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Solution
VOLUME 1 AND LPP TEST
Class 12 - Mathematics
Section A
1. R is not reflexive, as a line L1 cannot be ⊥ to itself i.e (L1, L1 ) ∉ R

Let (L 1, L 2) ∈ R
⇒ L1 ⊥ L2
⇒ L2 ⊥ L1
⇒ (L2, L1) ∈ R
⇒R is symmetric
Let (L 1, L 2) ∈ R and (L 2, L 3) ∈ R,then
L1 ⊥ L2 and L2 ⊥ L3
Then L1 can never be ⊥ to L3 in fact L1 || L3
i.e (L1, L2) ∈ R, (L2,L3) ∈ R.
But (L1, L3) ∉ R
R is not transitive.
2. We observe the following properties of f.
Injectivity:: Let x1, x2 ∈ N such that f(x1) = f(x2). Then,
f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ 2x1 = 2x2 ⇒ x1 = x2
So, f is one-one.
Surjectivity: Clearly, it takes even values. Therefore, no odd natural number in N (co-domain)
has its pre-image in domain. So, f is not onto.
3. Given function is f: N → N such that

f(x) =
{ x + 1,
x − 1, if x is even
if x is odd

One-One function
Case I: When x1 and x2 are odd.
Then, f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒
x1 − 1 = x2 − 1
⇒
x1 = x2
Case II: When x1 and x2 are even.
Then, f(x 1) = f(x 2)
⇒
x1 + 1 = x2 + 1
⇒
x1 = x2
Thus, in both cases,
f(x 1) = f(x 2) ⇒
x1 = x2
Case III: When x1 is odd and x2 is even.
Then, x1 ≠ x2

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Also, f(x1) is even and f(x2) is odd.

So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Thus, x 1 ≠ x 2 ⇒
f(x 1) ≠ f(x 2)
Case IV: When x1 is even and x2 is odd.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is odd and f(x2) is even.
So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Thus, x1 ≠ x2 ⇒f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Hence, from cases I, II, III and IV we can obsere that, f(x) is a one-one function.
Onto function
Let y ∈ N ( co-domain) be any arbitrary number.
If y is odd, then there exists an even number y + 1 ∈ N (domain) such that
f(y + 1) = (y + 1) − 1 = y.
If y is even, then there exists an odd number y − 1 ∈ N (domain) such that
f(y − 1) = (y − 1) + 1 = y
Thus, every element in N ( codomain) has a pre-image in N (domain).
Therefore, f(x) is an onto function. Hence, the function f(x) is bijective.
4. Given that, R1 and R2 are equivalence relations,
Therefore, (a, a) ∈ R1 , and (a, a) ∈ R2 ∀ a ∈ A.
⇒ (a, a) ∈ R1 ∩ R2 , ∀ a ∈ A, showing R1 ∩ R2 is reflexive.
Now, (a, b) ∈ R1 ∩ R2
⇒
(a, b) ∈ R1 and (a, b) ∈ R2
⇒
(b, a) ∈ R1 and (b, a) ∈ R2
⇒
(b, a) ∈ R1 ∩ R2 ,
Hence, R1 ∩ R2 is symmetric.
Finally, (a, b) ∈ R1 ∩ R2 and (b, c) ∈ R1 ∩ R2
⇒
(a, c) ∈ R1 and (a, c) ∈ R2
⇒
(a, c) ∈ R1 ∩ R2 .
This shows that R1 ∩ R2 is transitive.
Thus, R1 ∩ R2 is an equivalence relation.

5. f : R → R given by f(x) = x2
As f(-1) = f(1) = 1
⇒
-1 and 1 have same image. ∴ f is not injective.
e.g. -2 \in co-domain, but \sqrt { - 2} \notin R=domain of f. \therefore f is not surjective.
6. Let x1, x2 \in R
If f(x1) = f(x2)
1 + x_1^2 = 1 + x_2^2
x_1^2 = x_2^2
{x_1} = \pm {x_2}
Hence not one - one
y = 1 + x2
x = \pm \left( {\sqrt {y - 1} } \right)
f\left( {\sqrt {y - 1} } \right) = 1 + (1 - y) = 2 - y \ne y
Therefore, f is not onto.

