1.

Abstraction

The Automatic Car Parking Toll Gate system is a smart IoT-based solution designed to
automate vehicle entry and exit at a parking facility. With increasing traffic and limited
parking spaces in urban environments, the need for efficient parking management has
become crucial. This project addresses the problem by automating the toll gate, using an
ultrasonic sensor to detect incoming vehicles, an Arduino microcontroller to process the
sensor data, and a servo motor to control the gate mechanism. The system is designed to
reduce human involvement, increase the efficiency of vehicle management, and offer a
scalable solution for parking operations.

The core functionality of the system revolves around detecting the proximity of a vehicle to
the toll gate, opening the gate when a vehicle approaches, and closing it once the vehicle
passes through. This solution ensures a streamlined process for controlling vehicle access,
making it suitable for use in various parking environments such as shopping malls, office
complexes, and residential buildings.

2. Introduction

With rapid urbanization and a growing number of vehicles on the roads, parking management
has become a significant challenge in many cities. Traditional parking systems often rely on
manual gate control, leading to inefficiencies, delays, and human error. These issues are
particularly pronounced in large parking lots or facilities with high vehicle turnover.
Automating the toll gate is one way to solve this problem, offering a faster and more reliable
method of vehicle entry and exit.

This project is based on the Internet of Things (IoT), which refers to the interconnection of
physical devices via the internet to collect and exchange data. By incorporating IoT
technologies, this project provides an intelligent solution to parking management by detecting
vehicles as they approach the toll gate and controlling the gate without requiring manual
intervention. The system’s design leverages affordable components like the Arduino
microcontroller, an ultrasonic sensor, and a servo motor, making it both cost-effective and
efficient.

The system eliminates the need for human operators, making the entry process seamless and
convenient for drivers. The toll gate opens and closes automatically, allowing vehicles to pass
through without stopping, which reduces traffic congestion at the gate and enhances the
overall parking experience.

3. Objective

The main objective of this project is to develop a fully automated car parking toll gate
using IoT technology that can:

1. Detect vehicles approaching the toll gate using an ultrasonic sensor.

2. Automatically open the toll gate when a vehicle is detected.
 3. Close the gate once the vehicle has passed, ensuring smooth and secure parking
management.
4. Minimize human intervention in parking operations to improve speed, accuracy, and
efficiency.
5. Provide a scalable solution for different parking facilities, from small residential lots
to large commercial complexes.
6. Offer a simple, low-cost, and energy-efficient solution using basic IoT components
like Arduino, sensors, and motors.

4. Project Explanation

The Automatic Car Parking Toll Gate system operates by integrating various IoT
components to detect a vehicle and control the gate mechanism. The key components and
their roles are described in detail below:

Key Components:

1. Arduino Uno: The Arduino Uno is the heart of the system. It is a microcontroller that
processes inputs from the ultrasonic sensor and sends output signals to the servo
motor. The Arduino is responsible for making decisions about whether the gate
should be opened or closed based on the sensor readings. The Arduino IDE is used to
write the necessary code (using C/C++) that controls the interactions between the
sensor, motor, and other components.
2. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): This sensor detects objects based on the time it takes
for an ultrasonic pulse to be sent out, bounce back from an object (in this case, a
vehicle), and return to the sensor. The sensor emits sound waves that are inaudible to
humans and measures the distance to the object by calculating the time taken for the
echo to return. The sensor is placed near the toll gate and continuously monitors the
area for any approaching vehicles. If a vehicle is detected within a certain range (e.g.,
30 cm), the sensor signals the Arduino to open the gate.
3. Servo Motor (SG90): The servo motor is a key actuator in the system that controls
the movement of the toll gate. When the Arduino receives a signal from the ultrasonic
sensor indicating the presence of a vehicle, it instructs the servo motor to rotate,
lifting the gate. Once the vehicle has passed and the sensor no longer detects any
object, the Arduino sends another signal to the servo motor, instructing it to lower the
gate back to its closed position. The servo motor is ideal for this project because it
provides precise control over the movement of the gate.
4. Breadboard and Wiring: A breadboard is used for prototyping the circuit, allowing
for easy and temporary connections between components like the Arduino, sensor,
and motor. Jumper wires are used to connect the different components, ensuring that
power and data signals are transmitted correctly between them.

Working Principle:

 Vehicle Detection: The ultrasonic sensor continuously emits ultrasonic waves. When
a vehicle approaches the toll gate, the sensor detects the reflected waves and
calculates the distance between the vehicle and the gate. If the vehicle is within the
 predefined detection range, a signal is sent to the Arduino to initiate the gate opening
process.
 Gate Operation: Upon receiving the signal from the sensor, the Arduino processes
the information and sends a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal to the servo
motor, instructing it to rotate and lift the gate. The servo motor rotates between 0 and
180 degrees, corresponding to the open and closed positions of the gate.
 Gate Closing: After the vehicle passes through the gate, the ultrasonic sensor no
longer detects an object in its range. This triggers the Arduino to send another signal
to the servo motor, causing it to rotate back to its initial position and close the gate.
 Power Management: The system is powered by an external power source connected
to the Arduino, which distributes power to the other components via the breadboard.
Proper voltage regulation is essential to ensure smooth operation of the sensor and
motor.

5. Design Details

 Arduino Uno: The Arduino is programmed to read inputs from the ultrasonic sensor
and control the servo motor based on those inputs. The program is written in the
Arduino IDE, using simple logic to open the gate when the sensor detects an object
and close the gate once the object has passed.
 Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): Positioned strategically near the toll gate, the
ultrasonic sensor continuously emits sound waves and waits for the reflected waves to
return. The sensor measures the time taken for the sound waves to bounce back and
calculates the distance. If the distance is less than the threshold value (e.g., 30 cm),
the sensor signals the Arduino to open the gate.
 Servo Motor (SG90): The servo motor receives signals from the Arduino and rotates
accordingly. The motor is attached to the toll gate mechanism, and its rotation opens
or closes the gate. The motor’s movement is controlled through PWM signals sent by
the Arduino, allowing for precise control of the gate's movement.
 Circuit Design: The circuit is designed using a breadboard to simplify the
connections between components. The ultrasonic sensor is connected to the Arduino's
digital pins, while the servo motor is connected to a PWM-enabled pin. Proper
grounding and voltage regulation ensure the system operates efficiently.

6. Conclusion

The Automatic Car Parking Toll Gate system is a practical and efficient IoT-based solution
for parking management. The system successfully automates the gate operation process,
reducing the need for manual intervention and improving the efficiency of vehicle flow in
parking areas. The use of affordable components like Arduino, an ultrasonic sensor, and a
servo motor makes the system cost-effective, while its simplicity ensures that it can be easily
deployed in a wide range of environments. Overall, the project demonstrates how IoT can be
applied to solve real-world challenges in parking management.
7. Result

The system was tested under various conditions, and the results showed that the ultrasonic
sensor accurately detected approaching vehicles within the specified range. The servo motor
responded quickly to the sensor input, opening and closing the gate as intended. The system
performed reliably, demonstrating its potential as a scalable solution for parking
management. Future improvements could include the integration of additional sensors for
larger parking areas, or the addition of a payment system to make the solution suitable for
commercial use.