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    Fundamentals of Data Science

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    1002poonam

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    Fundamentals of Data Science

    Uploaded by

    1002poonam
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    Fundamentals of Data Science--ppt

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    11 views13 pages

    Fundamentals of Data Science

    Uploaded by

    1002poonam

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 13

    Statistics and Probability in Data Science

    Presentation Summary
    Introduction

    ▶ Statistics and probability are foundational to data science


    ▶ Essential for AI, machine learning, and deep learning
    ▶ Mathematics is embedded in every aspect of our lives
    Data Types

    ▶ Qualitative Data
    ▶ Nominal: No inherent order (e.g., gender, race)
    ▶ Ordinal: Ordered series (e.g., ratings)
    ▶ Quantitative Data
    ▶ Discrete: Limited possible values (e.g., number of students)
    ▶ Continuous: Unlimited possible values (e.g., weight)
    Variable Types

    ▶ Discrete variables (categorical)


    ▶ Continuous variables
    ▶ Independent variables
    ▶ Dependent variables
    Statistics Overview

    ▶ Definition: Applied mathematics for data collection, analysis,


    interpretation, and presentation
    ▶ Types:
    ▶ Descriptive Statistics: Summarizes data features
    ▶ Inferential Statistics: Makes predictions based on samples
    ▶ Key concepts: Population and Sample
    Sampling Techniques

    ▶ Probability Sampling
    ▶ Random sampling
    ▶ Systematic sampling
    ▶ Stratified sampling
    ▶ Cluster sampling
    ▶ Non-probability Sampling
    Information Gain and Entropy

    ▶ Entropy: Measure of uncertainty in data


    ▶ Information Gain: How much information a feature provides
    about the final outcome
    ▶ Used in decision trees and random forests
    ▶ Example: Predicting if a match can be played based on
    weather conditions
    Probability Theory

    ▶ Probability: Measure of how likely an event will occur


    ▶ Key concepts:
    ▶ Random experiment
    ▶ Sample space
    ▶ Event
    ▶ Types of events: Disjoint and Non-disjoint
    Types of Probability

    ▶ Marginal Probability: Unconditional on any other event


    ▶ Joint Probability: Measure of two events happening
    simultaneously
    ▶ Conditional Probability: Probability based on the occurrence
    of a previous event
    Probability Distribution Functions

    ▶ Probability Density Function (PDF)


    ▶ Normal Distribution
    ▶ Central Limit Theorem
    Bayes’ Theorem

    ▶ Shows relation between conditional probability and its inverse


    ▶ Formula: P(A|B) = P(B|A)∗P(A)
    P(B)
    ▶ Used in naive Bayes algorithm (e.g., spam filtering)
    Inferential Statistics

    ▶ Forms inferences and predictions about a population based on


    a sample
    ▶ Point Estimation vs. Interval Estimation
    ▶ Confidence Interval and Margin of Error
    ▶ Methods of Estimation:
    ▶ Method of Moments
    ▶ Maximum Likelihood
    ▶ Bayes Estimator
    ▶ Bayes Unbiased Estimator
    Conclusion

    ▶ Statistics and probability are crucial for data science


    ▶ Understanding these concepts helps in:
    ▶ Data analysis
    ▶ Machine learning model development
    ▶ Interpreting results
    ▶ Making informed decisions

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