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7.
(d) one – one onto
Explanation: Injectivity: Let {x_1},{x_2} \in R\; such that f\left( {{x_1}} \right) = f\left( {{x_2}}
\right). Then, f\left( {{x_1}} \right) = f\left( {{x_2}} \right) \Rightarrow 3{x_1} = 3{x_2}
\Rightarrow {x_1} = {x_2}\;. So, f : R \rightarrow R is one –one.
Surjectivity: Let y\; \in R, Then f(x) = y \Rightarrow 3x = y \Rightarrow x = \frac{y}{3}, Clearly,
\frac{y}{3} \in R\;for\;any\;y \in R such that f\;\left( {\frac{y}{3}} \right) = 3\left( {\frac{y}{3}}
\right) = y\;. So, Let f : {\text{ }}R{\text{ }} \to {\text{ }}R is onto.
Section B
8. Let {\cot^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{{\sqrt 3 }}} \right) = \theta
\cot \theta = \frac{{ - 1}}{{\sqrt 3 }}
We know that \theta \in (0,\pi )
\cot \theta = \cot \left( {\pi - \frac{\pi }{3}} \right)
\theta = \frac{{2\pi }}{3}
Therefore, principal value of {\cot ^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{{\sqrt 3 }}} \right) = \frac{{2\pi }}{3}
9. Let {\sin ^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}} \right) = \theta
\implies\sin \theta = \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}
We know that \theta \in \left[ {\frac{{ - \pi }}{2},\frac{\pi }{2}} \right]
\implies\sin \theta = \sin \frac{\pi }{4}
\implies\theta = \frac{\pi }{4}
Therefore, principal value of {\sin ^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}} \right) is \frac{\pi }{4}
10. {\sin ^{ - 1}}\left( {\sin \frac{{3\pi }}{5}} \right) = ?
{\sin ^{ - 1}}\left( {\sin \frac{{3\pi }}{5}} \right) = {\sin ^{ - 1}}\left[ {\sin \left( {\pi - \frac{{3\pi }}
{5}} \right)} \right]
=sin​-1(sin \frac{2\pi}{5})
[\because {\sin ^{ - 1}}(\sin \theta )] = θ
When \theta \in \left[ {\frac{{ - \pi }}{2},\frac{\pi }{2}} \right]
=​{\frac{{2\pi }}{5}}
11. {\tan ^{ - 1}}\sqrt {\frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{1 + \cos x}}}
= {\tan ^{ - 1}}\sqrt {\frac{{2{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{2{{\cos }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}}
= {\tan ^{ - 1}}\tan \frac{x}{2}
= \frac{x}{2}
12. {\tan ^{ - 1}}\left[ {2\cos \left( {2{{\sin }^{ - 1}}\left( {\sin \frac{\pi }{6}} \right)} \right)} \right]
={\tan ^{ - 1}}\left[ {2\cos \left( {2\frac{\pi }{6}} \right)} \right]
={\tan ^{ - 1}}\left( {2\cos \frac{\pi }{3}} \right)
={\tan ^{ - 1}}\left( {2.\frac{1}{2}} \right)
=tan-1(1)
={\tan ^{ - 1}}\left( {\tan \frac{\pi }{4}} \right)
= \frac{\pi }{4}
13.
(c) 1
Explanation: \sin ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)=-\sin ^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right), as sin^{-1} (-x)
= -sin^{-1} x
We all know that the principle branch of ~~sin^{-1}x ~~ is \left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}
{2}\right] and -\frac {\pi}{6} \in [-\frac {\pi}{2}, \frac {\pi}2]
\therefore \sin ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)=-\frac{\pi}{6}
Now, \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{3}-\sin ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)=\sin \left(\frac{\pi}
{3}+\frac{\pi}{6}\right)=\sin \left(\frac{3 \pi}{6}\right)=\sin \left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=1

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Therefore, the required value of \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{3}-\sin ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}

