PSY 313 - B Review of The Literature

REVIEW OF
THE
LITERATURE
Prepared by:
Angel May Buhisan
LITERATURE REVIEW noun
lit·er·a·ture re·view | \ "lĭt′ər-ə-choo͝ r rɪˈvjuː\
1 : a critical recap of what has already been research on a topic

LITERATURE REVIEW
shares the results of other studies that are closely related to your study.
relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature, filling in

gaps and extending prior studies (Cooper, 2010; Marshall & Rossman, 2011).
provide a framework for establishing the importance of the study as well

as a benchmark for comparing the results with other findings.
THE RESEARCH TOPIC
The topic is the subject or subject matter of the proposed study.
THE RESEARCH TOPIC
HOW TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO YOUR TOPICS

1. Draft a brief working title to study.
ex. My study is about...
My study is about at-risk children in junior high.
My study is about helping college faculty become better researchers.
2. Be breif and avoid wasting words (Wilkinson, 1991).

Eliminate unnecessary words, such as "An Approach to...," "A Study of...,"
and so forth. Instead use a single title or a double title.
ex. "An Ethnography: Understanding a Child's Perception of War"
THE RESEARCH TOPIC SEVERAL WAYS TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO YOUR TOPICS
3. Pose the topic as a brief question. What questions do you

need to be answered in the proposed study?
ex. "What treatment is best for depression?"
"What does it mean to be Arabic in U.S. society today?"
"What brings people to tourist sites in Midwest?"
THE RESEARCH TOPIC

THE LITERATURE REVIEW
COOPER (2010) DISCUSSED 4 TYPES

OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Literature reviews that integrate what others have done and said.
2. Literature reviews that criticize previous scholarly works.
3. Literature reviews that build bridges between related topics.
4. Literature reviews that identify the central issues in a field.

USING LITERATURE IN A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research uses literature deductively
as a framework for the research questions or hypotheses.
It also includes a substantial amount of literature at the
beginning of the study:
to provide direction for the research questions or hypotheses.
to present a problem or describe in detail the existing literature in a

section titled "Related Literature" or "Review of Literature.
to introduce and describe a theory that will be used and suggest why it is
a useful theory to examine.
USING LITERATURE IN A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Researchers use literature in qualitative methods in a manner
consistent with the assumptions of learning from the
participant, not prescribing the questions that need to be
answered from the researcher's standpoint.
THE LITERATURE REVIEW USING LITERATURE IN A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
THREE PLACEMENT LOCATIONS

Use of the Literature Criteria Examples of Suitable Types
Frame the problem in the It is used in all qualitative studies, regardless

The literature must be available.
introduction to the study of the type.
This is often acceptable to an It is used to employ a strong theory and

Presented in a separate
audience most familiar with the literature background at the beginning of the
section as a review of the
traditional postpositivist study, such as ethnographies and critical
literature.
approach theory studies.
Presented at the end of the

This is most suitable for the
study; it becomes a basis for It is used in all types of qualitative designs,
inductive process of qualitative
comparing and contrasting of but is more popular with grounded theory
research.
the findings.
USING LITERATURE IN A MIXED METHODS RESEARCH

The literature used in a mixed methods study will depend on
the strategy and relative weight given to the qualitative or
quantitative research in the study.
quantitative study > deductive approach
qualitative study > inductive approach
DESIGN TECHNIQUES
STEPS IN CONDUCTING A LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Begin by identifying keywords, which is useful in locating materials.
2. Use these keywords to begin searching the catalog for holdings (i.e., journals
and books) or search using computerized databases.
3. Start designing a literature map.
4. Draft summaries of the most relevant articles,
5. End it with a summary of major themes and suggest how your study further
adds to the literature and addresses a gap in the themes.
DESIGN TECHNIQUES
COMPUTERIZED DATABASE OF THE LITERATURE

Name Desciption
ERIC A free online digital library of education research and information sponsored by the
www.eric.ed.gov Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education.
Google Scholar
It provides a way to broadly search for literature across many disciplines and sources.
https://scholar.google.com/
PubMed A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, and it includes over 17 million citations
www.ncbi,nlm.nih.gov from MEDLINE and life science journals for biomedical articles going back to the 1950s.
ProQuest Enables researcher to search many different database and it is one of the largest
https://proquest.com/ online content repositories in the world.
DESIGN TECHNIQUES COMPUTERIZED DATABASE OF THE LITERATURE
Name Desciption
EBSCO A for-free online research services, including full-text databases, subject indexes,
https://www.ebsco.com/ point-of-care medical reference, historical digital archives, and e-books.
Sociological Abstracts
A commercially licensed database found in many academic libraries.
www,csa.com
PsycINFO It covers the field of psychology as well as psychological aspects of physiology,

www.apa.org linguistics, anthropology, business, and law.
It can be used to locate articles and authors who conducted research on a topic. The
Social Sciences Citation Index
SSCI enables you to trace all studies of science to the publication of the key study
http://isiwebofknowledge.com/
that has cited the work.
DESIGN TECHNIQUES
SELECTING LITERATURE MATERIAL

