2C - Matrix Inverses

Matrix Inverses
Recall that dividing by a (non-zero) number is equivalent to multiplying by a (multiplicative) inverse:
Example:
If 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 0, then 𝑎𝑎 ÷ 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎 × 𝑏𝑏 −1 6 ÷ 2 = 6 × 2−1
1 1
= 𝑎𝑎 × =6×
𝑏𝑏 2
𝑎𝑎
= =3
𝑏𝑏
1
In the above example, is the multiplicative inverse of 2.
2
1
Notice that 2 × = 1 and the matrix analog of 1 is ____________________.
2
As with nonzero real numbers, matrix inverses are unique (if they exist):
Proof:
If a matrix 𝐴𝐴 has an inverse, we say that 𝐴𝐴 is invertible and denote its inverse as 𝐴𝐴−1 .
WARNING: 𝐴𝐴−1 ≠ 𝐴𝐴1 Why? ___________________________________________________________
Finding and Verifying Inverses

Example:
For each of the following matrix pairs, determine whether 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴−1 . What do you notice?
2 5 1/2 1/5 −5 2 −3 −2
𝐴𝐴 = � � , 𝐵𝐵 = � � 𝐴𝐴 = � � , 𝐵𝐵 = � �
1 3 1 1/3 7 −3 −7 −5
COURSE NOTES FOR MATH 11044 LINEAR ALGEBRA AT SHERIDAN COLLEGE WRITTEN BY JACOB CHODORIWSKY
TEXTBOOK EXCERPTS FROM LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH APPLICATIONS BY W. KEITH NICHOLSON (LYRYX 2021, OER CC BY-NC-SA).
For 2 × 2 matrices, the inverse depends on the determinant det(𝐴𝐴) and the adjugate 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝐴𝐴).
𝐴𝐴 is invertible if and only if det(𝐴𝐴) ≠ 0. Then: 1

𝐴𝐴−1 = det(𝐴𝐴) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝐴𝐴)
Example:
For each matrix below, find its inverse or determine no such inverse exists.
6 −9 10 −8
𝐶𝐶 = � � 𝐹𝐹 = � �
−4 6 −2 2
Solving Linear Systems using Inverses
Recall that a linear system’s matrix equation is 𝐴𝐴𝒙𝒙 = 𝒃𝒃. Suppose 𝐴𝐴−1 exists. Then:
Example:
Solve the following linear systems using a matrix inverse (if possible), or show that there is no solution.
3𝑥𝑥 − 8𝑦𝑦 = 27 6𝑥𝑥 + 16𝑦𝑦 = 7

4𝑥𝑥 + 9𝑦𝑦 = 3 3𝑥𝑥 + 8𝑦𝑦 = 3
An Algorithm for Finding 𝐴𝐴−1
We know how to find the inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix, but what about 3 × 3 and larger?
Example:
2 1 0
Find the inverse of 𝐴𝐴 = �0 4 −3� using the Matrix Inversion Algorithm.
1 −3 2
Verify you have found 𝐴𝐴−1 by computing ____________ and ____________.
2 1 0 1 0 0
�0 4 −3� 0 1 0�
1 −3 2 0 0 1
Once we have an inverse, we can use it to solve a linear system.
Example:
Use the previous result to solve the following linear system:
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 =4 2 1 0
4𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑧𝑧 = −1 Remember: 𝐴𝐴 = �0 4 −3�
𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 5 1 −3 2
As a result of using the algorithm, there are only two possible results:
Example:
1 5 4
Use the Matrix Inversion Algorithm to show that 𝐴𝐴 = �3 −1 2� is not invertible.
4 4 6
Proof of the algorithm’s correctness depends on elementary matrices. The core ideas follow.
Examples:
𝐸𝐸1 = 𝐸𝐸2 = 𝐸𝐸3 =
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
Try left-multiplying each of the above matrices by 𝐴𝐴 = � �. What do you notice?
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸1 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐸𝐸2 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐸𝐸3 𝐴𝐴 =
There is a 1:1 correspondence between ________________________ and ________________________.
It’s also easy enough to see that elementary matrices are invertible.
Example:
1 0
Obtain 𝐸𝐸2 = � � from 𝐼𝐼2 . Then obtain 𝐸𝐸2−1 in two ways.
0 −3
SEE LEMMA 2.5.2 AND THE ASSOCIATED TABLE FOR A NICE SUMMARY ABOUT INVERTING ELEMENTARY MATRICES.
Let 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 denote that matrices 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are row-equivalent:
• We can obtain 𝐵𝐵 from 𝐴𝐴 by applying row operations

• And vice-versa
The 1:1 correspondence between row operations and elementary matrices (plus invertibility) gives us:
Basically, we can obtain 𝐴𝐴−1 from the Matrix Inversion Algorithm because
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Matrix Inverse Properties

Cancellation Laws:
Left Cancellation: Right Cancellation:
If 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, then ________ If 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶, then ________
Proof:
Example:
Obtain an equation for the matrix 𝐵𝐵 if 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶 −1 = 𝐷𝐷.
Additional properties allow us to solve more complex matrix equations.
Example:
Obtain an equation for matrix 𝑋𝑋 if the following is an equation of 3 × 3 matrices:
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑇𝑇 ]−1 = 2𝐷𝐷
Homework
• Read textbook section 2.4 up to Corollary 2.4.2.
• Read textbook section 2.5 excluding the section about Smith Normal Form.
We will return to the topic of Transformations later.
• Solve exercises 2.4 #1-7, 12, 17 (calculation-based).

• Solve exercises 2.5 #1-3, 7-8 (calculation-based).
• Try exercises 2.4 #9-10 and 2.5 #9 (proofs).

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Matrix Inverses

Recall that dividing by a (non-zero) number is equivalent to multiplying by a (multiplicative) inverse:

WARNING: 𝐴𝐴−1 ≠ 𝐴𝐴1 Why? ___________________________________________________________

Finding and Verifying Inverses

𝐴𝐴 is invertible if and only if det(𝐴𝐴) ≠ 0. Then: 1

Solving Linear Systems using Inverses

3𝑥𝑥 − 8𝑦𝑦 = 27 6𝑥𝑥 + 16𝑦𝑦 = 7

There is a 1:1 correspondence between and .

Let 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵 denote that matrices 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are row-equivalent:

• We can obtain 𝐵𝐵 from 𝐴𝐴 by applying row operations

Matrix Inverse Properties

Additional properties allow us to solve more complex matrix equations.

[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑇𝑇 ]−1 = 2𝐷𝐷

• Solve exercises 2.4 #1-7, 12, 17 (calculation-based).

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