{2}\right)\right)=1
14. \left[\begin{array}{ll}{2 a+b} & {a-2 b} \\ {5 c-d} & {4 c+3 d}\end{array}\right] =
\left[\begin{array}{cc}{4} & {-3} \\ {11} & {24}\end{array}\right]
As the given matrices are equal, therefore their corresponding elements must be equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
2a + b = 4 ...(i)
a - 2b = -3 .....(ii)
5c - d = 11 ....(iii)
4c + 3d = 24 ....(iv)
Multiplying (i) by 2 and adding to (ii), we get
5a = 5 \Rightarrow a = 1
\Rightarrow b = 4 - 2(1) = 2
Multiplying (iii) by 3 and adding to (iv), we get
19c = 57 \Rightarrow c = 3
\Rightarrow d = 5(3) - 11 = 4
Hence, a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4
15. Since A is a 2 \times 3 matrix and B is 3 \times 2 matrix.
Hence AB and BA are both defined and are matrices of order 2 \times 2 and 3 \times 3,
respectively.
Now,A B=\left[\begin{array}{rrr} {1} & {-2} & {3} \\ {-4} & {2} & {5}
\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll} {2} & {3} \\ {4} & {5} \\ {2} & {1} \end{array}\right] =
\left[\begin{array}{cc} {2-8+6} & {3-10+3} \\ {-8+8+10} & {-12+10+5} \end{array}\right] =
\left[\begin{array}{rr} {0} & {-4} \\ {10} & {3} \end{array}\right]
and B A=\left[\begin{array}{cc} {2} & {3} \\ {4} & {5} \\ {2} & {1}
\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {1} & {-2} & {3} \\ {-4} & {2} & {5} \end{array}\right] =
\left[\begin{array}{ccc} {2-12} & {-4+6} & {6+15} \\ {4-20} & {-8+10} & {12+25} \\ {2-4} &
{-4+2} & {6+5} \end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ccc} {-10} & {2} & {21} \\ {-16} & {2} &
{37} \\ {-2} & {-2} & {11} \end{array}\right]
Clearly AB \neq BA
In the above example, both AB and BA are of different orders and so AB \neq BA.
16. AB = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - 2}&{ - 6}&{12} \\ 4&{12}&{ - 24} \\ 5&{15}&{ - 30}
\end{array}} \right]
\left( {AB} \right)' = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - 2}&4&5 \\ { - 6}&{12}&{15} \\ {12}&{ -
24}&{ - 30} \end{array}} \right]
A' = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - 2}&4&5 \end{array}} \right]
B' = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ 3 \\ { - 6} \end{array}} \right]
B'A' = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ 3 \\ { - 6} \end{array}} \right]\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}
{c}} { - 2}&4&5 \end{array}} \right] = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - 2}&4&5 \\ { - 6}&{12}&
{15} \\ {12}&{ - 24}&{ - 30} \end{array}} \right]
Hence (AB)' = B'. A'
17. Let D = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} a&b \\ c&d \end{array}} \right]
Given that CD - AB = O
\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 2&5 \\ 3&8 \end{array}} \right]\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} a&b \\
c&d \end{array}} \right] - \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 2&{ - 1} \\ 3&4 \end{array}} \right]\left[
{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 5&2 \\ 7&4 \end{array}} \right] = 0
\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {2a + 5c}&{2b + 5d} \\ {3a + 8c}&{3b + 8d} \end{array}} \right] -
\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 3&0 \\ {43}&{22} \end{array}} \right] = 0
\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {2a + 5c - 3}&{2b + 5d} \\ {3a + 8c - 43}&{3b + 8d - 22}

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\end{array}} \right] = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&0 \\ 0&0 \end{array}} \right]