Start with broad syntheses of the literature.
Turn to journal articles and start with the most recent issues of the
journals, and look for studies about your topic.
Then proceed to books related to the topic and begin with research
monographs that summarize the scholarly literature.`
Look for major national conferences and the papers delivered to them.
DESIGN TECHNIQUES
A LITERATURE MAP OF THE RESEARCH

This map is a visual summary of the research that has been
conducted by others and is typically represented in a figure.
Hierarchical Structure
Flowchart
Series of circles
DESIGN TECHNIQUES A LITERATURE MAP OF THE RESEARCH
DESIGN TECHNIQUES
ABSTRACTING STUDIES
A good summary of a research study in a journal might include
the following points:
Mention the problem being addressed.
State the central purpose or focus of the study.
Briefly state information about the sample, population, or subjects.
Review key results that relate to the proposed study.
If it is a critique or methods review (Cooper, 2010), point out technical and

methodological flaws in the study.
DESIGN TECHNIQUES
STYLE MANUALS
Style manuals provide guidelines for creating a scholarly style of
manuscript, such as a consistent format for citing references,
creating headings, presenting tables, and figures, and using non-
discriminatory language,
Publication Manual of the
It is the most popular style manual used in the
American Psychological
Association (APA, 2010) fields of education and psychology.
The Chicago Manual of Style It is used but less widely used than the APA
(University of Chicago Press, 2010) style in the social sciences.
THE DEFINITION OF TERMS
Define terms that individuals outside the field of study may not
understand and that goes beyond the common language (Locke,
Spirduso, & Silverman, 2013).
Here are some suggestions on how you can define the terms in a study:
Define a term when it first appears in the proposal.
Write definitions at a specific operational or applied level.
Use the accepted language available in the research literature.
Researchers might define terms so that they accomplish different goals.
THE DEFINITION OF TERMS
Researchers use quantitative studies which operate more within the

deductive model and set research objectives, the definition of terms
will be placed in separate sections and precisely define them.
In qualitative studies, because of the inductive approach, and

methodological design, researchers may define a few terms at the
beginning though may advance tentative definitions.
In mixed methods studies, the approach to definitions might include a

separate section if the study begins with a first phase of quantitative
data collection.
If it begins with qualitative data collection then the terms may
emerge during the research and they are defined in the findings
or results section of the final report.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
SOME WAYS TO MAKE A UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION

IN A LITERATURE REVIEW INCLUDE:
a. highlighting a controversy,
b. critiquing a current theory and providing a new framework that

better explains the research in a given area,
c. bringing research on a different topic that sheds light on the current

topic, or
d. pointing out significant gaps in data or understanding in a topic and

making suggestions for future research and theory development in
the area
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW MUST DO TWO THINGS:

1. it must make a novel contribution and,
2. you must evaluate the research.
End of presentation
THANK YOU!
References:
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Qualitative, quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. USA,: Sage Publication
Giuliano, T. Guide for Writing in Psychology, USA,: Southwestern University

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REVIEW OF

1 : a critical recap of what has already been research on a topic

relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature, filling in

provide a framework for establishing the importance of the study as well

HOW TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO YOUR TOPICS

2. Be breif and avoid wasting words (Wilkinson, 1991).

3. Pose the topic as a brief question. What questions do you

THE RESEARCH TOPIC

COOPER (2010) DISCUSSED 4 TYPES

2. Literature reviews that criticize previous scholarly works.

3. Literature reviews that build bridges between related topics.

4. Literature reviews that identify the central issues in a field.

USING LITERATURE IN A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

to present a problem or describe in detail the existing literature in a

USING LITERATURE IN A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

THREE PLACEMENT LOCATIONS

Frame the problem in the It is used in all qualitative studies, regardless

This is often acceptable to an It is used to employ a strong theory and

Presented at the end of the

USING LITERATURE IN A MIXED METHODS RESEARCH

3. Start designing a literature map.

4. Draft summaries of the most relevant articles,

COMPUTERIZED DATABASE OF THE LITERATURE

PsycINFO It covers the field of psychology as well as psychological aspects of physiology,

SELECTING LITERATURE MATERIAL

A LITERATURE MAP OF THE RESEARCH

State the central purpose or focus of the study.

Briefly state information about the sample, population, or subjects.

Review key results that relate to the proposed study.

If it is a critique or methods review (Cooper, 2010), point out technical and

Researchers use quantitative studies which operate more within the

In qualitative studies, because of the inductive approach, and

In mixed methods studies, the approach to definitions might include a

SOME WAYS TO MAKE A UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION

b. critiquing a current theory and providing a new framework that

c. bringing research on a different topic that sheds light on the current

d. pointing out significant gaps in data or understanding in a topic and

A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW MUST DO TWO THINGS:

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