Lab Bernoulli

HYDRAULICS AND FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (CEW432) Bernoulli’s Equation Laboratory
Laboratory Report
Table of Contents
NO. TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

NUMBER
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 OBJECTIVE 3
3 LEARNING OUTCOMES 4
4 PROBLEM STATEMENT 4
5 APPARATUS 5
6 PROCEDURE 6
7 RESULT 7
8 DISCUSSION
9 CONCLUSION
10 REFERENCES
11 APPENDIX
Laboratory Report
INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli’s principle, which is normally known as Bernoulli’s equation, defines the conservation of
energy in terms of non-viscous, incompressible and frictionless fluid in steady flow. By
considering two points, 1 and 2, on a streamline:
The term in equation 1 represents the pressure head (𝑝⁄𝜌𝑔), velocity head (𝑣2⁄2𝑔) and vertical
elevation (𝑧). The sum of these three terms is known as the total head or total energy. When the
locations of the points 1 and 2 in the pipe are in the same datum position where 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 and 𝑝
=𝜌𝑔ℎ, Bernoulli’s equation can be written as:
OBJECTIVES:
• To verify Bernoulli’s principle when applied to the steady flow of water.
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Laboratory Report
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the experiment, students should be able to

i. Determine the pressure head and velocity head at each point in the horizontal pipe through a
tapered duct apparatus.
ii. Develop the correlation between the pressure head, velocity head and total head with the
horizontal distance along the tapered tape.
iii. Identify the accuracy of Bernoulli’s Theorem for fluid flow in a horizontal tapered pipe,
iv. Demonstrate and perform the work independently or as a team in carrying out experiments.
v. Organize and conduct the tasks by using appropriate equipment.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
It is important to understand that an increase in the speed of the fluid will have a subsequent
effect on the pressure or fluid potential energy. From the principle of conservation energy, the sum
of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that
streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant. Thus,
an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs proportionately with an increase in both its dynamic
pressure and kinetic energy, and a decrease in its static pressure and potential energy.
4
Laboratory Report
WAYS AND MEANS:
APPARATUS
• Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit

• Hydraulic Bench
• Measuring Cylinder
• Stopwatch
Figure 1: Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit Figure 2: Measuring Cylinder
Figure 3: Stopwatch
5
Laboratory Report
PROCEDURE
1. The apparatus was prepared on the flat top of the bench.

2. The water tank of the hydraulic bench was filled with water until approximately 90% full.
3. A flexible inlet tube was connected using the quick release coupling in the bed of the
channel
4. Flexible hose was connected to the outlet and made sure that it is directed into the channel
5. Partially open the discharge valve at the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit.
6. The bench valve was fully closed then switched on the pump.
7. The bench valve was gradually opened to fill the manometer with water and make sure
there is no air trapped in each manometer.
8. Allowed the piping system, venturi tube and manometer tube to fill with water until all air
has been expelled from the system.
9. At this point, the water can be seen flowing into the venturi meter and discharge into the
collection tank of the hydraulic bench.
10. Proceed to increase the water flow rate by adjusting the bench value. When the flow is
steady and no bubbles are trapped, close the discharge valve to reduce the flow to half of
the manometer.
11. Open the flow control valve to give a convenient flow rates for the current data.
12. Adjust the bench valves when the convenient flow rate has been set.
13. Measure the distance between manometer and water inlet
14. Then measure the diameter of the current manometer
15. The flow rate can be measured using the measuring cylinder and stopwatch. Using formula
Q= volume / time. In this experiment, the collected volume will be divided with 10 Seconds
which constant throughout the experiment.
16. Take three sets of reading for volume and time in-order to get the average flow rate through
the system.
17. Record the static head loss from the manometer
18. Then we can get Total head loss using formula Static head loss + Velocity head loss.
19. Repeat steps 12 and 18 for other tapping numbers.
6
RESULT:
No. of Distance Diameter Flow rate, Q Average Static Head Velocity, Velocity Percentage
Tapping from the of Pipe x- (m3/s) Flow rate, from V Head, H2 Total Error
inlet section Q Manometer, (m/s) (m/s) Head, HT (%)
(m3/s) H1 (m)
# (m) (m) Reading Reading Reading (1+2+3) / (m) V=Q/A H = V2/2g HT =H1 + [(HTi – HTn) /
1 2 3 3 H2 HTn] x 100%
10
7
Laboratory Report
DISCUSSION:
B
CONCLUSION:
The
REFERENCES:
• BS 1377,
8
Laboratory Report
APPENDIX:

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HYDRAULICS AND FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY (CEW432) Bernoulli’s Equation Laboratory

NO. TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

At the end of the experiment, students should be able to

WAYS AND MEANS:

• Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit

Figure 1: Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit Figure 2: Measuring Cylinder

1. The apparatus was prepared on the flat top of the bench.

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