2a + 5c – 3 = 0........(1)
2b + 5d = 0.........(2)
3a + 8c – 43 = 0..........(3)
3b + 8d – 22 = 0..........(4)
Solving (1) and (3), we get, a = -191, c = 77.
Solving (2) and (4), we get, b = -110, d = 44
D = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - 191}&{ - 110} \\ {77}&{44} \end{array}} \right]
18. \Delta = \frac{1}{2}\left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_1}}&{{y_1}}&1 \\ {{x_2}}&{{y_2}}&1 \\ {{x_3}}&
{{y_3}}&1 \end{array}} \right|
= \frac{1}{2}\left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 3&8&1 \\ { - 4}&2&1 \\ 5&1&1 \end{array}} \right|
= \frac{1}{2}\left[ {3\left( {2 - 1} \right) - 8\left( { - 4 - 5} \right) + 1\left( { - 4 - 10} \right)}
\right]
= \frac{1}{2}\left[ {3 + 72 - 14} \right] = \frac{{61}}{2}
19. Since 6 lies in the second row and third column, its minor M23 is given by
\mathrm{M}_{23}=\left|\begin{array}{ll} {1} & {2} \\ {7} & {8} \end{array}\right| = 8 – 14 = – 6
(obtained by deleting R2 and C3 in \Delta)
20. {M_{11}} = 3,{A_{11}} = 3
{M_{12}} = 4,{A_{12}} = - 4\left[ {\because Aij = {{\left( { - 1} \right)}^{i + j}}.Mij} \right]
{M_{21}} = - 2,{A_{21}} = 2
{M_{22}} = 1,{A_{22}} = 1
21. Consider the product \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{ - 1}&2 \\ 0&2&{ - 3} \\ 3&{ - 2}&4
\end{array}} \right]\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - 2}&0&1 \\ 9&2&{ - 3} \\ 6&1&{ - 2}
\end{array}} \right]
= \left[\begin{array}{ccc} {-2-9+12} & {0-2+2} & {1+3-4} \\ {0+18-18} & {0+4-3} & {0-6+6} \\
{-6-18+24} & {0-4+4} & {3+6-8} \end{array}\right] = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&0&0 \\
0&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{array}} \right]
Hence {\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{ - 1}&2 \\ 0&2&{ - 3} \\ 3&{ - 2}&4 \end{array}}
\right]^{ - 1}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - 2}&0&1 \\ 9&2&{ - 3} \\ 6&1&{ - 2}
\end{array}} \right]
Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix form, as follows
\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{ - 1}&2 \\ 0&2&{ - 3} \\ 3&{ - 2}&4 \end{array}} \right] \left[
{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} x \\ y \\ z \end{array}} \right] = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ 1 \\ 2
\end{array}} \right]
or \begin{array}{l} {x} \\ {y} \\ {z} \end{array}=\left[\begin{array}{rrr} {1} & {-1} & {2} \\ {0} & {2}
& {-3} \\ {3} & {-2} & {4} \end{array}\right]^{-1}\left[\begin{array}{l} {1} \\ {1} \\ {2}
\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{rrr} {2} & {0} & {1} \\ {9} & {2} & {3} \\ {6} & {1} & {2}
\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l} {1} \\ {1} \\ {2} \end{array}\right]
= \left[\begin{array}{c} {-2+0+2} \\ {9+2-6} \\ {6+1-4} \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}
{0} \\ {5} \\ {3} \end{array}\right]
Hence, x = 0, y = 5, z = 3
22. Let \frac{1}{x} = u,\frac{1}{y} = v and \frac{1}{z} = w
2u + 3v + 10w = 4
4u – 6v+ 5w = 1
6u + 9v – 20w = 2
A = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 2&3&{10} \\ 4&{ - 6}&5 \\ 6&9&{ - 20} \end{array}} \right],X=
\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} u \\ v \\ w \end{array}} \right] B = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 4 \\
1 \\ 2 \end{array}} \right]

