Phisics CH 10

Thermal properties of
matter
Internal Energy & Molecules:
 The molecules within a substance possess two forms of energy:
# Kinetic energy (due to their random motion/vibration)
# Potential energy (due to the bonds between the molecules)
Together, these two forms of energy make up the internal (thermal)
energy of the substance
 When a substance is heated, the kinetic energy of the molecules

increase
The temperature of the material is related to the average kinetic
energy of the
molecule
Temperature and Heat
Kinetic theory states particles are constantly

moving and have kinetic energy. The higher
the temperature, the faster they move, so
they contain more kinetic energy.
Higher
temperature
Energy will flow from a hotter object to a
colder one. Particles in the hot object will
lose kinetic energy, whereas particles in the
Energy
cold object will gain energy.
Lower
temperature Energy will continue to flow until both
objects reach the same temperature.
Objects at the same temperature will have
the same average kinetic energy per particle.
Thermal Expansion
Gases expand
more when
Liquids
heated than
expand more
liquids
when heated
(depending
than solids.
upon P, V and
T)
When heated, solids (and liquids and Material Coefficient of expansion

gases) gain thermal energy. The
Glass 8.5
particles start to move about more –
their vibrations take up more space, so Concrete 12
there is expansion in all directions. Brass 19
The opposite is true when the
Steel 11
temperature falls – the material will get
smaller (contract). Aluminium 23
Thermal Expansion - examples
Girders in buildings and bridges are
made with gaps at the ends. High-speed planes
Glass to be used in cooking has to be a are warmed by air
low expansion type such as Pyrex friction and so
otherwise it would shatter as it got hot. get longer.
Rivets are heated before they are put in
place to hold two metal plates together.
Suspended overhead cables are left
slack to allow for contraction that
could happen on a very cold day.
rollers
Cold day
Bridges have gaps to allow for

expansion. Rollers may be used at Hot day
one end so that movement can take

place.
Thermal Expansion - applications
Thermometer Bimetallic strip
As the temperature
rises, the liquid in the
bulb expands, and so
rises up the narrow http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11-14/Heat%20energy/Expansion/text/Expansion_of_solids/index.html
tube which is In a bimetallic strip, a low

calibrated to fixed expansion metal (eg. Invar) is
points (eg. 0oC, 100oC) bonded to a high expansion metal
(eg. Brass). As the strip is heated,
Calibration scale
the brass expands more than the
invar, causing the strip to bend.
Expanding
liquid
Mercury
or alcohol
Specific heat capacity (shc)
The specific heat capacity, c, of a substance is defined as:
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of

1 kg of the substance by 1 °C
Unit of shc is J/kg °C
It is given by the equation

Thermal capacity & SHC
The thermal capacity of an object is related to the specific

heat capacity by the equation:
thermal capacity= m × c
(where c is the specific heat capacity of the material the object

is made from, and m is
the object’s mass
Change of states of matter
EVAPORATION:
Evaporation is a change in state of a liquid to a gas
It happens;
 At any temperature
 Only from the surface of a liquid
 Evaporation occurs when more energetic molecules
moving near the surface of the liquid have enough
energy to escape
 The average energy of the liquid is reduced. Therefore
liquids are cooled down by evaporation
EVAPORATION BOILING
Evaporation can occur at any Boiling of a specific liquid occurs only

temperature of the liquid. at a particular temperature(Boiling
Point).
Evaporation occurs only from the top Boiling occurs from the entire liquid
most layer of the liquid. once its temperature reaches boiling
temperature.
Evaporation is a very slow vaporization Boiling occurs rapidly.

process.
Temperature of liquid decreases During boiling, temperature of the

gradually due to evaporation. liquid remains constant.
No bubble formation occurs in Boiling is associated with bubble

evaporation. formation.
Rate of evaporation increases with Rate of boiling is independent of open

increase in open surface area of the surface area of the liquid.
liquid.
Speeding up evaporation :
 INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
Increasing the temperature,
increases the kinetic energy of the
particles which helps in quick
escape from the surface.
 INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA

Greater surface area means more
particles are close to the surface, so a
quick escape can happen.
 BLOWING AIR ACROSS THE SURFACE
Increasing the temperature, increases the
kinetic energy of the particles which helps
in quick escape from the surface.
 HUMIDITY
Humidity and rate of evaporation are in
inverse relation to each other.
As the humidity decreases, the rate of
evaporation increases.

Phisics CH 10

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Phisics CH 10

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Thermal properties of

 When a substance is heated, the kinetic energy of the molecules

Kinetic theory states particles are constantly

When heated, solids (and liquids and Material Coefficient of expansion

Bridges have gaps to allow for

one end so that movement can take

tube which is In a bimetallic strip, a low

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of

Unit of shc is J/kg °C

It is given by the equation

The thermal capacity of an object is related to the specific

(where c is the specific heat capacity of the material the object

Evaporation is a change in state of a liquid to a gas

Evaporation can occur at any Boiling of a specific liquid occurs only

Evaporation is a very slow vaporization Boiling occurs rapidly.

Temperature of liquid decreases During boiling, temperature of the

No bubble formation occurs in Boiling is associated with bubble

Rate of evaporation increases with Rate of boiling is independent of open

 INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA

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