (which is alarming to most

people). People are pretty good at picking out security cameras particularly if they’re

about to commit a crime. If they spot cameras, they’re much less likely to follow through.

So, in addition to recording crimes as they occur, CCTV cameras even prevent certain

types from occurring in the first place.

Jessica “Kaimuki Unraveled: Fleur de Lis Through Ethnographic Lenses” (2020)

Closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras are also installed throughout the entire shop of

FLEUR DE LIS in Katipunan for the safety of the staffs and costumers. The CCTV

cameras are connected to a computer the cash register. The person at the cash register

was both responsible for keeping track of the payments of the customers, as well as

looking after the odd and suspicious actions of the people inside the store

Insights Gained

This research investigates the effectiveness of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV)

cameras in reducing crime and enhancing community safety. Driven by the increasing

prevalence of CCTV technology and the need to address rising crime and misconduct,

this study aims to analyze the practical benefits of CCTV in crime prevention and

resolution. By examining how CCTV footage can aid in resolving incidents and deter

criminal activities, the research seeks to provide valuable insights for future

advancements in surveillance systems and the implementation of more effective safety

measures in communities. Ultimately, this study aims to contribute to a safer

environment for all residents while highlighting the potential of CCTV as a catalyst for

broader advancements in crime prevention technologies.

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, research environment, population

and sample, instrumentation, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of the

study,

Research Design

This study is a quantitative description since it narrates description by counting

scores based on the questionnaires used. It also measured numerically the extent of

how the English language is used in oral communication as shown the researcher to

obtain the specimen to analyze. It utilized the descriptive method in a way that it

describes and tests the effects of teaching and learning Information and Communication
Technology to Grade 12 Students. Data in the quantitative description is analyzed

quantitatively.

Research Locale

The researchers conducted the study at Saint Theresa College of Tandag, Inc. It

is a school which offers K to 12 curricula. The Senior High School offers Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Management (STEM), (ABM), Humanities and Social

Sciences (HUMSS), and Technical Vocational and Livelihood (TVL) strands that are

covered by the K to 12 programs.

 Figure 2.

Map of the Research Locale

Research Respondents

The researchers chose to conduct the study at Saint Theresa College of Tandag,

Inc. Senior High School students. The respondents of the study were 298 or 25.47% of

the total population of the SHS students of STC. The breakdown is indicated below

STRAND Frequency F Percentage

STEM 44 14.77

ABM 21 7.04

HUMSS 197 66.11

TVL 36 12.08

TOTAL 298 100%

Research Instrument

The research used one set of questionnaires as instruments of this study. The set

is for the student-respondent’ to know the effect of learning ICT as to teaching strategies,

level of effectiveness, and recommended measures.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher asked permission from the school heads. Upon approval and

validated by the school heads, the researchers personally conducted the survey to

Grade 12 STEM, ABM, HUMSS and TVL students of Saint Theresa College of Tandag,

Inc.

Statistical Treatment

To interpret the data, the Research Statistician used a simple percentage

computation of the frequency count in the profile of the respondents. For the second part

which sought the effect of teaching and learning Information and Communication

Technology to Grade 12 Students.

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