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Now, \begin{array}{l}\vert
A\vert=\begin{vmatrix}2&3&10\\4&-6&5\\6&9&-20\end{vmatrix}\\\end{array}
= 2[120 - 45] -3[-80 - 30] +10[36 + 36]
= 150 + 330 + 720 = 1200 \neq0
\RightarrowA is non-singular and hence A-1 exists.
Now, A11 = 75, A12 = 110, A13 = 72
A21 = 150, A22 = -100, A23 = 0
A31 = 75, A32 = 30, A33 = -2
\therefore adjA = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {75}&{150}&{75} \\ {110}&{ - 100}&{30} \\
{72}&0&{ - 24} \end{array}} \right]
{A^{ - 1}} = \frac{1}{{\left| A \right|}}(adjA) = \frac{1}{{1200}}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {75}&
{150}&{75} \\ {110}&{ - 100}&{30} \\ {72}&0&{ - 24} \end{array}} \right]
X= {A^{ - 1}}B
= \frac{1}{{1200}}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {600} \\ {400} \\ {240} \end{array}} \right]
= \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\frac{1}{2}} \\ {\frac{1}{3}} \\ {\frac{1}{5}} \end{array}} \right]
\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} y \\ v \\ w \end{array}} \right] = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{\frac{1}{2}} \\ {\frac{1}{3}} \\ {\frac{1}{5}} \end{array}} \right]
u = \frac{1}{2},v = \frac{1}{3},w = \frac{1}{5}
\frac{1}{x} = \frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{y} = \frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{z} = \frac{1}{5}
x = 2, y = 3, z = 5
23. Let us consider tan-1(1) = x then we obtain
tan x = 1 = tan\frac{\pi}{4}
We know that range of the principle value branch of tan-1 is \left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}
{2}\right]
Thus, tan-1 (1) = \frac{\pi}{4}
Let \cos ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)=y
cos y = -\frac{1}{2}=\cos \left(\pi-\frac{\pi}{3}\right)=\cos \left(\frac{2 \pi}{3}\right)
We know that range of the principle value branch of cos-1 is [0, \pi]
Thus, \cos ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)=\frac{2 \pi}{3}
Let sin-1 \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)=z
\sin z=-\sin \frac{\pi}{6}=\sin \left(-\frac{\pi}{6}\right)
We know that range of the principle value branch of sin-1 is \left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}
{2}\right]
Thus, sin-1 \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)=-\frac{\pi}{6}
Now,we have
\tan ^{-1}(1)+\cos ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)+\sin \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)
= \frac{\pi}{4}+\frac{2 \pi}{3}-\frac{\pi}{6}=\frac{3 \pi+8 \pi-2 \pi}{12}=\frac{9 \pi}{12}=\frac{3
\pi}{4}
Section C

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24. The function f is defined at all points of the real line.

Case 1: If c < 1, then f(c) = c + 2.

Now, \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} f(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} (x + 2) = c + 2
Thus, f is continuous at all real numbers less than 1.
Case 2: If c > 1, then f(c) = c - 2.
Now, \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} f(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} (x - 2) = c - 2 = f (c)
Thus, f is continuous at all points x > 1.
Case 3: If c = 1, then the left-hand limit of f at x = 1 is
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1^-} f(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1^-} (x + 2) = 1 + 2 = 3
The right hand limit of f at x = 1 is
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1^+} f(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c^+} (x - 2) = 1 - 2 = -1
Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 do not coincide, f is not continuous at x = 1.
Hence x = 1 is the only point of discontinuity of f.
25. Observe that the function is defined at all real numbers except at 0. The domain of definition
of this function is
D1 \cup D2 where D1 = {x \in R : x < 0} and D2 = {x \in R : x > 0}
Case 1: If c \in D1, then \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} f(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} \,\,
(x + 2)
= c + 2 = f (c) and hence f is continuous in D1.
Case 2: If c \in D2, then \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} f(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to c} \,\,
(-x + 2)
= – c + 2 = f (c)

and hence f is continuous in D2. Since f is continuous at all points in the domain of f, we
deduce that f is continuous. The graph of this function is given in the figure. Note that to
graph this function we need to lift the pen from the plane of the paper, but we need to do
that only for those points where the function is not defined.
26. Observe that the function is defined for every real number. The function f may be thought of
as a composition g o h of the two functions g and h, where g (x) = sin x and h (x) = x2. Since
both g and h are continuous functions, Suppose f and g are real valued functions such that (f

