1 - Algebra

Algebra
 Set Theory:
✓ Set – is a gathering together into a whole of definite, distinct objects of our perception or of our thought
– which are called elements of the set.
✓ Cardinality of a set – the number of members of “S” usually denoted as |𝑆| or 𝑛(𝑆).
✓ Special Sets
1. {} or ∅ - Null Set or Empty Set.
2. {𝑥} or 𝑥 – Unit Set, which contains exactly one element.
3. 𝑷 – The set of all prime numbers.
4. 𝒁 – The set of all integers.
5. 𝑹 – The set of all real numbers.
6. 𝑯 – The set of all quaternions.
7. 𝑵 – The set of all natural numbers.
8. 𝑸 – The set of all rational numbers.
9. 𝑪 – The set of all complex numbers.
✓ Subsets – If every element of 𝐴 is contained in 𝐵, then 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵.
 Proper Subset – When 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵, then 𝐴 is a proper subset to 𝐵.
Fig. 1 - 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵
✓ Complement (Absolute Complement) – Denoted as 𝐴′ 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑐 where all elements do not belong to 𝐴.
Fig. 2 – Visual representation of Absolute Complement
✓ Relative Complement – Denoted as 𝐴\𝐵 where all elements that belong to 𝐴 but di not belong to 𝐵.
Fig. 3 – Visual representation of Relative Complement

✓ Union – The union of 𝐴 and 𝐵 denoted as 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is the set of all things that are members of 𝐴 and 𝐵.
Fig. 4 – Visual representation of a Union of two set
✓ Intersection – The intersection of 𝐴 and 𝐵 denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is the set of all things that are members of
𝐴 and 𝐵.
Fig. 5 – Visual representation of Intersection of two set
 Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion:

Provides an organized method to find the number of elements in the union of a given group of sets, the
size of all possible interactions among the sets.
𝑛
⋂ 𝐴1 = ∑|𝐴1 | − ∑|𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 | + ∑|𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘 | − ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−1 |𝐴𝑖 ∩ … ∩ 𝐴𝑛 |

𝑖=1
 Worded Problem:
✓ Number Problem:
✓ Clock Problem:
 Angle travelled by the Minute Hand in 𝒕 mins.
𝜃𝑚 = 𝜃𝑜 + 6𝑡
 Angle travelled by the Hour Hand in 𝒕 mins.
𝜃𝑚 = 𝜃𝑜 + 0.5𝑡
 NOTE: All angles are in degrees.
✓ Money Problem:
 Interest:
𝐼 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 × 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
 Profit:
𝑃 = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
 Discount:
𝐷 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 × [1 − 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒]
✓ Motion Problem:
 Distance Formula:
𝑑 = 𝑉𝑡
 Speed Relation:
Given an object with 𝑉1 with an environmental factor that affects velocity namely 𝑉2 the
speed relation between the two object is:
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 𝑉 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
Alternatively, given a value of 𝑉3 where 𝑉3 is the object factor in relativistic terms between
object, the velocity is as follows:
𝑉 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
✓ Work Problem:
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
✓ Mixture Problem:
𝑎1 𝑎
𝑎2
+ =
𝑏1 𝑏
𝑏2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )% 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
or
𝑏1 𝑥1 + 𝑏2 𝑥2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )% 𝑜𝑓 𝑏
✓ Variation Problem:
 Direct Variation:
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
 Inverse Variation:
𝑘
𝑦=
𝑥
 Joint Variation:
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥𝑧
 Combined Variation:
𝑘𝑧
𝑦=
𝑥
 Sequences and Series:

✓ Arithmetic Progression:
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
 Sum of Arithmetic Progression:
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 )
2 1
or
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
 Arithmetic Mean:
𝑛
1
𝐴 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
✓ Geometric Progression:
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
 Sum of Geometric Progression:
𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
 Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression (|𝒓| < 𝟏):
𝑎1
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
 Geometric Mean:
1
𝑛 𝑛
(∏ 𝑥𝑖 ) = 𝑛√𝑥1 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛
𝑖=1
✓ Harmonic Progression:
1 1 1
, ,…,
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛
 Harmonic Mean:
𝑛
𝐻=
1 1 1
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛

1 - Algebra

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Algebra

 Proper Subset – When 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 and 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵, then 𝐴 is a proper subset to 𝐵.

✓ Complement (Absolute Complement) – Denoted as 𝐴′ 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑐 where all elements do not belong to 𝐴.

Fig. 2 – Visual representation of Absolute Complement

Fig. 3 – Visual representation of Relative Complement

Fig. 4 – Visual representation of a Union of two set

Fig. 5 – Visual representation of Intersection of two set

 Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion:

⋂ 𝐴1 = ∑|𝐴1 | − ∑|𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 | + ∑|𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘 | − ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−1 |𝐴𝑖 ∩ … ∩ 𝐴𝑛 |

 Angle travelled by the Minute Hand in 𝒕 mins.

 Angle travelled by the Hour Hand in 𝒕 mins.

 NOTE: All angles are in degrees.

𝑃 = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

 Sequences and Series:

 Sum of Arithmetic Progression:

 Sum of Geometric Progression:

 Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression (|𝒓| < 𝟏):

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