Lesson: THE GLOBAL CITY other parts of the world.

According to Japanese Mori

Foundation’s Global City Power Index (2011), the
Introduction global power of cities is measured by a combination
- Twenty-first century is a hub for a closer relation of of six criteria: economy, research and development,
states and wider perspective in technological cultural interaction, liveability, environment and
development. As such, the world became a spider accessibility.
web where people taught that there is inter- - Global Cities thusly represent cities around the world
connectivity of nations. It is in globalization that that are exemplifying these characteristics of a city
made civilizations become closer to each other. better than other cities.
- Global Cities are also perceived as sources of
According to Thomas Friedman (2005), a liberalist, there are economic growth and are also economic
three (3) phases of the known interconnectedness of states, powerhouses themselves, coupled with being
Globalization: industry leaders and regional hubs
- However, everyday life in a global city is likely to
- Globalization 1.0 that lasted from 1492 to 1800 and include at least some downsides: high housing costs,
“shrank the world from a size large to a size medium”; long working hours, competitive and precarious labor
- The second phase talks about the age of Pax market, long commuting times, urban anonymity and
Britannica where Great Britain was the hegemonic a relative social isolation, a fear of strangers and
power in terms of trade and economy, it is known as crime, and the challenge of practicing neighborliness
Globalization 2.0. and multiculturalism in close propinquity to “diverse”
- Globalization 3.0 occurred during the second half of neighbors.
the 20th century and this is also the age of Pax - As the development of global condition, cultural
Americana where the United States of America was diversity of markets among countries arise and the
the hegemonic power in terms of security, trade and world as we know it is currently in the state where
economy. people are diverse however connected
- The 21st century era brought the countries together
Soft Power and the Global City into global competition and the connections of the
people are being closely sinking and sinking.
- Unlike in the 19th and 20th century, the present State
does not use the tactics of force as a primary
strategy in maintaining its influence to another State Lesson: DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION STUDIES: AN
rather it uses soft power to retain her own dominance INTRODUCTION
in the region
- According to Joseph Nye (2004) who actually coined What is DEMOGRAPHY?
this idea, Soft Power uses a different type of tool to 1. the size and composition of populations according to
establish cooperation– an attraction to shared values diverse criteria: age, ethnicity, sex, union (marital or
and the “justness” and “duty of contributing” to the cohabiting) status, educational attainment, spatial
achievement of those values. distribution, and so forth;
2. dynamic life-course processes that change this
The Role of Global Corporations in the Multipolar World composition: birth, death, unions, migration, etc.; and
- Multinational corporations (MNCs) play a substantial 3. relationships between population composition and
part in the global economy and do enjoy a multitude change, and the broader social and physical
of privileges such as unquestionable access to vast environment in which they exist.
amounts of wealth they draw from their income.
- MNCs seem to tie together an otherwise politically What is POPULATION?
separated and clouted world under an all- 1. defined as a group of individuals of the same species
encompassing banner of commerce and economy. living and interbreeding within a given area
- Thus, MNCs in a sense have the capacity to erase 2. rely on the same resources, are subject to similar
and transcend the borders of the world environmental constraints, and depend on the
availability of other members to persist over time
Global Cities: What they are and How are they conceived?
- With the emergence of multinational corporations Elements of Demography
and the irrefutable continuity of nation-states both as - Birthrate (Crude birthrate): number of live births per
key actors of the global community each to their 1000 population a given year
own respect, the world at least figuratively seems to - Total Fertility Rate (FTR): average number of children
be smaller and more connected. born alive to any
- The result of this constant interaction between a wide - Death rate (crude death rate): number of deaths per
array of cultures is a conglomeration of cultures in a 1000 population in a given year
particular geographical setting which has been - Life expectancy: the median number of years a
labelled as the Global City. person can be expected to live under current
- To be able to imagine, observe, and define global mortality conditions.
city, one first needs to be able to imagine the world, - Growth rate: the difference between birth rates and
the globe, as one entity. deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and
- According to Sassen (1991), global cities are emigrants.
characterized by occupational and income
polarization, with the highly paid professional class on DEMOGRAPHY
one end and providers of low-paid services on the • Coined Achille Guillardin 1855 (Éléments de
other. Statistique Humaine ou Démographie Comparée)
- In early 1990s, there were only three identified global • John Graunt’s Natural and Political Observations
cities: New York, London, and Tokyo. Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the
- In the 21st century, the list of global cities expanded Bills of Mortality, published in 1662 in London
to encompass cities across Asia, and the few cities in • Demos (people)
 • Graphein (to write about a particular subject, in this Brief History of the World Population
instance, population).
• “the mathematical knowledge of populations, their
general movements, and their physical, civil,
intellectual and moral state” (Guillard 1855:xxvi).