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o g) is defined at c. If g is continuous at c and if f is continuous at g (c), then (f o g) is

continuous at c.
27. Let y = e–x . Using chain rule, we have,
\frac{d y}{d x}=e^{-x} \cdot \frac{d}{d x} (-x) = -e-x
28. Let y = cos^{–1} (e^x).
Using the chain rule, we have
\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{-1}{\sqrt{1-\left(e^{x}\right)^{2}}} \cdot \frac{d}{d
x}\left(e^{x}\right)=\frac{-e^{x}}{\sqrt{1-e^{2 x}}}
29. Here, x=a(\theta+sin\theta),~~y=a(1-cos\theta)
\therefore \frac{d x}{d \theta} = a(1 + cos \theta), and \frac{d y}{d \theta} = a sin \theta
Hence, \frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{\frac{d y}{d \theta}}{\frac{d x}{d \theta}}=\frac{a \sin \theta}
{a(1+\cos \theta)}=\tan \frac{\theta}{2}
30. Let f (x) = cos–1 (sin x). Observe that this function is defined for all real numbers. We may
rewrite this function as
f(x) = cos–1 (sin x)}
= cos-1\left[\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{2}-x\right)\right]
= \frac{\pi}{2}-x
Thus f ′(x) = –1.
31. Let x be the side, V be the volume and S be the surface area of cube
\frac{{dv}}{{dt}} = 9c{m^3}/s
v = x3
\Rightarrow\frac{{dv}}{{dt}} = 3{x^2}\frac{{dx}}{{dt}}
\Rightarrow 9 = 3{x^{2}}\frac{{dx}}{{dt}}
\Rightarrow\frac{3}{{{x^2}}} = \frac{{dx}}{{dt}}
Now, s = 6 x2
\frac{{ds}}{{dt}} = 12x\frac{{dx}}{{dt}}
= 12x \times \frac{3}{{{x^2}}}
\frac{{ds}}{{dt}} = \frac{{36}}{x}
{\left. {\frac{{ds}}{{dt}}} \right]_{x = 10}} = \frac{{36}}{{10}}
= 3.6 cm2 /sec
32. Since Marginal Revenue is the rate of change of total revenue with respect to the number of
units sold, we have
Marginal Revenue (MR) = \frac{d {R}}{d x} = 6x + 36
When x = 5, MR = 6(5) + 36 = 66
Hence, the required marginal revenue is ₹ 66.
33. We have
f (x) = x2 – 4x + 6
or f ′(x) = 2x – 4
Therefore, f ′(x) = 0 gives x = 2.
Now the point x = 2 divides the real line into two disjoint intervals namely, (– \infty, 2) and (2,
\infty).

In the interval (– \infty, 2), f ′(x) = 2x – 4 < 0.

And in interval (2, \infty), f^\prime(x)=2x-4>0
\therefore (i) f is increasing in (2, \infty)
and (ii) f is decreasing in (– \infty, 2)

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34. We have,
f(x) = x3 – 3x + 3
or f ′(x) = 3x2 – 3 = 3(x – 1) (x + 1)
or f ′(x) = 0 at x = 1 and x = – 1
Thus, x = \pm 1 are the only critical points which could possibly be the points of local maxima
and/or local minima of f . Let us first examine the point x = 1.
Note that for values close to 1 and to the right of 1, f ′(x) > 0 and for values close to 1 and to
the left of 1, f ′(x) < 0. Therefore, by first derivative test, x = 1 is a point of local minima and
local minimum value is f (1) = 1.
In the case of x = –1, note that f ′(x) > 0, for values close to and to the left of –1 and f ′(x) < 0,
for values close to and to the right of – 1. Therefore, by first derivative test, x = – 1 is a point
of local maxima and local maximum value is f(–1) = 5.
Values of x Sign of f′(x) = 3(x – 1) (x + 1)
to the right (say 1.1 etc.) >0
Close to 1
to the left (say 0.9 etc.) <0
to the right (say 0.9 etc.) <0
Close to –1
to the left (say 1.1 etc.) >0
35. Let x be the length of side of each square to be removed. Then, the height of the box is x,
length is 8 – 2x and breadth is 3 – 2x

