Aphantasia

Aphantasia: A Life without Mental Images
Close your eyes and imagine walking along a sandy beach and then gazing over the horizon as the Sun
rises. How clear is the image that springs to mind?
Most people can readily conjure images inside their head - known as their mind's eye. But this year
scientists have described a condition, aphantasia, in which some people are unable to visualize mental
images.
Niel Kenmuir, from Lancaster, has always had a blind mind's eye. He knew he was different even in
childhood. "My stepfather, when I couldn't sleep, told me to count sheep, and he explained what he
meant, I tried to do it and I couldn't," he says. "I couldn't see any sheep jumping over fences, there was
nothing to count."
Our memories are often tied up in images, think back to a wedding or first day at school. As a result, Niel
admits, some aspects of his memory are "terrible", but he is very good at remembering facts. And, like
others with aphantasia, he struggles to recognize faces. Yet he does not see aphantasia as a disability, but
simply a different way of experiencing life.
Mind's Blind Eye
Ironically, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction aisles. His condition
begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I asked him what happens when he tries
to picture his fiancée. "This is the hardest thing to describe, what happens in my head when I think about
things," he says. "When I think about my fiancée there is no image, but I am definitely thinking about her,
I know today she has her hair up at the back, she's brunette. But I'm not describing an image I am looking
at, I'm remembering features about her, that's the strangest thing and maybe that is a source of some
regret."
The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: "You're weird." But while Niel is very relaxed about
his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One person who took part in a study
into aphantasia said he had started to feel "isolated" and "alone" after discovering that other people could
see images in their heads. Being unable to reminisce about his mother years after her death led to him
being "extremely distraught".
The Super-visualizer
At the other end of the spectrum is children's book illustrator, Lauren Beard, whose work on the Fairytale
Hairdresser series will be familiar to many six-year-olds. Her career relies on the vivid images that leap
into her mind's eye when she reads text from her author. When I met her in her box-room studio in
Manchester, she was working on a dramatic scene in the next book. The text describes a baby perilously
climbing onto a chandelier.
"Straightaway I can visualize this grand glass chandelier in some sort of French kind of ballroom, and the
little baby just swinging off it and really heavy thick curtains," she says. "I think I have a strong imagination,
so I can create the world and then keep adding to it so it gets sort of bigger and bigger in my mind and the
characters too they sort of evolve. I couldn't really imagine what it's like to not imagine, I think it must be
a bit of a shame really."
Not many people have mental imagery as vibrant as Lauren or as blank as Niel. They are the two extremes
of visualization. Adam Zeman, a professor of cognitive and behavioral neurology, wants to compare the
lives and experiences of people with aphantasia and its polar-opposite hyperphantasia. His team, based
at the University of Exeter, coined the term aphantasia this year in a study in the journal Cortex.
Prof Zeman tells the BBC: "People who have contacted us say they are really delighted that this has been
recognized and has been given a name, because they have been trying to explain to people for years that
there is this oddity that they find hard to convey to others." How we imagine is clearly very subjective -
one person's vivid scene could be another's grainy picture. But Prof Zeman is certain that aphantasia is
real. People often report being able to dream in pictures, and there have been reported cases of people
losing the ability to think in images after a brain injury.
He is adamant that aphantasia is "not a disorder" and says it may affect up to one in 50 people. But he
adds: "I think it makes quite an important difference to their experience of life because many of us spend
our lives with imagery hovering somewhere in the mind's eye which we inspect from time to time, it's a
variability of human experience."
Questions 1–5
Do the following statements agree with the information in the given reading text? Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. Aphantasia is a condition, which describes people, for whom it is hard to visualize mental images.
2. Niel Kenmuir was unable to count sheep in his head.
3. People with aphantasia struggle to remember personal traits and clothes of different people.
4. Niel regrets that he cannot portray an image of his fiancée in his mind.
5. Inability to picture things in someone's head is often a cause of distress for a person.
6. All people with aphantasia start to feel 'isolated' or 'alone' at some point of their lives.
7. Lauren Beard's career depends on her imagination.
8. The author met Lauren Beard when she was working on a comedy scene in her next book.
Questions 9–13
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
9. Only a small fraction of people has imagination as _____ as Lauren does.
10. Hyperphantasia is ______ to aphantasia.
11.There are a lot of subjectivity in comparing people's imagination - somebody's vivid scene could be
another person's _________.
12. Prof Zeman is ________ that aphantasia is not an illness.
13. Many people spend their lives with _______ somewhere in the mind's eye.

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Aphantasia: A Life without Mental Images

Mind's Blind Eye

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

2. Niel Kenmuir was unable to count sheep in his head.

7. Lauren Beard's career depends on her imagination.

9. Only a small fraction of people has imagination as _____ as Lauren does.

10. Hyperphantasia is ______ to aphantasia.

12. Prof Zeman is ________ that aphantasia is not an illness.

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