Sources of Demographic Data

1. Census: a population count where the demographic,

economic, and social data of every individual of a
given time are collected, tabulated, compiled, and
published.
- UN encouraged countries to enumerate their
populations in a census, often providing financial as
well as technical aid.
- The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) under
Philippine Statistical Act of 2013.
2. Vital Statistics Report (VSR): a yearly report of events
that deal with an individual’s life from birth to death
and those in between, e.g. marriage, annulments,
adoptions, separations, and other events and
changes in his/her status.
- Number and percent distribution of these events - by
month of occurrence, age, sex, and region, province
or city.
- Marriage statistics also include nationality of the bride
and groom and type of wedding ceremony.
- Births, cover birth order and birth weight, attendance
at birth, among others.
- Lists down causes of all deaths, including infant, fetal,
and maternal deaths as well as attendant at death.
It also includes some tables on deaths of children 10
years old and over, 15 years old and over, and late
fetal deaths.
- Data are presented in table format and in charts and
graphs. A list of unpublished tables is likewise
included.
3. Sample Surveys: conducted by private and public
institutions to obtain data and information on matters
not covered by the census or the vital statistics
system.
- Purpose: May provide the social, psychological,
economic, and even the physical date necessary to
an understanding of why things are as they are.

Composition of Population

Characteristics of individuals being studied like age, sex, civil

status, race or ethnicity and education when measured as a
group.

1. Age Composition: comparative percentage of

individuals at different age levels influencing the Lesson: GLOBAL MIGRATION
economic and social structures of society.
2. Sex Composition: differences which is determined by Introduction
sex (proportion of males over females per 100
population) and is affected by births, deaths and During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to
migration incidences. classify the world into three (3) categories.
- The First World;
Population pyramid or - Second World; and
Age-Sex Pyramid - Third World

(Tree of Ages): presents • As the world ended its bipolarity of hegemonic

the age and sex powers, American era was established. After a
characteristics of a decade, American era ended its hegemonic
population which can supremacy.
be used as prediction • According to Fareed Zakaria (2008), this was known
of its growth and as the Post-American World and it is defined as the
decline. diffusion of power from states to other actors.
The Post-American World transformation (International Migration Institute,
• In the idea of Huntington (1996), he claimed that 2011).
Asian civilizations are expanding its economic, - In the definition of Boswell (2002) however migration is
political, and military strength. not just economic gain but rather it is more political
• This era was the period where states and non-state
actors are rising, an era where the balancing of Factors Why People Migrate
power is unstable. The three (3) classifications turned • Social Inequality;
into so-called Developed and Developing states. • Economic Depression;
• Freedom Deprivation
Developed and the Developing World
• Developed countries are the westerners and those These oppressions occur at present and since
countries that are part of the northwestern Cosmopolitanism adhere to the equality and moral integrity
hemisphere. among men, it has role on why people are moving.
• Developing countries are the states which has low
income rate. The latter are the countries from the • People are moving in and out of the countries.
region of Africa and Asia. According to Henry Nau (2009), the present world has
• These classifications emerge because of economic its transnational relations because countries trade
inequalities of states and in the societal level of with one another, and populations move across state
analysis people who are facing low income salary boundaries
tried to move from one place to another promising • To better understand the concept of global
for a new life. migration, there are three (3) categories of this trend–
forced displacement, voluntary economic migration,
Huntington’s Eight (8) Global Civilizations and refugees.

• Connectedness of nations, ethnicities, and states are Forced Migration

the new trends in international arena. Civilizations - In a broader sense, this includes not only refugees
became Global Civilizations. and asylum-seekers (people who move across
• In the book of Samuel Huntington (1996) The Clash of borders in search of protection) but also people
the Civilization, global civilizations are determined forced to move by environmental catastrophes or
into eight (8) categories. development projects (such as factories, roads or
• After the Cold War, United States becoming the sole dams)
superpower declined its hegemony. Through the
rising global civilizations the world turned into Voluntary Economic Migration
multipolar power. - A person’s choice to relocate to an opportunity
instead of an encroaching fear for safety.
The eight (8) global civilization are the:
- The Westerns; Refugees
- The Latin Americans; - These are the people residing outside their country of
- Islamic civilization; nationality, who are unable or unwilling to return
- The Sinic or the Chinese civilization; because of e “well-founded” fear of persecution on
- The Hindus; account race, religion, nationality, membership in a
- Orthodox; particular social group, or political opinion.
- Japanese; and - Refugee Organizations, especially the United nations
- The Africans. High Commission for Refugees (UNCHR), seek to
distinguish clearly between refugees and migrants,
but they do share to social needs and cultural
• At present, people from these global civilizations tried impacts in their place of settlement (UNCHR, 1997)
to move from one place to another just to have an
economic stability, good life, and democratic
freedom that his/her country don’t have.
• Some globalists suggest that there is the factor of
socio-morality that undermine the movement of
people from one place to another.

Cosmopolitanism and the Role of Migration

- According to Heywood (2011) cosmopolitanism
literally means the adherence or belief in the ‘world
state’. This idea began its journey when globalization
came into power in the 1950s
- Believing that the world can be governed by one
state is different from the known Cosmopolitanism.

According to the analysis of Pogge (2008), there three (3) main

elements of Cosmopolitanism, and these are the following:
• Individualism;
• Universality;
• Generality

Defining Migration
- Migration is defined as the form of social behavior
that both shapes and is shaped by broader social
and economic structure and processes of