If V(x) is the volume of the box, then

V(x) = x (3 – 2x) (8 – 2x)
= 4x3 – 22x2 + 24x
\Rightarrow{\mathrm{V}^{\prime}(x)=12 x^{2}-44 x+24=4(x-3)(3 x-2)} \\
\Rightarrow{\mathrm{V}^{\prime \prime}(x)=24 x-44}
Now V′(x) = 0 gives x = 3, \frac{2}{3}. But x \neq 3, as we cannot cut a square of length 6m
from a sheet of breadth 3m.
Thus, we have x = \frac{2}{3}.
Now V''\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)=24\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)-44 = - 28 < 0.
Therefore, x = \frac{2}{3} is the point of maxima, i.e., if we remove a square of side \frac{2}{3}
mtere from each corner of the sheet and make a box from the remaining sheet, then the
volume of the box so obtained will be the largest and it is given by
V\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)=4\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^{3}-22\left(\frac{2}
{3}\right)^{2}+24\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)
= \frac{200}{27} m^3

36.

Let P be the perimeter of window

P = 2x + 2r + \frac{1}{2} \times 2\pi r
10 =2x + 2r + \pi r [P = 10]
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x = \frac{{10 - 2r - \pi r}}{2}

Let A be area of window
A = 2rx + \frac{1}{2}\pi {r^2}
= 2r\left[ {\frac{{10 - 2r - \pi r}}{2}} \right] + \frac{1}{2}\pi {r^2}
= 10r - 2{r^2} - \pi {r^2} + \frac{1}{2}\pi {r^2}
= 10r - 2{r^2} - \frac{{\pi {r^2}}}{2}
\frac{{dA}}{{dr}} = 10 - 4r - \pi r
\frac{{{d^2}A}}{{d{r^2}}} = - \left( {\pi + 4} \right)
\frac{{dA}}{{dr}} = 0
r = \frac{{10}}{{\pi + 4}}
\frac{{{d^2}A}}{{d{r^2}}} < 0 maximum
x = \frac{{10 - 2r - \pi r}}{2}
x = \frac{{10}}{{\pi + 4}}
Length of rectangle = 2r = \frac{{20}}{{\pi + 4}}
width = \frac{{10}}{{\pi + 4}}
37. Let y = {\left( {\log x} \right)^{\cos x}} ……….(i)
Taking log on both sides, we have
\Rightarrow \log y = \log {\left( {\log x} \right)^{\cos x}} = \cos x\log \left( {\log x} \right)
\Rightarrow \frac{d}{{dx}}\log y = \frac{d}{{dx}}\left[ {\cos x\log \left( {\log x} \right)} \right]
\Rightarrow \frac{1}{y}\frac{dy}{{dx}} = \cos x\frac{d}{{dx}}\log \left( {\log x} \right) + \log \left(
{\log x} \right)\frac{d}{{dx}}\cos x [By Product rule]
\Rightarrow \frac{1}{y}.\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \cos x\frac{1}{{\log x}}\frac{d}{{dx}}\left( {\log x} \right)
+ \log \left( {\log x} \right)\left( { - \sin x} \right)
\Rightarrow \frac{1}{y}.\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \frac{{\cos x}}{{\log x}}.\frac{1}{x} - \sin x\log \left(
{\log x} \right)
\Rightarrow \frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = y\left[ {\frac{{\cos x}}{{x\log x}} - \sin x\log \left( {\log x} \right)}
\right]
\Rightarrow \frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = {\left( {\log x} \right)^{\cos x}}\left[ {\frac{{\cos x}}{{x\log x}} -
\sin x\log \left( {\log x} \right)} \right]
38. g(x) = log x
\Rightarrow g^{\prime}(x)=\frac{1}{x}
Since, log x is defined for a positive number x,
g'(x) > 0 for any x.
Therefore, there does not exist c \in R such that f'(c) = 0
Hence, function f does not have maxima or minima.
39. Let 1st length = x
2nd length = 28 - x

Now circumference of circle is 2\pir

\therefore 2\pi r = x
\Rightarrowr = \frac{x}{{2\pi }}
Now perimeter of rectangle = 4a
\therefore4a = 28 - x
\Rightarrow a = 7 - \frac{x}{4}
ATQ
A = area of circle + area of square
\pi {\left( {\frac{x}{{2\pi }}} \right)^2} + {\left( {7 - \frac{x}{4}} \right)^2}

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Now, A = \pi .\frac{{{x^2}}}{{4{\pi ^2}}} + {\left( {7 - \frac{x}{4}} \right)^2}

So,\frac{{dA}}{{dx}} = \frac{{2x}}{{4\pi }} + 2\left( {7 - \frac{x}{4}} \right)\left( { - \frac{1}{4}}
\right)
\frac{{dA}}{{dx}} = 0
\Rightarrow \frac{{2x}}{{4\pi }} + 2\left( {7 - \frac{x}{4}} \right)\left( { - \frac{1}{4}} \right) = 0
\Rightarrow \frac{1}{2}\left( {7 - \frac{x}{4}} \right) = \frac{x}{{2\pi }}
\Rightarrow 7 - \frac{x}{4} = \frac{x}{\pi }
\Rightarrow7 = \frac{x}{\pi } + \frac{x}{4}
\Rightarrow7 = x\left( {\frac{{4 + \pi }}{{4\pi }}} \right)
\Rightarrow\frac{{28\pi }}{{4 + \pi }} = x
Now, \frac{{{d^2}y}}{{d{x^2}}} = \frac{1}{{2\pi }} - \frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{4}} \right)
= \frac{1}{{2\pi }} + \frac{1}{8}
positive, hence minimum
Therefore, 1st length = \frac{{28\pi }}{{4 + \pi }}
2nd length = \frac{{28}}{1} - \frac{{28\pi }}{{4 + \pi }}
= 28\left[ {\frac{{4 + \pi - \pi }}{{4 + \pi }}} \right]
= \frac{{112}}{{4 + \pi }}
Section D
40. 2x - y \geq - 5
3x + y \geq 3
2x - 3y \leq 12
x \geq 0, y \geq 0
The feasible region of the system of inequations given in constraints is shown in a figure. We
observe that the feasible region is unbounded.

The values of the objective function Z at the comer points are given in the following table:
Value of the objective function Z = -50x +
Corner point (x, y)
20y
(0,5) Z = - 50 \times 0 + 20 \times 5 = 100
(0,3) Z = - 50 \times 0 + 20 \times 3 = 60
(1,0) Z = - 50 \times 1 + 20 \times 0 = - 50
(6,0) Z = -50 \times 6 + 20 \times 0 = - 300
Clearly, - 300 is the smallest value of Z at the corner point (6, 0). Since the feasible region is
unbounded, therefore, to check whether - 300 is the minimum value of Z, we draw the line -
300 = -50x + 20y and check whether the open half plane -50 x + 20y < -300 has points in
common with the feasible region or not. From Fig., we find that the open half plane
represented by - 50 x + 20y < - 300 has points in common with the feasible region. Therefore,
Z = - 50x + 20y has no minimum value subject to the given constraints.
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41. Consider x + 2y \leqslant 120

Let x + 2y = 120
\Rightarrow \frac{x}{{120}} + \frac{y}{{60}} = 1
The half plane containing(0, 0) is the required half plane as (0, 0) makes x + 2y \leqslant 120,
true.
x 0 30 60
y 60 45 30

Again x + y \geqslant 60
Let x + y = 60
Also the half plane containing (0, 0) does not make x + y \geqslant 60 true.
Therefore, the required half plane does not contain (0, 0).
Again x - 2y \geqslant 0
Let x - 2y = 0 \Rightarrow x = 2y
Let test point be (30, 0).
x 0 30 60
y 0 15 30
\Rightarrow x - 2y \geqslant 0 \Rightarrow 30 - 2 \times 0 \geqslant 0 It is true.
Therefore, the half plane contains (30, 0).
The region CFEKC represents the feasible region.
At C (60, 0) Z = 5 \times 60 = 300
At F (120, 0) Z = 5 \times 120 = 600
At E (60, 30)Z = 5 \times 60 + 10 \times 30 = 600
At K (40, 20) Z = 5 \times 40 + 10 \times 20 = 400
Hence, minimum Z = 300 at x = 60, y = 0 and maximum Z = 600 at x = 120, y = 0 or x = 60, y
= 30.

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